ग्रामीण बस्ती

gramin basti adhik nikatata se tatha pratyaksh roop se bhoomi se nazadiki sanbandh rakhati haian. yahaan ke nivasi adhikatar prathamik gatividhiyoan mean lage hote haian. jaise- krishi, pashupalan evan machhali pak dana adi inake pramukh vyavasay hote haian. bastiyoan ka akar apekshakrit chhota hota hai.

gramin bastiyoan ke pratiroop

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gramin bastiyoan ka pratiroop yah darshata hai ki makanoan ki sthiti kis prakar ek doosare se sanbandhit hai. gaanv ki akriti evan prasar ko prabhavit karane vale karakoan mean gaanv ki sthiti, samipavarti sthalakriti evan kshetr ka bhoobhag pramukh sthan rakhate haian. gramin bastiyoan ka vargikaran kee mapadandoan ke adhar par kiya ja sakata hai -

vinyas ke adhar par

• inake mukhy prakar haian-

1. maidani gram,
2. pathari gram,
3. tatiy gram,
4. van gram
5. marusthaliy gram.

kary ke adhar par

• isamean krishi gram, machhuvaroan ke gram, lak daharoan ke gram, pashupalak gram adi ate haian-

bastiyoan ki akriti ke adhar par

• isamean kee prakar ki jyamitik akritiyaan ho sakati haian jaise ki rekhiy, ayatakar, vrittakar, tare ke akar ki, 'ti' ke akar ki, chauk patti, dohare gram ityadi.

raikhik pratiroop

us prakar ki bastiyoan mean makan s dakoan, rel lainoan, nadiyoan, naharoan, ghati ke kinare athava tatabandhoan par sthit hote haian.

ayatakar pratiroop

gramin bastiyoan ka yah pratiroop samatal kshetroan athava chau di aantara parvatiy ghatiyoan mean paya jata hai. isamean s dakean ayatakar hoti haian jo ek doosare ko samakon par katati haian.

vrittakar pratiroop

is prakar ke gaanv jhiloan v talaboan adi kshetroan ke charoan or basti bas jane se vikasit hote haian. kabhi-kabhi gram ko is yojana se basaya jata hai ki usaka madhy bhag khula rahe jisamean pashuoan ko rakha jae taki ve jangali janavaroan se surakshit rahean.

tare ke akar ka pratiroop

jahaan kee marg akar ek sthan par milate haian aur un margoan ke sahare makan ban jate haian. vahaan tare ke akar ki bastiyaan vikasit hoti haian.

'ti' akar, 'vaee' akar, kr aaus akar

ti ke akar ki bastiyaan s dak ke tirahe par vikasit hoti haian. jabaki vaee akar ki bastiyaan un kshetroan mean paee jati haian jahaan par do marg akar tisare marg se milate haian. kr aaus akar ki bastiyaan chaurahoan par praranbh hoti haian jahaan chaurahe se charoan disha mean basav aranbh ho jata hai.

dohare gram

nadi par pul ya pheri ke donoan or in bastiyoan ka vistar hota hai.

gramin bastiyoan ki samasyaean

vikasashil deshoan mean gramin bastiyoan ki sankhya adhik hai evan inaka adharabhoot dhaancha bhi avikasit hai. ye niyojakoan ke sammukh b di chunauti aur suavasar prastut karate haian.

jal ki apoorti aur bimariyaan

vikasashil deshoan mean gramin bastiyoan mean jal ki apoorti bhi paryapt nahian hai. parvatiy evan shushk kshetroan mean nivasiyoan ko pey jal hetu lanbi dooriyaan tay karani p dati haian. jal janit bimariyaan jaise haija, piliya adi samany samasya hai. dakshini eshiya ke desh pray: badh evan sookhe se grast rahate haian.

sianchaee suvidhaean aur safaee

sianchaee suvidhaean kam hone se krishi kary par bhi prabhav p data hai. shauchaghar evan koo da-kachara nistaran ki suvidhaean nagany haian. jisase in kshetroan mean svasthy se sanbandhit samasyaean rahati haian. makanoan ki rooparekha evan unake lie prayukt hone vali grih nirman samagri har paristhitik pradesh mean bhinn hoti hai.

bhari varsha evan badh

jo makan mitti, lak di evan chhappar ke banae jate haian unhean bhari varsha evan badh ke samay kafi nukasan pahuanchata hai evan har varsh unake uchit rakh-rakhav ki avashyakata p dati hai. adhikatar makanoan ki rooparekha bhi aisi hoti hai jisamean upayukt sanvatan nahian hota hai. ek hi makan mean manushyoan ke sath pashu bhi rahate haian. isi makan mean pashu shed aur unake chara rakhane ki jagah bhi hoti hai.

kachchi s dak evan adhunik sanchar ke sadhanoan ki kami

aisa isalie kiya jata hai ki jangali janavaroan se palatoo pashuoan aur unake chare ki raksha uchit dhang se ho sake. kachchi s dak evan adhunik sanchar ke sadhanoan ki kami bhi yahaan ki pramukh samasya hai. varsha rritu mean in kshetroan ka sanpark asapas ke kshetr se kat jata hai jisase apatakalin sevaean pradan karane mean bhi ganbhir kathinaiyaan upalabdh ho jati hai.

