टोटम प्रथा

totam pratha ya totamavad (aangrezi: Totemism) kisi samaj ke us vishvas ko kahatean haian, jisamean manushyoan ka kisi janavar, vriksh, paudhe ya any atma se sambandh mana jae. 'totam' shabd ojibve namak mool ameriki adivasi qabile ki bhasha ke 'ototeman' se liya gaya hai, jisaka matalab 'apana bhaee-bahan rishtedar' hai. isaka mool shabd 'ote' hai jisaka arth ek hi maan ke janmean bhaee-bahan haian jinamean khoon ka rishta hai aur jo ek-doosare se vivah nahian kar sakate. aksar totam vale janavar ya vriksh ka use manane vale qabile ke sath vishesh sambandh mana jata hai aur use marana ya hani pahuanchana varjit hota hai ya phir use kisi vishesh avasar par ya vishesh vidhi se hi mara ja sakata hai.

vyapakata

pashu-pakshi, vriksh-paudhoan par vyakti, gan, jati ya janajati ka namakaran atyant prachalit samajik pratha hai jo sabhy aur asabhy donoan prakar ke samajoan mean paee jati hai. asabhy samajoan mean yah pratha bahut prachalit haian aur kahian kahian ise janajatiy dharm ka svaroop bhi prapt hai. uttari amarika ke pachimi tat par rahane vali haida, tiligit, kvakitul adi janajatiyoan mean pashuoan akar ke vishal aur bhayanak khanbhe pae jate haian, jinhean in jatiyoan ke log devata manate haian. inake lie in jatiyoan mean todem, ododem adi shabdoan ka prayog hota hai, jisaki dhvani totam shabd mean haian. madhy astreliya ke aruanta adivasi, aphrika ke poorvi madhy pradeshoan tatha bharat ki janajatiyoan mean yah pratha prachalit haian.

totamavad ke mukhy lakshan

sansar ke vibhinn pradeshoan mean is pratha ka vibhinn roop paya jata hai. parantu itihasakaroan ka aisa mat hai ki prachin kal mean kabhi totamiyug raha hoga, jisake avashesh aj ke totami riti-rivaj haian. aise itihasakaroan mean raeenakh aur maikalainan ke nam ullekhaniy haian. is prakar ki vicharadhara ke anusar raeenakh ne (1900 ee. mean) totamijm ke pradhan lakshanoan ki ek talika prastut ki thi. is talika ke anusar-

• kuchh pashu mare ya khaye nahian jate aur aise pashuoan ko un samudayoan mean vyakti palate haian.
• aisa koee pashu yadi mar jay, to usaki mrityu par shok manate haian. mritak pashu ka kahian kahian vidhivath‌ sanskar bhi kiya jata hai.
• kahian kahian pashumaans bhakshan par nishedh vishisht pashu ke vishisht aang par hota hai.
• aise pashu ko yadi marana ya bali dena p d jae to prarthana adi ke sath nishedh ka ullanghan vidhipoorvak kiya jata hai.
• bali dene par bhi us pashu ka shok manaya jata hai.
• tyauharoan par us pashu ki khal adi pahanakar usaka svaang bhara jata hai.
• gan aur vyakti us pashu par apana nam rakhate haian.
• gan ke sadasy apane jhandoan aur asroan par pashu ka chitr aankit karate haian ya use apane sharir par gudavate haian.
• yadi pashu khooankhar ho to bhi use mitr aur hitaishi manate haian.
• vishvas karate haian ki totam-pashu unhean yathasamay chaitany aur savadhan kar dega.
• pashu gan ke sadasyoan ko unaka bhavishy batakar unaka margadarshan karata hai, aisi unaki dharana hai.
• totamavadi us pashu se apani utpatti manate haian aur usase ghanishth sanbandh banaye rakhate haian.

sansar mean ganachihvavad (totamijm) ke lakshan sab kahian ek se nahian paye jate. udaharanat: haida tatha tiliangit jatiyoan mean ganachihvavad samajik pratha haian, parantu usaka dharmik svaroop vikasit nahian hai. madhy astreliya ki arunta jati mean totam-dharm aur ritiyaan poorn vikasit haian. totami pashu ki nakal ya svaang nahian utarate. aphrika ki bangada jati mean ganachihvavad ka dharmik roop aprapy hai. bharat ki muanda, uraanv, santhal adi jatiyoan mean totam keval gananam aur ganachihv ke roop mean prayukt hota haian. vahaan totam-bali aur totam-pooja ki paranparaean nahian paee jatian.

