अध्यक्ष

adhyaksh adhunik roop mean adhyaksh (spikar) ke pad ka pradurbhav madhy yug (13vian aur 14vian shatabdi) mean ianglaiand mean hua tha. un dinoan adhyaksh raja ke adhin hua karate the. samrath ke mukabale mean apane pad ki svatantr satta ka prayog to unhoanne dhire-dhire 17vian shatabdi ke bad hi aranbh kiya aur tab se british lokasabha (haus aauv kamans) ke mukhy pratinidhi aur pravakta ke roop mean is pad ki pratishtha aur garima badhane lagi. is british sansad mean adhyaksh ke mukhy krity (k) sabha ki baithakoan ka sabhapatitv karana,
(kh) samrath aur lard sabha (haus aauv lardh‌s) ityadi ke prati isake pravakta aur pratinidhi ka kam karana aur
(g) isake adhikaroan aur visheshadhikaroan ki raksha karana hai.

any deshoan ne bhi gret-briten ke namoone par sansadiy pranali apanaee aur un sabamean tho da british adhyaksh ke dhang par hi adhyaksh pad kayam kiya gaya.

bharat mean adhyaksh pad

bharat ne bhi svatantr hone par sansadiy shasanapaddhati apanaee aur apane sanvidhan mean adhyakshapad ki vyavastha ki. kiantu bharat mean adhyaksh ka pad vastut: bahut purana hai aur yah 1921 se chala a raha hai. us samay adhishthata (prisaidiang aphisar) vidhanasabha ka 'pradhan' (presideant) kahalata tha. 1919 ke sanvidhan ke aantargat purani keanndriy vidhanasabha ka sabase pahala pradhan sar phredarik hvait ko, sansadiy prakriya aur paddhati mean unake vishesh jnan ke karan, manonit kiya gaya tha, kiantu usake bad shri vitthalabhaee patel aur unake bad ke sab 'pradhan' sabha dvara nirvachit kie ge the. in adhishthataoan ne bharat mean sansadiy prakriya aur karyasanchalan ki nianv dali, jo anubhav ke anusar badhati gee aur jise vartaman sansad ne apanaya.

lokasabha adhyaksh

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bharatiy sansad ka nimn sadan (lovar haus) ka adhyaksh samany nirvachanoan ke bad pratyek nee sansad ke aranbh mean sadasyoan dvara apane mean se nirvachit kiya jata hai. vah dubara nirvachan ke lie kh da ho sakata hai. sabha ke adhishthata ke roop mean usaki sthiti bahut hi adhikarapoorn, gauravamayi aur nishpaksh hoti hai. vah sabha ki karravaee ko viniyamit karata hai aur prakriya sanbandhi niyamoan ke anusar isake vichar-vimarsh ko age badhata hai. vah un sadasyoan ke nam pukarata hai jo bolana chahate hoan aur bhashanoan ka kram nishchit karata hai. vah auchity prashnoan (paiants aauv ardar) ka nirnay karata hai aur avashyakata p dane par unake sare vinirnay (rooliangs) deta hai. ye nirnay aantim hote haian aur koee bhi sadasy unako chunauti nahian de sakata. vah prashnoan, prastavoan aur sankalpoan, vastut: un sabhi vishayoan ki grahta ka bhi nirnay karata hai jo sadasyoan dvara sabha ke sammukh lae jate haian. use vadavivad mean asangat aur avaanchhaniy batoan ko rokane ki shakti hai aur vah avyavasthapoorn acharan ke lie kisi sadasy ka 'nam' le sakata hai. use sabha aur usake sadasyoan ke visheshadhikaroan ko bhang karane vale kisi bhi vyakti ko dand dene ki shakti hai. vah vibhinn sansadiy samitiyoan ke kary ki dekhabhal karata hai aur avashyakata p dane par unhean nirdesh deta hai. sabha ki shakti, karravaee aur garima ke sanbandh mean vah sabha ka pratinidhi hota hai aur usase yah asha ki jati hai ki vah sab prakar ki dalabandi aur rajaniti se alag rahe. sabha mean adhyaksh sarvochch adhikari hota hai. kiantu use lokasabha ke tatkalin samast sadasyoan ke bahumat se parit sankalp dvara apane pad se hataya ja sakata hai.

rajyasabha adhyaksh

bharatiy sansad ka uchch sadan (apar haus) ke adhishthata ko 'sabhapati' kahate haian, kiantu vah usaka sadasy nahian hota. adhyaksh aur sabhapati ke kary mean unaki sahayata karane ke lie kramash: upadhyaksh aur upasabhapati hote haian. bharat mean rajy-vidhanamandal bhi tho de bahut isi dhang par banae ge haian; unamean aantar keval yah hai ki uttar sadan ke sabhapati unake sadasyoan mean se nirvachit kie jate haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

adhyaksh (hiandi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 26 navanbar, 2013.