कृषि
krishi kheti aur vaniki ke madhyam se khady aur any saman ke utpadan se sambandhit vyavasay hai. isane sabhyataoan ke uday aur vikas mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee. kheti mean pashupalan, jantu palan ka bhi yogadan hai. paudhoan ko ugane tatha khadyann jutane ke lie is vyavasay ki vikas hua. bagabani bhi krishi ka hi ek roop hai.
takanikoan aur janakariyo ki bahut si shreniyaan krishi ke arntagat ati hai, isamean ve tarike shamil haian jinase paudhe ugane ke lie upayukt bhoomi ka vistar kiya jata hai, isake lie pani ke chainal khode jate haian aur sianchaee ke any roopoan ka upayog kiya jata hai. krishi yogy bhoomi par fasaloan ko ugana aur charagahoan aur par pashudhan ko g dariyoan ke dvara charaya jana mukhyatah krishi se sambandhit kary haian. krishi ke bhinn roopoan ki pahachan karana v unaka vikas karana pichhali shatabdi mean vichar ke mukhy mudde ban ge haian.
krishi bharat ki arthavyavastha ki ridh mani jati hai. vibhinn panchavarshiy yojanaoan dvara chalae ja rahe vibhinn karyakramoan evan prayasoan se krishi ko rashtriy arthavyavastha mean garimapoorn darja mila hai. krishi kshetroan mean lagabhag 64% shramikoan ko rojagar mila hua hai. 1950-51 mean kul ghareloo utpad mean krishi ka hissa 59.2% tha jo ghatakar 1982-83 mean 36.4% aur 1990-91 mean 34.9% tatha 2001-2002 mean 25% rah gaya. yah 2006-07 ki avadhi ke dauran ausat adhar par ghatakar 18.5% rah gaya. dasavian yojana (2002-2007) ke dauran samagr sakal ghareloo utpad ki ausat varshik vriddhi pad 7.6% thi jabaki is dauran krishi tatha sambaddh kshetr ki varshik vriddhi dar 2.3% rahi. 2001-02 se praranbh huee nav sahastrabdi ke pratham 6 varshoan mean 3.0% ki varshik samany ausat vriddhi dar 2003-04 mean 10% aur 2005-06 mean 6% ki rahi.
desh mean rashtriy ay ka lagabhag 28% krishi se prapt hota hai. lagabhag 70% janasankhya apani ajivika ke lie krishi par nirbhar hai. desh se hone vale niryatoan ka b da hissa bhi krishi se hi ata hai. gair krishi-kshetroan mean b di matra mean upabhokta vastuean evan bahutayat udyogoan ko kachcha mal isi kshetr dvara bheja jata hai.
| fasal/fasal samooh | rajy | utpadan (miliyan tan) | desh ke kul utpadan ka pratishat |
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bharat mean paanchavean dashak ke shuruati varshoan mean anaj ki prati vyakti dainik upalabdhata 395 gram thi, jo 1990-91 mean badhakar 468 gram, 1996-97 mean 528.77 gram, 1999-2000 mean 467 gram, 2000-01 mean 455 gram, 2001-02 mean 416 gram, 2002-03 mean 494 gram aur 2003-04 mean 436 gram tak pahuanch gee. varsh 2005-06 mean yah upalabdhata prati vyakti pratidin 412 gram ho gee. vishv mean sabase adhik kshetroan mean dalahani kheti karane vala desh bhi bharat hi hai. isake bavajood prati vyakti dal ki dainik upalabdhata santoshajanak nahian rahi hai. isamean samanyat: prati varsh giravat darj ki gee hai. varsh 1951 mean dal ki prati vyakti dainik upalabdhata 60.7 gram thi vahi yah 1961 mean 69.0 gram, 1971 mean 51.2 gram, 1981 mean 37.5 gram, 1991 mean 41.6 gram aur 2001 mean 30.0 gram ho gee. varsh 2005 mean prati vyakti pratidin dal ki nival upalabdh matra 31.5 gram tatha 2005-06 ke dauran 33 gram pratidin prati vyakti ho gee. bharat mean hi sarvapratham kapas ka sankar bij taiyar kiya gaya hai. vibhinn krishi kshetroan mean adhunikatam evan upayukt praudyogiki ka vikas karane mean bhi bharatiy vaijnanikoan ne saphalata arjit ki hai.