svasthy evan shiksha sanbandhi

vishal gramin janasankhya ke lie svasthy evan shiksha sanbandhi paryapt suvidhaean pradan karana bhi kathin ho jata hai. yah samasya us samay aur vikat ho jati hai jab graminikaran uchit prakar se nahian hua hai aur vishal kshetr mean makan door tak vikasit hote haian.

gramin bastiyoan ke prakar

bastiyoan ke prakar nirmit kshetr ke vistar aur aantarvas doori dvara nirdharit hota hai. bharat mean kuchh sau gharoan se yukt sanhat athava guchchhit gaanv vishesh roop se uttari maidanoan mean ek sarvatrik lakshan hai. phir bhi anek kshetr aise haian jahaan any prakar ki gramin bastiyaan paee jati haian. gramin bastiyoan ke vibhinn prakaroan ke lie anek karak aur dashaean uttaradayi haian. inake aantargat-

bhautik lakshan -

bhoo-bhag ki prakriti, ooanchaee, jalavayu aur jal ki upalabdhata,

saanskritik aur manavajatiy karak -

samajik sanrachana, jati aur dharm,

suraksha sanbandhi karak -

choriyoan aur dakaitiyoan se suraksha karate haian.

• brihat taur par bharat ki gramin bastiyoan ko char prakaroan mean rakha ja sakata hai -

1. guchchhit, sankulit athava akeandrit
2. ardh-guchchhit athava vikhandit
3. pallikrit aur
4. parikshipt athava ekaki

guchchhit bastiyaan

guchchhit gramin basti gharoan ka ek sanhat athava sankulit roop se nirmit kshetr hota hai. is prakar ke gaanv mean rahan-sahan ka samany kshetr spasht aur charoan or phaile khetoan, khalihanoan aur charagahoan se prithakh hota hai. sankulit nirmit kshetr aur isaki madhyavarti galiyaan kuchh jane-pahachane praroop athava jyamitiy akritiyaan prastut karate haian jaise ki ayatakar, ariy, raikhik ityadi. aisi bastiyaan pray: upajau jalodh maidanoan aur uttar-poorvi rajyoan mean paee jati hai. kee bar log suraksha athava pratiraksha karanoan se sanhat gaanvoan mean rahate haian, jaise ki madhy bharat ke buandelakhand pradesh aur nagalaiand mean. rajasthan mean jal ke abhav mean upalabdh jal sansadhanoan ke adhikatam upayog ne sanhat bastiyoan ko anivary bana diya hai.

ardh-guchchhit bastiyaan

ardh-guchchhit athava vikhandit bastiyaan parikshipt basti ke kisi simit kshetr mean guchchhit hone ki pravritti ka parinam hai. adhikatar aisa praroop kisi b de sanhat gaanv ke sanprithakan athava vikhandan ke parinamasvaroop bhi utpann ho sakata hai. aisi sthiti mean gramin samaj ke ek athava adhik varg svechchha se athava balapoorvak mukhy guchchh athava gaanv se tho di doori par rahane lagate haian. aisi sthitiyoan mean, amataur par zamiandar aur any pramukh samuday mukhy gaanv ke keandriy bhag par adhipaty kar lete haian jabaki samaj ke nichale tabake ke log aur nimn karyoan mean sanlagn log gaanv ke bahari hissoan mean basate haian. aisi bastiyaan gujarat ke maidan aur rajasthan ke kuchh bhagoan mean vyapak roop se paee jati haian.

palli bastiyaan

kee bar basti bhautik roop se ek-doosare se prithakh anek ikaiyoan mean bant jati hai kiantu un sabaka nam ek rahata hai. in ikaiyoan ko desh ke vibhinn bhagoan mean sthaniy star par panna, pa da, pali, nagala, dhaanni ityadi kaha jata hai. kisi vishal gaanv ka aisa khandibhavan pray: samajik evan manavajatiy karakoan dvara abhiprerit hota hai. aise gaanv madhy aur nimn ganga ke maidan, chhattisagadh aur himalay ki nichali ghatiyoan mean bahutayat mean pae jate haian.

parikshipt bastiyaan

bharat mean parikshipt athava ekaki basti praroop sudoor jangaloan mean ekaki jhoanpadi़yoan athava kuchh jhoanpadi़yoan ki palli athava chhoti pahadi़yoan ki dhaloan par khetoan athava charagahoan ke roop mean dikhaee p data hai. basti ka charam vikshepan pray: bhoo-bhag aur vikasit kie. aangrezoan ne bad mean tin mukhy nodoan muanbee, chennee aur kolakata par apani pak d mazaboot ki aur unaka aangrezi shaili mean nirman nivas yogy kshetroan ke bhoomi sansadhan adhar ki atyadhik vikhandit prakriti ke karan hota hai. meghalay, uttarakhand, himachal pradesh aur keral ke anek bhagoan mean basti ka yah prakar paya jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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