फ़ाह्यान

fahyan / Fa Xian / Fa-Hien

fahyan (337-422 ee poo lagabhag) ek chini bauddh bhikshu tha jo chandragupt dvitiy ke rajy kal mean mathura aya tha. fahyan ne nepal, bharat shri lanka ki yatraean kian aur bauddh dharm sanbandhi sahity ikattha kiya. ek prasiddh chini bauddhayatri tha jo vinayapitak ki pramanik prati ki khoj mean bharat aya aur 401 ee॰ se 410 ee॰ tak yahaan raha. usane takshashila, purushapur (peshavar) hote hue tin varsh tak uttar bharat ki yatra ki aur do varsh tamralipi (pashchimi bangal ka adhunik tamaluk) mansh bitae. usane apani bharat yatra ke varnan mean gangaghati ke maidan ko 'madhyadesh' bataya hai.

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phahiyan ke varnan se jnat hota hai ki un dinoan desh mean b da aman-chain tha. log berok-tok ate-jate the. phaansi ki saja nahian di jati thi. haan, ganbhir aparadh karane par aang-bhang ki saja milati thi. am janata vaibhav sanpann thi. yatriyoan aur rogiyoan ke lie b da achchha prabandh tha. kisi prani ki hatya nahian ki jati thi. koee sharab nahian pita tha. phahiyan ne tin varsh pataliputr mean rahakar sanskrit bhasha sikhi aur bauddh granthoan ka adhyayan kiya. aant mean vah 410 ee॰ mean tamralipti se jalayan mean baitha aur shrilanka tatha java hota hua 414 ee॰ mean chin vapas pahuancha.

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fahyan ne pustak bhi likhian. vah gautam buddh ke janm sthan luanbani (nepal) bhi gaya. usaki prasiddh pustak ka vivaran nimn hai:----

solahavaan parv

mathura

yahaan se dakshin poorv disha mean assi yojan chale. marg mean lagatar bahut se vihar mile jinamean lakhoan shraman mile. sab sthan mean hote hue ek janapad mean pahuanche. janapad ka nam mataoola (mathura) tha. poona nadi ke kinare kinare chale. nadi ke dahine baean bis vihar the jiname tin sahasr se adhik bhikshu the. bauddh dharm ka achchha prachar ab tak hai. marubhoomi se pashchim hiandustan ke sabhi janapadoan mean janapadoan ke adhipati bauddh dharmanuyayi mile. bhikshu sangh ko bhiksha karate samay ve apane mukut utar dalate haian. apane bandhuoan aur amatyoan sahit apane hathoan se bhojan parosate haian. paros kar pradhan ke age asan bichhava kar baith jate haian. sangh ke samane khat par baithane ka sahas nahian karate. tathagat ke samay jo pratha rajaoan mean bhiksha karane ki thi vahi ab tak chali ati hai.

yahaan se dakshin madhy desh kahalata hai. yahaan shit aur ushn sam hai. praja prabhoot aur sukhi hai. vyavahar ki likha padhi aur panch panchayat kuchh nahian hai. log raja ki bhoomi jotate haian aur upaj ka aansh dete haian. jahaan chahean jaean, jahaan chahean rahean, raja n pranadand deta hai aur n sharirik dand deta hai. aparadhi ko avasthanusar uttam sahas v madhyam sahas ka arthadand diya jata hai. bar dasyu karm karane par dakshin karachchhed kiya jata hai raja ke pratihar aur sahachar vetan-bhogi haian. sare desh mean koee adhivasi n jiv hiansa karata hai, n mady pita hai aur n lahasun pyaj khata hai; sivay chaandal ke. dasyu ko chaandal kahate haian. ve nagar ke barah rahate haian aur nagar mean jab paithate haian to soochana ke lie lak di bajate chalate haian, ki log jan jaean aur bacha kar chalean, kahian unase chhoo n jaean. janapad mean sooar aur murgi nahian palate, n jivit pashu bechate haian, n kahi soonagar aur mady ki dukanean haian. kray vikray mean kau diyoan ka vyavahar hai. keval chaandal machhali marate, mrigaya karate aur maans bechate haian.

buddhadev ke bodhi labh karane par sab janapadoan ke raja aur sethoan ne bhikshuoan ke lie vihar banavae. khet, ghar, van, aram vahaan ki praja aur pashu ko dan kar diya. danapatr tamrapatr par khude haian. prachin rajaoan ke samay se chale ate haian, kisi ne aj tak viphal nahian kiya, ab tak taise hi haian. vihar mean sangh ko khan pan milata hai, vastr milata hai, ae ge ko varsha mean avas milata hai. shramanoan ka krity shubh karmoan se dharmoparjan karana, sootr ka path karana aur dhyan lagana hai. agantuk (atithi) bhikshu ate haian to rahanevale (sthayi) bhikshu unhean age badhakar lete haian. unake vastr aur bhikshapatr svayan le lene par unase poochhate haian ki kitane dinoan se pravrajya grahan ki hai phir unhean unaki yogyata ke anusar avas dete haian or yathaniyam unase vyavahar karate haian.

bhikshu sangh ke sthan par sariputr, maha maudgalayan aur mahakashyap ke stoop bane rahate haian aur vahian abhidharm, vinay aur sootr ke stoop bane rahate haian or vahian abhidharm, vinay aur sootr ke stoop bhi hote haian. varsha se ek mas pichhe upasak log bhikshuoan ko dan dene ke lie paraspar sparddha karate haian. sab or se log sadhuoan ko vikal ke lie 'pey' bhejate haian. bhikshu sangh ke sangh ate haian, dharmopadesh karate haian, phir sariputr ke stoop ki pooja mala aur gandh se karate haian. rat bhar dipamalika hoti hai or git vady karaya jata hai.

sariputr kulin brahman the. tathagat se pravrajya ke lie prarthana ki. mahamodgalayan aur mahakashyap ne bhi yahi kiya tha. bhikshuni pray: anand ke stoop ki pooja karati haian. unhoanne hi tathagat se striyoan ko pravrajya dene ki prarthana ki thi. shramaner rahul ki pooja karate haian. abhidharm ke abhyasi abhidharm ki vinay ke anuyayi vinay ki pooja karate haian. prativarsh pooja ek bar hoti hai. har ek ke lie din niyat hai. mahayan ke anuyayi prajnaparamita, manjushr or avalokiteshvar ki pooja karate haian.

jab bhikshu varshiki agrahar pa jate haian tab seth aur brahman log vastr or any upaskar baantate haian. bhikshu unhean lekar yathabhag vibhakt karate haian. buddhadev ke bodhi prapt kal se hi yah riti, achar vyavahar aur niyam avichchhinn lagatar chale ate haian. hiyantu utarane ke sthan se dakshin hiandustan tak aur dakshin samudr tak chalis pachas hajar li tak chauras (bhoomi) hai, isamean kahian parvat jharane nahian haian, nadi ka hi jal hai.