विश्व बैंक समूह
vishv baiank samooh
| |
| vivaran | 'vishv baiank samooh' sanyukt rashtr ki vishisht sanstha hai. isaka mukhy uddeshy sadasy rashtroan ko punarnirman aur vikas ke karyoan mean arthik sahayata dena hai. |
| sthapana | julaee, 1944 |
| mukhyalay | vashiangatan disi |
| sthapana | 27 disambar, 1945 |
| sadasy desh | janavari 2014 ki sthiti ke anusar isaki sadasy sankhya 188 thi. 'aantararashtriy mudra kosh' ki bhaanti isake bhi do prakar ke sadasy haian- maulik evan samany. |
| any janakari | baiank yuktisangat shartoan par karj pradan karata hai aur sath hi kamishan shulk evan byaj ke roop mean labharjan bhi sunishchit kar leta hai. rrin samanyatah dirghavadhik hote haian, jo 5 varsh ki riyayati avadhi ke sath 20 varshoan ke bhatir mudraoan ke roop mean chukaye jane hote haian. |
vishv baiank samooh (aangrezi: World Bank Group - WBG) sanyukt rashtr ki vishisht sanstha hai. isaka mukhy uddeshy sadasy rashtroan ko punarnirman aur vikas ke karyoan mean arthik sahayata dena hai. vishv baiank samooh paanch antararashtriy sangathanoanan ka ek aisa samooh hai jo deshoanan ko vitt aur vittiy salah deta hai. vishv baiank samooh ke aantargat 'punarnirman evan vikas hetu aantarrashtriy baiank' (aeebiaradi) 'aantararashtriy vikas sangh' (aeedie), 'aantararashtriy vitt nigam' (aeeephasi), 'bahupakshiy nivesh gaanrati ejeansi' (emaeejie) tatha nivesh sanbandhi vivadoan ke nipatan hetu aantararashtriy keandr (aeesiesaeedi) shamil haian. in paanch sansthaoan mean se pratham tin ko sanyukt rashtr ke vishisht abhikaranoan ka darja prapt hai. vishv baiank samooh ka samany uddeshy vikasit deshoan se vikasashil deshoan ki or vittiy sansadhanoan ke pravah dvara vikas ki samagr takaniki evan vittiy anivaryataoan ko poora karana hai.
aantararashtriy punarnirman evan vikas baiank
'aantararashtriy punarnirman evan vikas baiank' (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - IBRD) ki sthapana julaee 1949 mean ayojit 'bretan vuds sammelan' ke parinamasvaroop huee. baiank ko vishv utpadan v vyapar hetu ek keandr ke roop mean svikar kiya gaya. aeebiaradi evan aeeemeph ki sthapana se ju de samajhauta anuchchhed apekshit 28 rajyoan ke anumodanoparaant 27 disanbar, 1947 se prabhavi ho gaye. baiank dvara joon, 1946 se apana kary aanrabh kar diya gaya. baiank ka mukhyalay vashiangatan disi mean hai.[1]
sadasy desh
janavari 2014 ki sthiti ke anusar isaki sadasy sankhya 188 thi. 'aantararashtriy mudra kosh' ki bhaanti isake bhi do prakar ke sadasy haian- maulik sadasy evan samany sadasy. isake bhi 30 maulik sadasy haian, jinhoanne 31 disanbar, 1945 tak vishv baiank ki sadasyata grahan kar li thi. bharat aantararashtriy mudra kosh ki bhaanti vishv baiank ke bhi sansthapak deshoan mean se ek hai. 31 disanbar, 1945 ke pashchath sadasyata grahan karane vale rashtroan ko samany sadasy kaha jata hai. baiank ki pooanji mean sadasy rashtroan ke aansh ke anuroop hi baiank ke sadasyoan ke matadhikar ka nirdharan kiya jata hai. pratyek ek aansh par ek atirikt matadhikar sadasy rashtr ki avantit kiya jata hai.
rashi ka bhugatan
vishv baiank ke aanshoan ki rashi ka bhugatan sadasy rashtroan dvara vibhinn prakar se kiya jata hai-
- aanshadan ka 2 pratishat bhugatan svarn, ameriki d aaular ya esadiar mean kiya jata hai;
- pratyek sadasy desh apani aansh pooanji ka 18 pratishat apane desh ki mudra mean bhugatan karane ke lie svatantr hai;
- 80 pratishat aanshadan vishv baiank dvara yachana kie jane par hi sadasy desh dvara baiank mean jama karaya jata hai. matr aeeemeph ke sadasy rashtr hi aeebiaradi ki sadasyata prapt kar sakate haian, jabaki aeeephasi evan emaeejie ki sadasyata pane ke lie aeebiaradi ka sadasy hona zaroori hai.
mool uddeshy
aeebiaradi ka mool uddeshy garibi ghatane tatha utpadak kshamata ko badhane vali pariyojanaoan ko apanane ke lie tatpar vikasashil sadasy deshoan ki uchit shataan par karj upalabdh karana hai. baiank dvara garanti ya bhagidari ke madhyam se niji nivesh rrinoan ko protsahit kiya jata hai tatha vishisht nivesh pariyojanaoan evan samagr vikas yojanaoan ke kshetr mean takaniki sahayata upalabdh karayi jati hai. aeebiaradi ki gatividhiyaan mukhyatah udhar v rrin, sahayata sahayog, takaniki sahayata tatha any sambaddh sevaoan par kendrit hoti haian. baiank ke sansadhanoan mean sadasyoan se prapt pooanji sanchay, pratidharit ay tatha pooanji bazar se prapt udhar shamil haian. bakaya kajoan ke aanshoan ki bikri (mukhyatah baiank garanti ke bina) tatha punarbhugatanoan ke pravah dvara baiank ka kosh samriddh hota rahata hai. karj diya jane vala adhikaansh kosh vishv pooanji bazaroan mean se pratyaksh udhar ke roop mean ikattha kiya jata hai. baiank ke karyachalan hetu avashyak kosh ki prapti sarvajanik v niji niveshakoan ke lie byajadhari b aaund ya prapatr jari karake ki jati hai.
baiank yuktisangat shartoan par karj pradan karata hai aur sath hi kamishan shulk evan byaj ke roop mean labharjan bhi sunishchit kar leta hai. rrin samanyatah dirghavadhik hote haian, jo 5 varsh ki riyayati avadhi ke sath 20 varshoan ke bhatir mudraoan ke roop mean chukaye jane hote haian. karjadari ya udhari sadasy deshoan tak simit hoti hai. bakaya rrinoan ki matra aanshadan pooanji bhandar ki vishuddh matra se adhik nahian ho sakati. pratyek rrin par sambaddh desh ki sarakar garanti pradan karati hai. yah pravadhan niji udyam hetu rrin prapt karane ka nishedh karata hai. rrin poshit pariyojanaoan ka labhakari evan upayogi hona avashyak hai. siddhaant roop mean, rrin un pariyojanaoan ko upalabdh karaya jata hai, jinhean any sratoan se uchit shartoan par vitt prapt nahian ho sakata. baiank dvara pratyek rrin poshit pariyojana ki saghan nigarani evan lekha parikshan kiya jata hai.[1]
sahayata sahayog
sahayata sahayog ke kshetr mean baiank dvara kuchh vishesh deshoan ki vikas sanbandhi samasyaoan ko sulajhane ke lie ek bahupakshiy upagam ko protsahit kiya jata hai. is upagam ke tahat sahayata ke lie vyapak yojanaean lagoo karane hetu saksham danakartaoan ke samoohoan ko sangathit kiya jata hai. isake alava baiank anek bahupakshiy vittiy abhikaranoan (aeedibi, edibi, yooropiy vikas kosh, arab arthik v samajik vikas kosh ityadi) ke sath pariyojanaoan par kary karata hai. baiank vikasatmak karyakramoan mean any sanyukt rashtr abhikaranoan ke sath sahayog karata hai. udaharanarth, yooenadipi dvara vitt poshit kee pariyojanaoan mean aeebiaradi karyakari ejeansi ke roop mean kary karata hai. yah yooenadipi evan yooeneepi ke sath milakar bhoomandaliy paryavaran suvidha (jieeeph) ka prabandhan karati hai. apada taiyari evan shahari prabandhan mean sudhar ke lie baiank dvara sanyukt rashtr manav adhivasan kendr ke sath sahayog kiya jata hai. epheo, yooenadipi tatha aeebiaradi dvara sanyukt roop se aantararashtriy krishi shodh paramarsh samooh (sijiaeeear) ki prayojit kiya jata hai. adhar sanrachanatmak v vikas pariyojanaean baiank ki variyata soochi mean sabase oopar ati haian.
