फ़िरोज़शाह तुग़लक़

firozashah tugalaq (1351-1388 ee.), muhammad tugalaq ka chachera bhaee evan sipahasalar 'rajab' ka putr tha. usaki maan ‘bibi naila’ rajapoot saradar ranamal ki putri thi. muhammad tugalaq ki mutyu ke bad 20 march, 1351 ko firoz tugalaq ka rajyabhishak thatta ke nikat hua. punah firoz ka rajyabhishek dilli mean agast, 1351 mean hua. sultan banane ke bad firozashah tugalaq ne sabhi qarze maph kar die, jisamean 'soandhar rrin' bhi shamil tha, jo muhammad tugalaq ke samay kisanoan ko diya gaya tha. isane upaj ke hisab se lagan nishyit kiya. sarakari padoan ko punah vanshanugat kar diya. sultan banane ke bad firoz tugalaq ne dilli saltanat se alag hue apane pradeshoan ko jitane ke abhiyan ke antargat bangal evan siandh par akraman kiya. bangal ko jitane ke lie sultan ne 1353 ee. mean akraman kiya. us samay shamsuddin iliyas vahaan ka shasak tha. usane ikadala ke qile mean sharan le rakhi thi, sultan firoz antatah qile par adhikar karane mean asaphal hokar 1355 ee. mean vapas dilli a gaya. punah bangal par adhikar karane ke prayas ke antargat 1359 ee. mean firoz tugalaq ne vahaan ke tatkalin shasak shamsuddin ke putr sikandar shah par akraman kiya, kintu asaphal hokar ek bar phir vapas a gaya. sultan firoz tugalaq ki mrityu sitambar, 1398 ee. mean huee.

aanshik saphalataean

1360 ee. mean sultan firoz ne ‘jajanagar’ (u disa) par akraman karake vahaan ke shasak bhanudev tritiy ko parast kar puri ke jagannath mandir puri ko dhvast kiya. 1361 ee. mean firoz ne nagarakot par akraman kiya. yahaan ke jamababaniyoan se l dati huee sultan ki sena lagabhag 6 mahine tak ran ke registan mean phansi rahi, kalantar mean jamababaniyoan ne sultan ki adhinata ko svikar kar liya aur varshik kar dene ke lie sahamat ho gaye.

in sadharan vijayoan ke atirikt firoz ke nam koee b di saphalata nahian ju di hai. usane dakshin mean svatantr hue rajy vijayanagar, bahamani evan madura ko punah jitane ka koee prayas nahian kiya. is prakar kaha ja sakata hai ki, sultan firoz tugalaq ne apane shasan kal mean koee bhi sainik abhiyan samrajy vistar ke lie nahian kiya aur jo bhi abhiyan usane kiya, vah matr samrajy ko bachaye rakhane ke lie kiya.

rajasv vyavastha

rajasv vyavastha ke antargat firoz ne apane shasan kal mean 24 kashtadayak karoan ko samapt kar diya aur keval 4 kar ‘kharaj’ (lagan), ‘khums’ (yuddh mean loot ka mal), ‘jajiya’, evan 'zakat' (islam dharm ke anusar adhaee pratishat ka dan, jo un logoan ko dena p dta hai, jo maladar hoan aur un logoan ko diya jata hai, jo apahij ya asahay aur sadhanahin hoan) ko vasool karane ka adesh diya. ulemaoan ke adesh par sultan ne ek naya sianchaee (sharb) kar bhi lagaya, jo upaj ka 1/10 bhag vasoola jata tha. sambhavatah firoz tugalaq ke shasan kal mean lagan upaj ka 1/5 se 1/3 bhag hota tha. sultan ne sianchaee ki suvidha ke lie 5 b di naharean yamuna nadi se hisar tak 150 mil lambi sataluj nadi se ghagghar nadi tak 96 mil lambi siramaur ki paha di se lekar haansi tak, ghagghar se firozabad tak evan yamuna se firozabad tak ka nirman karavaya. usane phalo ke lagabhag 1200 bag lagavaye. antarik vyapar ko badhane ke lie anek karoan ko samapt kar diya.

nagaroan ki sthapana

nagar evan sarvajanik nirman karyoan ke antargat sultan ne lagabhag 300 naye nagaroan ki sthapana ki. inamean se hisar, firozabad (dilli), fatehabad, jaunapur, firozapur adi pramukh the. in nagaroan mean yamuna nadi ke kinare basaya gaya firozabad sultan ko sarvadhik priy tha. jaunapur nagar ki nianv firoz ne apane chachere bhaee 'fakharuddin jauna' (muhammad bin tugalaq) ki smriti mean dali thi. usake shasan kal me khijrabad evan merath se ashok ke do stambhalekhoan ko lakar dilli mean sthapit kiya gaya. apane kalyanakari karyoan ke antargat firoz ne ek rozagar ka daphtar evan muslim anath striyoan, vidhavaoan evan l dakiyoan ki sahayata hetu ek naye 'divan-e-khairat' namak vibhag ki sthapana ki. 'darul-shafa' (shafa=jivan ka aantim kinara, jivan ka aantim bhag) namak ek rajakiy aspatal ka nirman karavaya, jisamean gariboan ka mupht ilaj hota tha.