fasal-chakr vividhatapoorn ho gaya hai. harit kranti ke shuroo hone ke bad ke samay mean 1967-68 se 2005-06 tak krishi utpadan ki varshik vriddhi dar lagabhag 2.45% rahi. 1964-65 mean khadyann utpadan 890 lakh tan se badhakar 1999-2000 mean 2098 lakh tan, 2000-01 mean 1968 lakh tan, 2001-02 mean 2119 lakh tan, 2002-03 mean 1748 lakh tan, 2003-04 mean 2132 lakh tan, 2004-05 mean 1984 lakh tan aur 2005-06 mean 2086 lakh tan ho gaya jabaki 2006-07 ke dauran 2173 lakh khadyann utpaandan sanbhavit hai. fasal-chakr mean parivartan ke parinamasvaroop soorajamukhi, soyabin tatha garmiyoan mean hone vali mooangaphali jaisi gair paramparagat fasaloan ka mahatv badhata ja raha hai. 1970-71 mean krishi utpadan soochakaank 85.9 tha. yah soochakaank 1980-81 ke soochakaank 102.1 aur 1990-91 ke soochakaank 148.4 se badhakar 2001-2002 mean 178.8, 2002-03 mean 150.4, 2003-04 mean 182.8, 2004-05 mean 177.3 aur 2005-06 mean yah soochakaank 191.6 ho gaya jabaki 2006-07 mean yah soochakaank 197.1 sanbhavit hai. isaka mukhy karan chaval, gehooan, dal, tilahan, ganna tatha any naqadi fasaloan ki paidavar mean vriddhi rahi hai.
bharat mean mukhy roop se tin fasaloan boee jati hai- yatha kharif, rabi evan garmi (zayad). kharif ki fasal mean mukhy roop se makka, jvar, bajara, dhan, mooangaphali, soyabin, arahar adi haian. rabi ki mukhy fasaloan mean gehooan, jau, chana, matar, sarasoan, toriya adi hai. garmi ki fasaloan mean mukhy roop se sabziyaan hi boee jati hai. desh ke kul bhaugolik kshetr ka 3287.3 lakh hekteyar ka 93.1% kheti ke prayog mean liya jata hai.
krishi ek aisa vyavasay hai jisamean utpadan ke bahut se karak haian jin par krishak ya vaijnanikoan ka koee vash nahian chalata he. is tarah ke karakoan mean jalavayu sabase mahattvapoorn karak hai. vibhinn sthanoan par samany mausam-chakr ke atirikt bhi kab mausam kaisa ho jaega koee pata nahian. isake alava fasalean jalavayu ke anusar badali jati haian n ki fasal ke anusar jalavayu ko. atev kisi sthan par kaun si fasal ke anusar jalavayu ko. atev kisi sthan par kaun si fasal boee jay yah vahaan ki jalavayu, mrida, ooanchaee, varsha adi par nirbhar karati he.
bharatiy krishi ki visheshataean
bharatiy krishi ki pramukh visheshatayean is prakar haian-
- bharatiy krishi ka adhikaansh bhag sichaee ke lie manasoon par nirbhar karata hai.
- bharatiy krishi ki mahattvapoorn visheshata jot ikaiyoan ki adhikata evan unake akar ka kam hona hai.
- bharatiy krishi mean jot ke antargat kul kshetraphal khandoan mean vibhakt hai tatha sabhi khand doori par sthit haian.
- bhoomi par pratyaksh evan paroksh roop se janasankhya ka adhik bhar hai.
- krishi utpadan mukhyataya prakriti par nirbhar rahata hai.
- bharatiy krishak garibi ke karan kheti mean pooanji nivesh kam karata hai.
- khadyann utpadan ko prathamikata di jati hai.
- krishi jivikoparjan ki sadhan mani jati hean
- bharatiy krishi mean adhikaansh krishi kary pashuoan par nirbhar karata hai.