udhari karyakram
1980 ke dashak mean baiank dvara sanrachanatmak vyavasthapan udhari karyakram vikasit kiya gaya, jo vikasashil deshoan mean sansthatmak sudharoan v vishisht nitigat badalavoan ki apeksha karata tha taki sansadhanoan ka adhik sangat upayog kiya ja sake. baiank dvara afrika ke up-sahara kshetr mean garibi unmoolan karyakramoan ki rooparekha banayi gayi. baiank atyadhik rrinagrast madhyam ay vale deshoan ki sahayata par bhi vishesh jor deta hai. baiank ki desh sahayata rananitiyoan ke sandarbh mean, aeebiaradi dvara aeeephasi evan emaeejie (miga) ke sahayog se niji pooanji bazaroan tak udharakartaoan ki pahuanch badhane ke lie samarthan pradan kiya jata hai.
sangathanatmak dhaancha
baiank ke sangathanatmak dhaanche ke aantargat bord aauf gavarnars, karyakari nideshak tatha adhyaksh shamil haian. sabhi sadasy deshoan ka ek gavarnar evan vaikalpik pratinidhi gavarnars aauph bord mean shamil hota hai. gavarnar prayah sambaddh deshoan ke vitt mantri ya vitt sachiv star ke prashasak hote haian, jo sath-hi-sath aeeemeph, aeeephasi evan miga ke gavarnaroan ke roop mean bhi kary karate haian. gavarnars bord ki baithak varshik roop se hoti hai jisamean in sabhi sansthaoan ke kamakaj ki samiksha ki jati hai. is bord mean pratyek sadasy ko 250 mat tatha ek atirikt vot (pratyek aansh dharak ke hisab se) prapt hota hai. is prakar baiank bharit matadan pranali par adharit hokar kary karata hai, jo deshoan ke niji aanshadan ki matra (jo apane ap mean aeeemeph kote dvara nirdharit hai) par tiki huee hai. garib deshoan ki matashakti anupatik roop se kafi kam hai. bord ki tin mean se ek baithak vashiangatan se door sthal par ki jati hai.
gavarnars bord ki adhikaansh shaktiyaan 24 karyakari nideshakoan ko hastaantarit kar di gayi haian, jo baiank mukhyalay par mahine mean kam-se-kam ek bar apani baithak karate haian. ye nideshak baiank ke samany kamakaj ke sanchalan hetu uttaradayi hote haian. naye sadasyoan ke pravesh, pooanji st aauk mean parivartan tatha baiank ki shuddh ay ke vitaran se sambandhit bord aauph gavarnars ki shaktiyoan ko hastaantarit nahian kiya gaya hai. pooanji st aauk mean adhikatam aansh rakhane vale paanch deshoan (fraans, jarmani, japan, amerika v briten) dvara prithakh roop se paanch karyakari nideshakoan ki niyukti ki jati hai. shesh, 19 nideshakoan ka nirvachan do varshiy karyakal hetu shesh sadasy rashtroan dvara kiya jata hai, jo 19 bhaugolik samoohoan mean vibhajit haian. soodi arab, chin evan roos ko prithakh bhaugolik samoohoan ka darja prapt hai. pratyek nideshak svayan ko nirvachit karane vale bhaugolik samooh mean shamil deshoan ko prapt kul matoan ki ikaee ke roop mean apane mat ka prayog kar sakata hai.[1]
karyakari nideshak
aeebiaradi ka adhyaksh karyakari nideshakoan ka pradhan hota hai, jise 5 varshiy karyakal hetu chuna jata hai. adhyaksh aeebiaradi ke sath-sath aeedie v aeeephasi ke kamakaj ka sanchalan bhi karata hai. ek sandhi samajhaute ke anusar baiank ka adhyaksh sanyukt rajy amerika ka nagarik hi ban sakata hai.
