गोबर
thumb|250px|gobar se kande banati huee mahila gobar (aangrezi:Dung) shabd ka prayog gay, bail, bhaians ya bhaiansa ke mal ke liye hota hai. ghas, bhoosa, khali adi jo kuchh chaupayoan dvara khaya jata hai usake pachan mean kitane hi rasayanik parivartan hote haian tatha jo padarth apachit rah jate haian ve sharir ke any apadravyoan ke sath gobar ke roop mean bahar nikal jate haian. yah sadharanat: nam, arddh thos hota hai, par pashu ke bhojan ke anusar isamean parivartan bhi hote rahate haian. keval hari ghas ya adhik khali par nirbhar rahane vale pashuoan ka gobar patala hota hai. isaka rang kuchh pila evan gadha bhoora hota hai. isamean ghas, bhoose, ann ke danoan ke tuk de adi vidyaman rahate haian aur saralata se pahachane ja sakate haian. sookhane par yah k de piand mean badal jata hai.
gobar mean upasthit rasayanik tattv evan gun
gobar mean upasthit padarth evan gun kee batoan par nirbhar karate haian, jaise pashu ki jati, avastha, chara, dinacharya adi. charane vale ya kam karane vale pashuoan ka gobar ek sthan par bandhe rahane valoan se bhinn rahata hai. doodh pine vale bachchoan ya bachhavoan ka gobar manushyoan ke mal se kuchh kuchh milata julata hai. adhik bhoosa evan kam khali khane vale pashuoan ke gobar mean naitrojanayukt padarth evan vasa ki matra kam tatha sailooloj jaisi vastuean adhik rahati haian, kiantu adhik khali khane vale pashuoan ke gobar mean isake viparit naitrojan vale padarth evan vasa ki matra adhik rahati hai. gayoan ke gobar mean bhi bachche ke pet mean ane ki avastha se lekar doodh dene ki avastha tak parivartan hote rahate haian. yuva pashu lagabhag 70 pratishat khady sharir mean pachata hai, parantu doodh dene vali gay keval 25 pratishat hi pacha pati hai. shesh gobar ev mootr mean nikal jata hai. ann ke dane pray: mool avastha mean gobar mean vidyaman rahate haian; kiantu toote hue, ya pise hue, ann ke bhag pachan kriya se prabhavit ha jate haian. isake atirikt kuchh drav bhi gobar mean rahata hai. kaha jata hai ki yah drav kitanunashak hota hai. gay ke gobar mean 86 pratishat tak drav paya jata hai. gobar mean khanijoan ki bhi matra kam nahian hoti. isamean phasphoras, naitrojan, choona, potash, maianganiz, loha, silikan, ailyoominiyam, gandhak adi kuchh adhik matra mean vidyaman rahate haian tatha ayodin, kobalt, molibadinam adi bhi tho di tho di matra mean rahate haian. astu, gobar khad ke roop mean, adhikaansh khanijoan ke karan, mitti ko upajaoo banata hai. paudhoan ki mukhy avashyakata naitrojan, phasphoras tatha poteshiyam ki hoti hai. ve vastuean gobar mean kramash: 0.3- 0.4, 0.1- 0.15 tatha 0.15- 0.2 pratishat tak vidyaman rahati haian. mitti ke sanpark mean ane se gobar ke vibhinn tatv mitti ke kanoan ko apas mean baandhate haian, kiantu agar ye kan ek doosare ke atyadhik samip ya ju de hote haian to ve tatv unhean door door kar dete haian, jisase mitti mean hava ka pravesh hota hai aur paudhoan ki j dean saralata se usamean saans le pati haian. gobar ka samuchit labh khad ke roop mean hi prayog karake paya ja sakata hai.