bhoomi upayog
bharat mean bhoomi upayog mean vividhata dekhane ko milati hai. desh ke kul bhaugolik kshetraphal 3287.3 lakh hekteyar mean se 1950-51 mean 404.8 lakh hekteyar bhoomi par van the. 1998-99 mean yah kshetr badhakar 689.7 lakh hekteyar aur 2000-01 mean 694-07 lakh hekteyar ho gaya. isi avadhi mean buaee vali bhoomi 1,187.5 lakh hekteyar se badhakar kramash: 1,426 lakh hekteyar aur 1,411.01 lakh hekteyar ho gee. fasaloan ke prakar ki drishti se agar dekha jaye to krishi vale kul kshetroan mean gair-khadyann ki apeksha khadyann ki krishi adhik hoti rahi hai, kintu khadyann ki krishi jo 1950-51 mean 76.7% bhoomi par ho rahi thi, vah 1998-99 ke dauran ghatakar 65.6% rah gee. krishi ganana ke anusar b di jot (10 hekteyar aur isase adhik) ke aantargat ane vala kshetr 1985-86 mean 20.1% ki apeksha 1990-91 mean ghatakar 17.3% rah gaya hai. isi prakar simaant jot (1 hekteyar se kam ki jot) ke aantargat ane vala kshetr 1985-86 mean 13.4% se badhakar 1990-91 mean 15% ho gaya hai.
bharatiy krishi ke prakar
bharatiy krishi anek vividhataoan ke yukt hai. jalavayavik bhinnata, mitti ki urvarata, parivartanashil mausam, kheti karane ke dhang adi se bharatiy krishi prabhavit hai. utpadan ki matra tatha krishi dhang ke adhar par bharat ki krishi ko shuddh aur sankar krishi ke roop mean vargikrit kiya ja sakata hai. shuddh krishi moolat: paranparagat prakar ki krishi hai jisake dvara krishakoan ki keval moolabhoot avashyakataoan ki poorti ho pati hai.
sasy vijnan
sasy vijnan (Agronomy) krishi ki vah shakha hai, jisake antargat fasal utpadan tatha bhoomi prabandh ke siddhantoan aur krishi kriyaoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. fasaloan ka mahatv- prithvi par rahane vale sabhi jiv-jantuoan ki jivan paroksh ya pratyaksh roop se vanaspatiyoan par nirbhar karata hai. vanaspati se jiv-jantuoan ko bhojan tatha aksijan ke alava janasankhya hetu vastr, avas evan davaoan adi ki poorti bhi ki jati hai.
fasaloan ka vargikaran
- jivan chakr ke anusar vargikaran
- ek varshi- ye fasalean apana jivan chakr ek varsh athava isase kam samay mean poora karati hai, jaise – dhan, gehooan, jau, chana, soyabin adi.
- dvivarshi- aise paudhoan mean pahale varsh vanaspatik vriddhi hoti hai aur doosare varsh unamean phool tatha bij banate haian. yani ve apana jivan chakr do varshoan mean poora karate haian. yatha chukandar, ganna adi.
- bahuvarshi- aise paudhe anek varshoan tak jivit rahate haian. parantu inake jivan chakr mean prativarsh ya ek varsh ke antaral par phool aur phal ate haian aur jivan chakr poora ho jata hai. jaise- loosarn, nepiyar ghas.
- rrituoan ke adhar par vargikaran
- kharif- in fasaloan ko bote samay adhik tapaman evan ardrata tatha pakate samay shushk vatavaran ki avashyakata hoti hai. uttar bharat mean inako joon-julaee mean bote haian. dhan, makka, jvar, bajara, mooang, mooangaphali, ganna adi is rritu ki pramukh fasalean haian. kharif ki fasalean C3 shreni mean ati haian. is shreni ke paudhe mean jal upayog kshamata aur prakash sanshleshan par donoan hi adhik hoti hai jabaki prakash-shvasan dar kam hoti hai.
- rabi- in fasaloan ko boaee ke sayam kam tapaman tatha pakate samay shushk aur garm vatavaran ki avashyakata hoti hai. ye fasalean samanyat: aktoobar-navambar ke mahinoan mean boee jati haian. gehooan, jau, chana, masoor, sarasoan, barasim adi is varg ki pramukh fasalean haian. rabi fasalean, C4 shreni mean ati haian. is shreni ke paudhe ki visheshata hai ki inamean jal upayog kshamata evan prakash-sanshleshan dar donoan hi kam hoti hai. is prakar, in paudhoan mean din ke prakash mean bhi shvasan evan prakash-sanshleshan ki kriya sanpann hoti hai.
- zayad- is varg ki fasaloan mean tej garmi aur shushk havaean sahan karane ki achchhi kshamata hoti hai. uttar bharat mean ye fasalean mukhyat: march-aprail mean boee jati haian. tarabooj, kak di, khira adi is varg ki pramukh fasalean haian.
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