rrin suvidha
punarnirman evan vikas hetu rrin suvidha pradan karane ke atirikt vishv baiank dvara sadasy rashtroan ko vibhinn prakar ki takaniki sevaean bhi upalabdh karaee jati haian. is uddeshy ki prapti ke lie baiank ne vashiangatan mean 'd ikon aaumik devalapameant ianstityoot' tatha ek staph k aaulej ki bhi sthapana ki hai. baiank ne ab tak vitarit apane kul rrin ka 75 pratishat bhag aphrika, eshiya aur letin amerika ke vikasashil rashtroan ko pradan kiya hai, jabaki yoorop ke vikasit rashtroan ko kul rrin ka 25 pratishat hi diya gaya hai. baiank ne rrinadata rashtroan mean samanvay sthapit karane ka bhi prayas kiya hai, taki sadasy vishesh ki vittiy avashyakataoan ki aur adhik karagar tarike se poorti ki ja sake. vikasashil rashtroan mean vikas pariyojanaean banane mean sahayata dene ke uddeshy se baiank ne anek vikasashil rashtroan mean apane mishan sthapit kie haian. baiank 'khady evan krishi sangathan' (epheo), 'vishv svasthy sangathan' (dablyooecho), sanyukt rashtr aantararashtriy vikas sangathan (yoonido), yoonesko adi ke visheshajnoan ki madad se krishi, shiksha evan jalapoorti jaise mahatvapoorn kshetroan mean pariyojanaoan ki pahachan karane tatha unaki taiyari karane mean sadasy rashtroan ki sahayata karata hai.
vishv baiank ki ek riport 3 sitanbar, 2003 ko vashiangatan mean jari ki gee. 'global ikon aaumik praspekts 2004: rialaijiang d pr aaumis aauph doha ejeanda' shirshak vali is riport ko dablyootio ke kainakun sammelan ke pariprekshy mean visheshataur par taiyar kiya gaya tha. riport mean is tathy ki or dhyan akarshit kiya gaya tha ki vikasit rashtroan ki vyaparik nitiyaan vikasashil rashtroan ke pratikool bani huee haian. isamean kaha gaya hai ki audyogik rashtroan ke utpadoan ki tulana mean vikasashil rashtroan ke utpadoan par ooanche prashulk vikasit rashtroan ne aropit kie haian. isake sath hi vikasit rashtroan par yah arop bhi riport mean lagaya gaya hai ki peshevaroan ki avajahi par se pratibandh hatane ki disha mean koee vishesh kadam vikasit rashtroan ne nahian uthae haian.[1]
bharat ke arthik vikas ki gati ki tvarit karane mean vishv baiank ne desh ki vibhinn vikas pariyojanaoan mean dirghakalin pooanji nivesh karake abhootapoorv yogadan diya hai. vibhinn vikas pariyojanaoan ko poorn karane ke lie vishv baiank dvara dirghakalin rrin pradan kie ge haian. visheshatah desh ki parivahan evan sanchar, sianchaee, shiksha, jalapoorti, vidyut shakti, janasankhya niyantran, garibi unmoolan, buniyadi dhaancha, gramin vikas, s dak nirman adi dirghakalin pariyojanaoan ko poorn karane ke lie baiank dvara vittiy sahayata upalabdh karayi gee hai. vidyut evan sianchaee ke kshetroan ki adharik sanrachana pariyojanaoan tatha sarvajanik kshetr ke baiankoan ke pooanjikaran ke lie vishv baiank ne bharat sarakar ke lie 4.3 arab d aaular (lagabhag 2200 karo d) ke char rrin 24 sitambar, 2009 ko svikrit kie the. julaee 2009 se joon 2010 ke dauran vishv baiank ne bharat ke lie 9.3 arab d aaular ke rrin svikrit kie haian. isamean se 6.7 arab d aaular ka rrin aeebiaradi dvara v shesh 2. 6 arab d aaular ka rrin vishv baiank ki riyayati rrin dene vali khi daki aeedie dvara manjoor ki gee hai. 2009-10 ke dauran aeebiaradi se rrin prapt karane vale deshoan mean bharat ke bad kramashah meksiko, dakshin afrika, brazil tatha turki ka sthan hai. jabaki aeedie se riyayati rrin prapt karane valoan mean bharat ke bad agale sthan par kramashah viyatanam, tanjaniya, ithiyopiya v naeejiriya haian.
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 vishv baiank samooh (hiandi) vivacepanorama.com. abhigaman tithi: 02 navambar, 2016.
sanbandhit lekh