फेफड़ा

pratyek prani, jo vayu mean shvaans lete haian, unake sharir ka sabase mahattvapoorn aang hai, 'pheph da' ya 'phupphus'. pheph de ko vaijnanik ya chikitsiy bhasha mean phuphphus kaha jata hai. yah praniyoan mean ek jode़ ke roop me upasthit hota hai. pheph de ki divar asankhy guhikaoan ki upasthiti ke karan spanji hoti hai. pheph de mean hi rakt ka shuddhikaran hota hai. rakt mean pray: jivanadayini aauksijan ka mishran hota hai. pheph doan ka mukhy kary vatavaran se aauksijan lekar use rakt parisancharan me pravahit karana aur rakt se karban daiaauksaid ko avashoshit kar use vatavaran mean chho dana hai. gaisoan ka yah vinimay asankhy chhoti-chhoti patali-divaroan vali vayu putikaoan, jinhean 'alviyoli' kaha jata hai, mean hota hai. yah shuddh rakt palmonari dhamani dvara hriday mean pahuanchata hai, jahaan se yah phir se sharir ke vibhinn avayavoan me pahuanchaya kiya jata hai.

pheph doan ki sanrachana

pheph doan ki antarik sanrachana madhumakkhi ke chhatte ke saman spanji, asankhy vayukoshoan mean banti rahati hai. vayukoshoan ki sankhya vayask vyakti mean lagabhag pandrah karo d hoti hai. pratyek vayukosh ka sambandh shvasani se hota hai. pratyek shvasani jo shvasanali ke do bhagoan mean vibhakt hone se banati hai, pheph de ke andar anekoan shakhaoan tatha upashakhaoan mean vibhakt hoti hai. isaki antim mahin upashakhaean koopika nalikaean kahalati haian. pratyek koopika nalika ke sire par aangoor ke guchchhe ki tarah anek vayukosh ju de rahate haian. pratyek vayukosh ati mahin jhilli ka bana hota hai. isaki nirmanakari koshikaean chapati hoti haian. isaki bahy satah par rudhir koshikaoan ka jal phaila rahata hai. is jal ka nirman palmonari dhamani ke atyadhik shakhanvayan se hota hai. isase karban daiaauksaid yukt rakt pheph doan mean ata hai. karban daiaauksaid mean vayukosh mean visarit ho jati hai tatha aauksijan rakt mean mil jati hai.

shvasochchhvas ya shvas kriya

vayumandal ki shuddh (aauksijan yukt) vayu pheph doan mean pahuanchane tatha ashuddh vayu ke pheph doan se bahar nikalane ki kriya ko 'shvasochchhvas' kriya ya saans lena kahate haian. manushy 12 se 15 bar prati minat ki dar se bahari vayu ko pheph doan mean bar–bar bharata aur nikalata hai. yak ek yantrik kriya hoti hai. isake do charan hote haian-

1. antahshvasan ya nishvasan ya prashvasan - is prakram mean pheph de phoolate haian, jinase inamean vayu ka dabav bahari vayu ki dabav ki apeksha kuchh kam ho jata hai aur bahari vayu inamean khianch jati hai arthath bhar jati hai.
2. niahshvasan ya uchchhvas ya niahshvasan athava uchchhvasan - is prakram mean phoole hue pheph de pichakakar samany sthiti mean a jate haian, jisase inamean vayu ka dabav bahari vayu ke dabav se kuchh adhik ho jata hai aur inamean bhari vayu bahar nikal jati hai. is prakar pheph de chooshak pampoan ya dhauankani ke saman kary karate haian.

aichchhik peshiyaan

hamari vaksh guha ek bakse ya pianjare ke saman hoti hai, jisake prishthatal par kasheruk dand adhar tal ki or starnam parshvoan mean pasaliyaan tatha niche ki or tantupat ya mahaprachir athava dayaphram hota hai. pasaliyaan pichhe ki or kasherukaoan se tatha age ki or starnam se ju di hoti haian. pratyek do pasaliyoan ke bich do prakar ki aichchhik peshiyaan hoti haian-