gobar ki upayogita
thumb|gobar ke kande ya gohare gobar ka sabase labhaprad upayog khad ke roop mean hi ho sakata hai, kiantu bharat mean jalane ki lak diyoan ka abhav hone se isaka adhik upayog eeandhan ke roop mean hi hota hai. eeandhan ke liye isake gohare ya kande banakar sukha lie jate haian. sookhe gohare achchhe jalate haian aur un par bana bhojan, madhur aanch par pakane ke karan, svadisht hota hai. kiantu gobar ka uchit evan labhaprad upayog khad ke roop mean hi hai. sabhi samriddh deshoan mean, jahaan kahian gobar dene vale pashu hote haian, gobar se khad bana li jati hai aur usase khet upajaoo banae jate haian.
gobar se khad banane ki vidhiyaan
bharat mean pahale gobar se khad banane ki do vidhiyaan prachalit thian, kiantu ek tisari vidhi bhi ab prachalit ki ja rahi hai. ye vidhiyaan nimnalikhit haian:
than di vidhi
isake liye uchit akar ke gadhe, 20-25 phut lanbe, 5-6 phut chau de tatha 3 se lekar 10 phut gahare, khode jate haian aur inamean gobar bhar diya jata hai. bharate samay use is prakar dabate haian ki koee jagah khali n rah jae. gadhe ka oopari bhag guanbad ki tarah bana lete haian aur gobar hi se use lep lete haian, jisase varsha rritu ka anavashyak jal usamean ghusane n pae. tatpashchath lagabhag tin mahine tak khad ko banane ke liye chho d dete haian. is vidhi mean gadhe ka tap kabhi 34°C se oopar nahian ja pata, kyoanki gadhe mean rasayanik kriyaean hava ke abhav mean simit rahati haian. is vidhi mean naitrojanayukt padarth khad se nikalane nahian pate.
garam vidhi
is vidhi mean gobar ki ek patali tah bina dabae dal di jati hai. hava ki upasthiti mean rasayanik parivartan hote haian, jisase tap 60°C tak pahuanch jata hai. tah ko phir daba diya jata hai aur doosari patali tah us par dal di jati hai jisake tap badhane diya jata hai. is prakar dher das se bis phut tak ooancha ban jata hai, jo kuchh mahinoan ke liye isi avastha mean chho d diya jata hai. is riti se vishesh labh yah hota hai ki tap badhane par ghas, mote adi hanikar paudhoan ke bij, jo gobar mean upasthit rah sakate haian, nasht ho jate haian. pratyek pashu se is prakar 5 se 6 tan khad ban sakati hai.
hava ki upasthiti mean khad aur gais utpadan
bharatiy krishi anusandhan keandr dvara vikasit ki gee is vidhi mean ek sadharan yantr ka upayog hota hai, jisamean gobar ka pachan hava ki anupasthiti mean hota hai. is vidhi se ek prakar ki gais nikalati hai, jo prakash karane, yantr chalane tatha bhojan pakane ke liye eeandhan ke roop mean kam ati hai. gobar pani ka mishran kar pachak-yantr mean prati din dalate jate haian aur nikalane vali gais se uparokt kam lete haian. is vidhi ki visheshata yah hai ki gobar s dakar gandhahin khad ke roop mean prapt ho jata hai aur isake naitrojan, phasphoras, potash adi aise upayogi tatv bina nasht hue isi mean surakshit rah jate haian. sath sath isase upayogi gais bhi mil jati hai. anuman hai ki ek gram parivar, jisamean 4-5 pashu haian, lagabhag 70-75 ghan phut jalane vali gais prati din taiyar kar sakata hai. bharat mean kuchh gobar ki matra aur usamean upasthit naeetrojan phasphoras evan potash ka varshik utpadan is prakar hai:
| gobar (sookha) | 1,446 | lakh | tan |
| karbanik padarth | 1,157 | lakh | tan |
| naitrojan | 18.08 | lakh | tan |
| phasphoras | 7.23 | lakh | tan |
| potash | 1.085 | lakh | tan |
kiantu gobar ka bahut tho da bhag hi khad ke roop mean prayukt ho pata hai. isi karan is desh ka utpadan doosare deshoan ke anupat bahut kam hai. jalavan ke roop mean gobar ka upayog ek bahumooly khad ko nasht karana hai. jahaan tak ho gobar ko khad ke liye hi kam mean lana chahie.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh