भाषाविज्ञान

bhashavijnan bhasha ke adhyayan ki vah shakha hai jisamean bhasha ki utpatti, svaroop, vikas adi ka vaijnanik evan vishleshanatmak adhyayan kiya jata hai. bhashavijnan ke adhyayeta 'bhashavijnani' kahalate haian. bhashavijnan sanbhandhit aranbhik gatividhiyoan mean panini ki 'ashtadhyayi' ka pramukh roop se ullekh kiya jata hai. bhashavijnan, vyakaran se bhinn hai. vyakaran mean kisi bhasha ka karyatmak adhyayan (functional description) kiya jata hai jabaki bhashavijnani isake age jakar bhasha ka atyant vyapak adhyayan karata hai. adhyayan ke anek vishayoan mean se ajakal bhasha-vijnan ko vishesh mahattv diya ja raha hai.

bhashavijnan ka itihas

prachin evan madhyakal

bharat ki tulana mean yoorop mean bhashavishayak adhyayan bahut der se praranbh hua aur usamean vah poornata aur ganbhirata n thi jo hamare shikshagranthoan, pratishakhyoan aur paniniy vyakaran mean thi. pashchimi duniya ke liye bhashavishayak prachinatam ullekh old testameant mean buk aauv jenisis (Book of Genesis) ke doosare adhyay mean pashuoan ke namakaran ke sanbandh mean milata hai. yoonani itihasakar herodotas (paanchavi shatabdi ee. poo.) ne misr ke raja sanmetik aaus (Psammetichos) dvara sansar ki bhasha jnat karane ke liye do navajat shishuoan par prayog karane ka ullekh kiya hai. yoonan mean prachinatam bhashavaijnanik vivechan pleto (425-348 47 ee. poo.) ke sanvad mean milata hai aur yah mukhyataya oohapohatmak hai. arastoo (384-322,21 ee. poo.) pashchaty bhashavijnan ke pita kahe jate haian. unhoanne bhasha ki utpati aur prakriti ke sanbandh mean upane guru pleto se kuchh virodhi vichar vyakt kie. unake anusar bhasha samajhaute (thesis) aur paranpara (Synthesis) ka parinam hai. arthath‌ unhoanne bhasha ko yadrichchhik kaha hai. arastoo ka yah mat aj bhi sarvamany hai. gay ko 'gay' isaliye nahian kaha jata hai ki is shabd se is vishesh chaupae janavar ka bodh hona anivary hai, kiantu isaliye kaha jata hai ki kabhi ukt pashu ka bodh karane ke liye is shabad ka yadrichchhik prayog kar liya gaya tha, jise manyata mil gee aur jo paranpara se chala a raha hai unhoanne 'sanjna', 'kriya', 'nipat' ye shabdabhed kie.
yoonan mean bhasha ka adhyayan keval darshanikoan tak hi simit raha. yoonaniyoan ki doosari visheshata yah thi ki unhoanne apani bhasha ke atirikt doosari bhashaoan mean koee ruchi nahian dikhaee. yah bat is tathy se pramanit hoti hai ki sikandar ki senaoan ne yoonan se lekar bharat ki uttari sima tak ke vistrit pradesh ko padakraant kiya, kiantu unake vivaranoan mean un pradeshoan ki boliyoan ka kahian ullekh nahian milata. yoonan mean kuchh bhashavishayak kary bhi hue aristarkas (Aristarchus) ne homar ki kavita ki bhasha ka vishleshan kiya. apolonias diskolas (Appollonios Dyskolos) grik vakyaprakriya par prakash dala. dionisos thrauks (Dionysios Thrax) ne ek prabhavashali vyakaran likha. kuchh shabdakosh aise bhi milate hai jinamean grik aur laitin ke atirikt eshiya mainar mean boli jane vali bhashaoan ke anek shabdoan ka samavesh kiya gaya hai. sankshep mean yoonaniyoan ne bhasha ko tatvamimaansa ki drishti se parakha. unake dvara prastut bhashavishleshan ko darshanik vyakaran ki sanjna di gee hai. rom valoan ne yoonaniyoan ke anukaran par vyakaran aur kosh banae. varo (116-27 ee. poo.) ne 26 khandoan mean laitin vyakaran racha. priskian (512-60) ka 20 khandovala laitin vyakaran bahut prasiddh hai.