adivasi kala par prabhav

adivasi kala par gan ka prabhav prachur matra mean milata hai. chhota nagapur tatha madhy pradesh mean gharoan ki divaroan par totam ke chitr dekhane mean ate haian. nyoojilaiand ke maori, apani naukaoan par apane totam ka chitr uker dete haian. kee any janajatiyoan mean pahanane ke vastr, shastr, upakaran aur jhande sab par totam chitrit rahata hai. visheshat: uttari amarika aur aaustreliya ki adivasi kala par ganachihv ka prabhav bahut gahara hai. totamagan ke sadasy apane ko totam ki alaukik aur manasik santan manate haian. ve apane gan mean vivah nahian karate. is prakar totamavadi samajoan mean bahirvivah ki riti many hoti hai. sar jems phrejar ka vichar hai ki totamavad aur bahirvivah mean karyakaran ka sanbandh hai aur ve sadaiv sath-sath pae jate haian. totam ko alaukik roop se ganachihv manane ke karan totami gan ke sadasy apas mean raktasanbadh manate haian aur is karan paraspar vivah nahian karate.

bharat mean totami jatiyaan

bharat mean anek totami jatiyaan haian. uraanv (kuan dukh), santhal, goand, bhil, muanda, ho ityadi jati mean sau se adhik aise gan haian jinake nam pashu-pakshi aur vriksh par rakhe jate haian. udaharan ke lie dekha gaya hai ki maharashtr mean tambe ka parivarik nam rakhane vale log nag ko apana kul devata manate haian aur kabhi bhi nag nahian marate. 19vian sadi mean satapu da ke jangaloan mean rahane vale bhil logoan mean dekha gaya ki har gut ka ek totam, janavar ya vriksh tha. jaise ki patange, saanp, mor, baans, pipal adi. ek gut ka totam gavala nam ki ek lata thi jis par agar us gut ke kisi sadasy ka galati se pair p d jae to vah usako salam karake us se kshama-yachana karata tha. agar do gutoan ka ek hi totam ho to unamean apas mean vivah karana varjit tha kyoanki vah ek hi poorvaj ke vanshaj mane jate the.

mori namak bhil gut ka totam mor tha. isake sadasyoan ko mor ke pad-chihvoan par pair dalana mana tha. agar kahian mor dikh jae to mori striyaan us se parda kar leti thian ya phir doosari taraph muanh kar leti thian. isi prakar jharakhand ki hi jati mean lagabhag pachas aise totami gan haian. rajasthan aur khanadesh ke bhil 24 ganoan mean vibhajit haian, jinamean se kee ke nam pashu-pakshiyoan tatha vrikshoan par adharit lagate haian. maharashtr ke katakari, madhy pradesh ke goand aur rajasthan ke mina, milala adi jatiyoan mean bhi ganoan ke nam unake pradesh mean pae jane vale pashu-pakshiyoan par rakhe jate haian. in sabhi jatiyoan mean totami gan nam ke sath-sath totamavad ke kee lakshan bhi vartaman haian. jaise totam ko alaukik pitri shakti manana, totam ke chitr tatha sanketoan ko bhi pavitr manakar unako pooja jata hai aur totam ko nasht karane par kathor pratibandh hota hai. sath hi bharat mean aisi anek jatiyaan haian jo totam par apane gan athava samuday ka keval nam rakhati haian. bahut si aisi jatiyaan haian jo keval totam ko poojati bhar haian.

jharakhand, chhattisagadh, odisha, bihar, madhy pradesh adi rajyoan ke paha di bhoo-bhag mean nivas karane vali uraanv janajati ke bich totam ya ganachihv vyavastha kaphi prachalit hai. log apane totam ya ganachihn ka samman karate haian. apani bhasha mean ise log gotr ya gotar kahate haian. gotr ko aangrezi mean basand (klan) tatha gotrachihn ya ganachihv ko javajamu (totam) kaha jata hai. jaise- lak da gotr ka gotrachihv bagh hai, usi tarah b da gotr ka gotrachihv baragad ka pe d hai. saman gotr mean shadi varjit hai. yah gotr, purush vansh parampara ke adhar par svabhavik roop se tay mana jata hai. bachche ka janm jis gotr vansh mean hota hai, us bachche ka gotr, svabhavik roop se pita ke gotr vansh se namit hota hai. pooja athava mrityu sanskar ke samay log apane gotr-vansh ke anusar hi kary sampann karate haian, kintu vivahit mahila ko pooja athava mrityu sanskar ke samay apane pati ke gotr-vansh ke anusar kary karana p data hai. is tarah vivahit mahila ko, janm adharit gotr tatha samaj dvara nirdharit gotr yani pati ka gotr, donoan ko yad rakhana p data hai. samaj mean, jab apane janm adharit gotr vale vyakti se milata hai to vah apane pita ke vansh athava riste ka mana jata hai aur mataean apane bachchoan ko mama-mami, mausi-mosa, nana-nani adi riste se pukarane ke lie sikhalati hai tatha apane pati ke gotr ke vyakti se milane par kaka-kaki, tachi-mamu, ajji-ajjo riste se pukarane ko kahati haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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