1. bahy antaraparshuk peshiyaan - in peshiyoan ka ek jo da pasali ke oopari bhag se nikalakar apane pichhe vali pasali ke nichale bhag se ju da hota hai.
2. antah antaraparshuk peshiyaan - in peshiyoan ka ek jo da pratyek pasali ke nichale bhag se nikalakar apane pichhe vali pasali ke oopari bhag se ju da rahata hai.

shvasochchhvas ki kriyavidhi

shvasochchhvas kriya ke antargat do avasthaean hoti haian-

1. nishvasan
2. niahshvasan

nishvasan ya prashvasan athava antahshvas

is kriya mean vayu pheph doan mean pravesh karati hai. manushy ka dayaphram vakshiy guha ke tal par sthit ariy peshiyoan ki ek patali star ka bana hota hai. isake upaant pichhe ki or tatha parshv mean lanbar kasherukaoan se tatha age ki or starnam se ju de hote haian. dayaphram vishram ki sthiti mean gumbad ke saman hota hai. jab ariy peshiyaan siku dati haian, to dayaphram gumbad ke saman n rahakar andar ki or ya niche ki or hatata hua chapata ho jata hai, jisake phalasvaroop vakshiy guha ka ayatan badh jata hai. isi samay bahy antaraparshuk peshiyaan siku dati haian, jisase pasaliyoan par bahar tatha age ki or khianchav p data hai aur starnam bhi oopar ki or uth jata hai. isake phalasvaroop vakshiy guha ka ayatan pahale ki apeksha badh jata hai. vakshiy guha ka ayatan badhane ke sath hi pheph doan ka ayatan bhi badhane lagata hai, jisase ve phool jate haian. pheph doan ke phoolane se unake andar vayu ka dabav kam ho jata haian is dab ko saman rakhane ke lie vatavaran se vayu shvasan path mean hoti huee svatah pheph doan mean pravesh kar jati hai. is prakar vayu ke andar pheph doan mean pahuanchane ki prakriya ko 'nishvasan' kahate haian.

niahshvasan ya uchchhvasan athava uchchhvas

is kriya mean vayu pheph doan se bahar nikalati hai. ye donoan hi kriyaean dayaphram tatha pasaliyoan ke bich sthit bahy evan antah antaraparshuk peshiyoan ke karan hoti haian. dayaphram ke dvara hone vali shvasan kriya ko 'udariy shvasochchhvas' tatha antaraparshuk peshiyoan ke dvara hone vali shvasan kriya ko 'vakshiy shvasochchhvas' kahate haian. samany sthiti mean to niahshvasan bina kisi peshi sankuchan ke hi hota rahata hai. keval bahy antaraparshuk peshiyoan tatha dayaphram mean shithilan se hi pasaliyaan evan starnam tatha dayaphram apani poorv sthiti mean (samany sthiti mean) vapas a jate haian. jisase vakshiy guha ke ayatan par dabav p data hai. isase pheph doan ki vayu bahar nikal jati hai. is sthiti mean ise 'nishkriy niahshvasan' kahate haian. isake viparit manushy jab adhik parishram karata hai, dau data hai ya vyayam karata hai, to us samay vah gahari saans leta hai, to niahshvasan ki gati badh jati hai. is samay 'sakriy niahshvasan' hota hai. sakriy niahshvasan mean antah antaraparshuk peshiyoan ke siku dane se pasaliyaan pichhe tatha starnam oopar ki or khisakakar apani poorv sthiti mean a jate haian. is samay vakshiy guha ka ayatan kam hokar itana hi rah jata hai, jitana ki niahshvasan se pahale hi tha. isi samay dayaphram ki siku di huee peshiyoan mean bhi shithilan hota hai, jisase vah adhik chapata n rahakar gumbad ke akar ka ho jata hai. is prakar, dayaphram tatha pasaliyoan ke samoohik prayatn se vakshiy guha ka ayatan kam ho jata hai. isase pheph doan par dabav p data hai aur vayu shvasan path mean hoti huee bahar nikal jati hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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