madhy yug

madhy yug mean eesaee mishanariyoan ko auroean ki bhashaean sikhani p di. janata ko janata ki bhasha mean upadesh dena prachar ke liye anivary tha. phalasvaroop parabhasha sikhane ki vyavaharik paddhatiyaan nikalian. mishanariyoan ne anek bhashaoan ke vyakaran tatha kosh banae. par grik laitin vyakaran ke dhaanchoan mean rache jane ke karan ye apoorn tatha unupayukt the. usi yug mean sainikoan aur upaniveshoan ne shasakiy varg ke logoan ne sthaniy bhashaoan ka vishleshan shuroo kiya. sath hi vyapar vistar ke karan anekanek bhashaoan se yooropiyoan ka parichay badha. 17vian shatabdi mean (1647 mean) phaiansis lodavik (Francis Lodwick) tatha revareand kev dek (Rev. Cave Deck) jaise vidvanoan ne 'e k aauman raitiang' tatha 'yoonivarsal kairektar' jaise granth likhe the, jisase unake svanavijnan ke jnan ka parichay milata hai. lodavik ne ek ashulipi ka avishkar kiya tha, jo aangrezi aur dach donoan ke liye 1650 ee. ke lagabhag vyavahrit ki gee thi. madhyakal mean sabhi jnat bhashaoan ke sarvekshan ka prayatn hua. atev anek bahubhashi kosh tatha bahubhashi sangrah nikale. 18vian shatabdi mean pallas (P.S. Pallas) ki vishvabhashaoan ki tulanatmak shabdavali mean 285 shabd aise haian jo 272 bhashaoan mean milate haian. edeluang (Adelung) ki maihthrodetij (Mithridates) mean 500 bhashaoan mean 'eesh prarthana' hai.

18vian evan 19vian shati

is prakar 18vian shati ke poorv bhashavishayak prachur samagri ekatr ho chuki thi. kiantu vishleshan tatha prastutikaran k paddhatiyaan vahi purani thian. inamean sarvapratham jarman vidvanh‌ laibanits (Leibnitz) ne parishkar kiya. inhoanne hi sanbhavat: sarvapratham yah bataya ki 'yooreshiyaee' bhashaoan ka ek hi pragaitihasik uts hai. is prakar 18vian shati mean tulatmak aitihasik bhashavijnan ki bhoomika bani, jo 19vian shati mean jakar vikasit huee. sankshep mean, 19vian shatabdi se poorv yooropiy bhashaoan ka jo adhyayan kiya gaya, vah bhashavaijnanik ki apeksha tarkik adhik, roopatmak ki apeksha sankalpanatmak adhik aur varnanatmak ki apeksha vidhyatma (Prescriptive) adhik tha. 19vian shati (aitihasik tulanatmak bhashavijnan) - unnisavian shati aitihasik tulanatmak bhashavijnan ka yug tha isake praranbh ka shrey sanskrit bhasha se pashchatyoan ke parichay ko hai. tulanatmak bhasha vijnan ka sootrapat ek prakar se us samay hua jab 2 faravari, 1786 ko sar viliyam joans ne kalakatte mean yah ghoshana ki ki sanskrit bhasha ki sanrachana adbhut hai, vah grik se adhik poorn, laitin se adhik samriddh aur donoan se hi adhik parishkrit hai. phir bhi isaka donoan se ghanishth sanbandh hai. unhoanne dekha ki sanskrit ki ek or grik aur laitin tatha doosari aur g aauthik, kelti se itani adhik samanata hai ki nishchay hi in sab ka ek hi strot raha hoga. yah parivarik dharana is ne vijnan ke mool mean hai.
is disha mean pahala suvyavasthit kary denamark vasi rask (1787-1832) ka hai. rask ne bhashaoan ki samagr sanrachana ki tulana par adhik bal diya aur keval shabdavali samy agat shabdoan ke karan bhi ho sakata hai. inhoanne svanoan ke samy ko bhi parivarik sanbandh nirdharan ka mahatvapoorn aang mana. is dharana ko suvyavasthit pushti di yakov grim (1785-1863) ne, jinake svan niyam bhasha vijnan mean prasiddh haian. in svan niyamoan mean bharat yooropiy se pragjarmaniy mean, tadanantar uchchajarmaniy mean honevale vyavasthit vyanjan svan parivartanoan ki vyakhya hai. isi bich sanskrit ke adhikadhik parichay se parivarik tulana ka kram adhikadhik gahara hota gaya. b aaup (1791-1967) ne sanskrit, avesta grik, laitin, lithueni, g aauthik, jarman, prachin slav kelti aur albani bhashaoan ka tulanatmak vyakaran prakashit kiya. rask aur grim ne svan parivartanoan par prakash dala, b aaup ne mukhyat: roopaprakriya ka adhar grahan kiya.
rask, grim aur b aaup ke pashchath‌ maiksamoolar (1823-1900) aur shlaikhar (1823-68) ke nam vishesh roop se ullekhaniy haian. maiksoomoolar ki mahatvapoorn kriti 'lesans in di sayans aauv laiangvej' (1861) hai. shlaikhar ne bharat-yooropiy parivar ki bhashaoan ka ek suvyavasthit sarvagin tulanatmak vyakaran prastut kiya shlaikhar ne tulanatmak bhasha vijnan ke saiddhaantik paksh par bhi vishesh kary kiya. inake anusar yadi do bhashaoan mean saman parivartan pae jate haian, to ye donoan bhashaean kisi kal mean ek sath rahi hoangi. is prakar unhoanne tulanatmak adhar par adibhasha (Ursprache) ki punarrachana (Reconstruction) ke liye marg prashast kiya. punarrachana ke atirikt bhashavijnan ko inaki ek aur mukhy den bhashaoan ka praroopasoochak vargikaran hai. in dinoan bhashavijnan ke kshetr mean ane vali ameriki vidvanoan mean hivatani (1827-1894) agrani haian. inhoanne bhasha ke vikas aur bhasha ke adhyayan par pustakean likhian. 1876 mean prakashit inak sanskrit vyakaran apane kshetr ka advitiy granth hai. shlaikhar ke turant bad phik (1833-1916) ne 1868 mean sarvapratham bharat-yooropiy bhashaoan ka tulatatmak shabdakosh prakashit kiya, jisamean adi bhasha ke punarrachit roop bhi die ge the.
kuchh samay bad vidvanoan ka dhyan grim niyam ki kuchh aansagatiyoan par gaya. denamark vasi varnar ne 1875 mean ek aisi asangati ko niyamabaddh apavad ke roop mean sthapit kiya. yah asangati thi bharat-yooropiy ph‌, th‌, kh‌ ka jarmaniy mean saghosh ban jana. varnar ne grik aur sanskrit ki tulana se isaka apavad dhooandh nikala jo varnar niyam ke nam se prachalit hai. aise apavadoan ki sthapana se vidvanoan ke ek sanpraday ko unake apane vishvasoan mean pushti mili. ye navy vॅyakaran (Jung grammatiker) kahalate haiaian. inake mat se svan niyamoan ka koee apavad nahian hota. svan parivartan akasmik aur avyavasthit nahian hai, pratyut niyat aur suvyavasthit haian. asangati is karan milati hai ki ham unaki prakriya ko poori tarah samajh nahian pae haian, kyoki bhasha ke namoonoan ki kami hai. kuchh asangatiyoan ke mool mean sadrishy hai, jisaki poorvacharyo ne upeksha ki thi. is prakar ye navy vaiyakaran b de vyavasthavadi the.

20vian shati

aitihasik tulanatmak bhashavijnan par 20vian sadi mean bhi kary hua hai. bharat yooropiy parivar par brugamain aur delabruk evan harman hart (Hermann Hirt) ke tulanatmak vyakaran mahatvapoorn granth haian. meie (Meillet) ka bharat-yooropiy bhashaoan ke tulanatmak adhyayan ki bhoomika namak granth sanatan mahatv ka kaha ja sakata hai. hitait namak prachin bhasha ka pata lagane ke bad bharat-yooropiy bhasha vijnan par naye sire se kary praranbh hua. bharat yooropiyetar parivaroan par aitihasik tulanatmak kary ho raha hai. grinabarg ka aphriki bhashaoan ka vargikaran anukaraniy hai. isaki adhunatan shakha bhasha kalakram vijnan (Giotto chronology ya Lixico statistics) hai, jisake aantargat tulanatmak paddhati se us samay ke niroopan ka prayas kiya jata hai jab kisi bhashaparivar ke do sadasy prithakh‌ prithakh‌ hue the. amariki manav vijnani m aauris svedish is prakriya ke janmadata haian. yah paddhati rediyo rasayan dvara li gee hai.

varnanatmak bhashavijnan

bisavian shati ka bhashavijnan mukhyat: varnanatmak athava sanrachanatmak bhashavijnan kaha ja sakata hai. ise adhunik roop dene valoan mean pramukh b aaudean (Baudouin de courtenay), henari svit aur sosur (Saussure) haian. svis bhasha vaijnanik sosur (1857-1913) dvara pratipadit siddhaantoan se bhi poorv hanbolt (Humboldt) ne pratipadit kiya tha ki bhashavishesh ka adhyayan kisi any bhasha se tulana kie bina usi bhasha ke aantarik avayavoan ke adhar par hona chahie. sosur ne sarvapratham bhasha ki pravriti par prakash dalate hue sanketit (Signified) aur sanketan (Signifier) ke sanbandh ko vastu n manakar prakary (function) mana aur use bhashaee chihn (Linguistic Sign) se abhihit kiya. chihn yadrichchhik hai arthat ‘sanketit’ ka ‘sanketak’ se koee tarkasangat sanbandh nahian hai. vriksh ke liye ‘pe d’ kahane mean koee tark nahian hai; ‘p’, ‘e’, ‘d’, shsvanoan kuchh aisa nahian ki vah vriksh ka hi sanketak ho, yah keval paranpara ke karan hai. isake atirikt chihn ka mooly bhasha mean prayukt poori shabdavali (any sabhi chihnoan) ke pariprekshy mean hota hai, arthath‌shh unake virodh se hota hai. bhasha ka inhian virodhoan ki prakaryata par nirbhar rahana varnanatmak bhasha vijnan ka adharastanbh hai. in (svanim, roopim, arthim adi) ki satta virodh ke siddhaant par hi ashrit hai.
sosoor ne bhasha ke do prayogoan pairol (vak) aur laang (bhasha) mean bhi bhed kiya. pratham bhasha ka jivit roop hai, hamara bhashanuchchar pairol hai. kiantu dvitiy bhavanayan (Abstraction) ki prakriya se udbhoot ek amoort bhavana hai. apaki hiandi, hamari hiandi, sabhi ki hiandi vyaktigat star par uchcharan shabdaprayogadi bhed se bhinn hai: phir bhi hiandi bhasha jaisi amoort dharana laang hai jo bhavanayan prakriya ka parinam hai aur jo in anek vaiyaktik bhedoan s pare aur samanyakrit haian. yah sakalik hai (Synchronic) hai. sosur ka mahatv sanrachanatmak bhashavijnan mean kraantikari mana ja sakata hai. parakalin yoorop ke anek skool kopenahegen, praha (prag) landan tatha amerika ke bhashavaijnanik sanpraday inake kuchh mool siddhaanto ko lekar vikasit hue haiaian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• [mahavir saran jain ka alekh - bhasha-sanrachana – varnanatmak bhashavijnan evan sanrachanatmak bhashavijnan rachanakar: mahavir saran jain ka alekh - bhasha-sanrachana – varnanatmak bhashavijnan evan sanrachanatmak bhashavijnan http://www.rachanakar.org/2015/02/blog-post_60.html#ixzz3SUxQJnMF]
• [mahavir saran jain ka alekh - ch aaumski ka rachanaantaranaparak vyakaran evan sarvabhaumik vyakaran aur usaki simaean (rachanakar, 09 march, 2015)

age padhean: rachanakar: mahavir saran jain ka alekh - ch aaumski ka rachanaantaranaparak vyakaran evan sarvabhaumik vyakaran aur usaki simaean http://www.rachanakar.org/2015/03/blog-post_65.html#ixzz3TsNuwkmN]

• [mahavir saran jain ka alekh - prakaryatmak bhashavijnan (Functional Linguistics) (hailide ke vyavasthagat prakaryatmak bhashavijnan (SFL) ke vishesh sandarbh mean)

age padhean: rachanakar: mahavir saran jain ka alekh - prakaryatmak bhashavijnan (Functional Linguistics) (hailide ke vyavasthagat prakaryatmak bhashavijnan (SFL) ke vishesh sandarbh mean) http://www.rachanakar.org/2015/03/functional-linguistics-sfl.html#ixzz3U41DdhAX]