firoz ke shasanakal mean dasoan ki sankhya lagabhag 1,80,000 pahuanch gee thi. inaki dekhabhal hetu sultan de 'divan-e-bandagan' ki sthapana ki. kuchh das praantoan mean bheje gaye tatha shesh ko kendr mean rakha gaya. dasoan ko nakad vetan ya bhookhand die gaye. dasoan ko dastakari ka prashikshan bhi diya gaya. sainy vyavastha ke antargat firoz ne sainikoan punah jagir ke roop mean vetan dena prarambh kar diya. usane sainy padoan ko vanshanugat bana diya, isamean sainikoan ki yogyata ki jaanch par asar p da. khums ka 4/5 bhag phir se sainikoan ko dene ke adesh die gaye. kuchh samay bad usaka bhayanak parinam samane aya. firoz tugalaq ko kuchh itihasakar dharmandh evan asahishnu shasak manate haian. sambhavatah dilli saltanat ka vah pratham sultan tha, jisane islami niyamoan ka k daee se palan karake ulema varg ko prashasanik karyoan mean mahatv diya. nyay vyavastha par punah dharmaguruoan ka prabhav sthapit ho gaya. mukti kanoonoan ki vyakhya karate the. musalaman aparadhiyoan ko mrityu dand dena band kar diya gaya. firoz kattar sunni musalaman tha. usane hindoo janata ko ‘jimmi’ (islam dharm svikar n karane vale) kaha aur hindoo brahmanoan par jajiya kar lagaya. d aau. ar.si. majoomadar ne kaha hai ki, "firoz is yug ka sabase dharmandh evan is kshetr mean [[siankadar lodi evan aurangajeb ka apragami tha.’ dilli saltanat mean pratham bar firoz tugalaq ne brahmanoan se bhi jajiya liya.

shiksha prasar ke kshetr mean sultan ne anek makabaroan evan madarasoan lagabhag 13 ki sthapana karavayi. usane jiyauddin barani evan shams-e-siraj aphiph ko apana sanrakshan pradan kiya. barani ne phatava-e-jahaandari evan tarikh-e-firozashahi ki rachana ki. firoz ne apani atmakatha ‘phutoohat-e-firozashahi’ ki rachana ki jabaki ‘sirat-e-firozashahi’ ki rachana kisi ajnat viddhan dvara ki gee hai. firoz ne jvalamukhi mandir ke pustakalay se loote gaye 1300 granthoan mean se kuchh ka ejuddin dvara ‘dalayate-firozashahi’ nam se anuvad karavaya. valayale-firozashahi ayurved se sanbandhit granth tha. usane jal gh di ka avishkar kiya. apane bhaee jauna khaan (muhammad tugalaq) ki smriti mean jaunapur namak shahar basaya.

sultan firozashah tugalaq ne prashasan mean svayan ghoosakhori ko protsahit kiya tha. aphiph ke anusar, sultan ne ek ghu dasavar ko apane khajane se ek tanka diya taki vah rishvat dekar arj mean apane gho de ke pas karava sakean. firoz tugalaq saltanat kalin pahala shasak tha jisane rajy ki adamani ka byaura taiyar karavayaan khvaja hisamuddin ke ek anuman ke anusar firoz tugalaq ke shasan kal ki varshik ay 6 karo d 75 lakh tanka thi. usake samay mean ijaredari ko punah badhava diya gaya.

firoz tugalaq ne mudra vyavastha ke antargat b di sankhya mean taanba evan chaandi ke mishran se nirmit sikke jari karavaye jise sambhavatah ‘addha’ evan ‘misr’ kaha jata tha. firoz tugalaq ne ‘shanshagani’ (6 jital ka) ka naya sikka chalaya tha. usane sikkoan par apane nam ke sath apane putr athava uttaradhikari phatah khaan ka nam aankit karavaya. firoz ne apane ko khalipha ka naib pukara tatha sikkoan par khalipha ka nam aankit karavaya. firoz shah tugalaq ka shasan kalyanakari nirankushata par adharit tha. vah pratham sultan tha jisanean vijayoan tatha yuddhoan ki tulana mean apani praja ki bhautik unnati ko shreshth sthan diya, shasak ke kartavyoan ka vistrit kiya tatha islam dharm ko rajy shasan ka adhar banaya. henari iliet aur elaphinsatan ne firoz tugal ko “saltanat yug ka akabar” kaha hai. firozashah tugalaq ki saphalataoan ka shrey usake pradhanamantri khan-e-jahaan makabool ka diya jata hai.

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