पण

pan prachin bharat mean prachalit ek prakar ka sikka, jo chaandi tatha taanbe se bana hota tha. 'lakshanadhyaksh' apani dekh-rekh mean sikkoan ka nirman karavata tha, jabaki 'roopadarshak' adhikari is bat ka nirnay karata tha ki kaun-se sikke chalane layak haian aur kaun-se sikke kosh mean jama kar dene chahie.

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prakar

chaandi ka sikka char prakar ka hota tha-

1. pan
2. arddhapan
3. padapan
4. ashtabhag pan

pan mean 16 masa bhar hota tha, jisamean 11 masa chaandi, 4 masa taanba aur shesh ek masa loha, raanga, shisha aur bhanjan mean se koee ek hota tha. isi matra mean arddhapan, padapan aur ashtabhag pan bhi banaya jata tha.

taanbe se nirmit mashak

pan ke chauthe hisse ka vyapar karane ke lie taanbe ka alag se bhi ek sikka banaya jata tha. isamean 11 masa taanba, 4 masa chaandi aur ek masa loha, raanga, shisha evan bhanjan mean se koee ek hota tha. isi sikkke ka nam 'mashak' hota tha aur isaka bhar bhi 16 masa hota tha. yah bhi char prakar ka hota tha- 'mashak', 'arddhamashak', 'padamashak' aur 'ashtabhag mashak'. padamashak evan ashtabhag mashak ke lie kakani evan arddhakani sikke banae jate the.

rajy ka labhaansh

sau pan par ath pan rajy ka labhaansh samajha jata tha, jise 'roopik' kaha jata tha. sau pan par paanch pan ka labhaansh 'byaji' aur sau pan ke athavean bhag ko 'parikshik' kahate the. yadi koee vyakti jali sikke banata tha ya unhean doosaroan ke vyavahar mean lata tha to pratyek pan par 25 pan atyay bharana p data tha. parantu sikke banane, bechane, kharidane aur pariksha karane ka adhikar jinhean rajy ki or se mila hua tha, un par yah harjana lagoo nahian hota tha.

kautily ke arthashastr mean ullekh

viroan ko sammanit karane ki paranpara bahut purani hai. jahaan sooramaoan ko 'paramavir chakr', 'ashok chakr', 'mahavir chakr', 'kirti chakr', 'vir chakr' aur 'shaury chakr' jaise padakoan se alankrit kar yuddh aur shaanti kal mean bahaduri ke lie sammanit kiya jata hai, vaise hi prachin kal mean bhi hota tha. dakshin bharat mean jahaan viroan ki yad mean samadhiyaan bana kar unake shaury ka varnan kiya jata tha, vahian uttar bharat mean viroan ko jagirean, padavi aur dhan dekar puraskrit kiya jata tha. kautily ke arthashastr mean to isaka vistar se varnan kiya gaya hai, jisake anusar-

• shatru ke raja ko marane vale ko ek lakh prachin mudra pan di jati thian.
• shatru ke pradhan senapati ko marane par 50 hazar pan pradan kar puraskrit kiya jata tha.
• sena nayak ko marane par das hazar pan pradan kiya jata tha.
• shatru sena ke hathi marane ya shatru ka rath dhvast karane par paanch hazar pan puraskar ke roop mean dene ka vidhan tha.
• shatru sanhar mean rajy ke nagarik yadi ullekhaniy sahayata karate the to gaanv ka lagan maf kar diya jata tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh