उत्तर वैदिक काल
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pratiksha|left is panne par sampadan ka kary chal raha hai. kripaya pratiksha karean yadi 10 din ho chuke hoan to yah 'soochana saancha' hata dean ya dobara lagaean. |
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uttar vaidik kal (1000-600 ee.poo.) bharatiy itihas mean us kal ko, jisamean samaved, yajurved evan atharvaved tatha brahman granthoan, aranyakoan evan upanishad ki rachana huee, ko uttar vaidik kal kaha jata hai. chitrit dhoosar mridbhand is kal ki vishishtata thi, kyoanki yahaan ke nivasi mitti ke chitrit aur bhoore rang ke katoroan tatha thaliyoan ka prayog karate the. ve lohe ke hathiyaroan ka bhi prayog karate the. 1000 ee.poo. mean pakistan ke gandhar mean lohe ke upakaran prapt hue haian. vahaan kabr mean mritakoan ke sath lohe ke upakaran prapt hue haian. 800 ee.poo. ke as-pas isaka upayog ganga - yamuna doab mean hone laga tha. uttari doab mean chitrit dhoosar mridabhand ke 700 sthal mile haian jisamean char ki khudaee huee hai -(1) atarajikhe da, (2) jakhe da, (3) hastinapur evan (4) noh. abhi tak utkhanapan mean keval ataranjikhe da se hi lauh upakaran ke sakshy mile haian. uttar vaidik granthoan mean lohe ke lie lauh ayas evan krishna shabd ka prayog hua hai. ataranjikhe da mean pahali bar krishi se sambandhit lauh upakaran prapt hue haian. uttar vaidik kal mean aryo ne yamuna, ganga evan sadanira (gandak) nadiyoan ke maidanoan ko jitakar apane adhikar mean kar liya . dakshin mean aryo ka phailav vidarbh tak hua. uttar vaidikakalin sabhyata ka mukhy kendr 'madhyapradesh' tha jisaka prasar sarasvati se lekar ganga doab tak tha. yahi par kuru evan panchal jaise vishal rajy the. yahian se ary sanskriti ki poorv or prasthan kar koshal, kashi evan videh tak phaili. manav evan aang pradesh ary sabhyata ke kshetr ke bahar the. magadh mean nivas karane vale logoan ko atharvaved mean 'vraty' kaha gaya hai. ye prakrit bhasha bolate the. uttar vaidik kal mean puru aur bharat kabila milakar 'kuru' tatha 'turvash' aur 'krivi' kabila milakar 'panchal' (pachaanl) kahalaye. arambh man kuruoan ki rajadhani asanadivant mean thi jisame antargat kurukshetr (sarasvati aur drishdvati ke bich bhoomi) sammilit tha. shighr hi kuruoan ne dilli evan uttari doab par adhikar kar liya. ab unaki rajadhani hastinapur ho gayi . balihav pratipiy, raja parikshit, janamejay adi isi rajavansh ke pramukh raja the. parikshit ka nam atharvaved mean milata hai. janamejay ke bare mean mana jata hai ki usane sarpasatr evan do ashvamedh yajn karaya tha. kuru vansh ka antim shasak nichakshu tha. vah hastinapur se rajadhani kaushambi le aya, kyoanki hastinapur badh mean nasht ho gaya tha. panchal kshetr ke anrtagat adhunik bareli, badayooan, evan pharrukhabad ata hai. inaki rajadhani kampily thi. panchaloan ke ek mahatvapoorn shasak pravahan jaivali the, jo viddhanoan ke sanrakshak the. panchaanl darshanik rajaoan ke lie bhi jana jata tha. aruni shvetaketu panchal kshetr ke hi the uttaravaidik kalin sabhyata ka kendr madhy desh tha. yah sarasvati se ganga ke doab tak phaila hua tha. ganga yamuna doab se sarayoo nadi tak hua. isake bad aryo ka vistar varoonaasi nadi tak hua aur kashi rajy ki sthapana huee. shatapath brahman mean yah ullekh milata hai ki videdhamadhav ne apane guru rahugan ki sahayata se agni ke dvara is kshetr ka saphaya kiya tha. ajatashatru ek darshanik raja mana jata tha. vah banaras se sambaddh tha. sindhu nadi ke dono tatoan par gandhar janapad tha. gandhar aur vyas nadi ke bich kaikey desh sthit tha. chhandogy-upanishad ke anusar usane dava kiya ki mere rajy mean chor, madvasevi, kriyahin, vyabhichari aur avidyan nahian hai. madr desh panjab mean siyalakot aur usake as-pas sthit tha. matsy rajy ke antargat rajasthan ke jayapur, alavar, bharatapur the. aryoan mean vindhyachal tak apana vistar kiya . ganga-yamuna doab evan usake as-pas ka kshetr brahmarshi desh kahalata tha. himachal aur vindhyachal ka bich ka kshetr madhy desh kahalata tha. upanishad kal mean videh ne panchal ka sthan grahan kar liya. videsh ke raja janak prasiddh darshanik the. dakshin mean aryo ka phailav vidarbh tak hua. magadh aur aang pradesh ary kshetr se bahar thean uttar vaidik kal mean pahali bar, aandhahre, bangal ke pundroan, u disa aur madhy prant ke shavaroan tatha dakshin-pashchim ke pulandoan ke nam milate haian uttar vaidik kal mean chhote kabile ek doosare mean vilin hokar b de kshetragat janapadoan ko janm de rahe the. udaharan ke lie 'puru' evan 'bharat' milakar kuru aur 'turvash' tatha 'krivi' milakar paanchal kahalayean. is prakar uttar vaidik kal mean kuru, paanchal, kashi ka videsh pramukh rajy the. in 'kuru' aur 'panachaloan' ka adhipaty dilli par evan doab ke madhy evan oopari bhagoan par phaila tha. uttar vaidik kal mean aryo ka vistar adhik kshetr par isalie ho gaya kyoanki ab ve lohe ke hathiyar evan ashvachalit rath ka upayog jan ge the. uttar vaidik kal mean panachal sarvadhik vikasit rajy tha. shatapath brahman mean inhe vaidik sabhyata ka sarvashreshth pratinidhi kaha gaya hai. 'artharvaved' mean kuru rajy ki samriddhi ka chitran hai. parikshit aur janamejay yahaan ke pramukh raja the. parikshit ko mrityu lok ka devata kaha gaya hai. atharvaved ke 'chhondogyopanishad' mean kaha gaya hai ki kuru janapad mean kabhi-kabhi bhi ole nahi p de hai aur n hi tiddiyoan ke upadrav ke karan akal p da. kuru kul ka itihas mahabharat yu़ddh (18 dino tak chalane vala, sanbhavatah 950 ee.poo. ke as-pas) ke nam se vikhyat hai. (mahabharat mahakavy par adharit) uttar vaidik kal mean trikakud, kainj tatha mainam (himalay kshetr man sthit) parvatoan ka ullekh milata hai. rajanitik sangathan uttar vaidik kal mean 'rajatantr' hi shasan tantr ka adhar tha, par kahi-kahi par ganarajyoan ke udaharan bhi mile hai. sarvapratham aitarey brahman mean hi raja ki utpatti ka siddhant milata hai. is kal mean raja ka adhikar rrigved kal ki apeksha kuchh badha. ab use b di-b di upadhiyaan milane lagian jais adhiraj, rajadhiraj, samrat, ekarath. aitarey brahman ke anusar praty (poorv) ka shasak samrat ki upadhi dharan karate the, pashchim ke svarath, uttar ke virath, dakshin ke bhoj tatha madhy desh ke raja hote the. pradesh ka sanket karane vala shabd 'rashtr' sarvapratham uttaravaidik kal mean hi prayog kiya gaya. is kal ke upalabdh sakshyoan ke adhar par aisa anuman lagaya jata hai ki shayad raja ka chunav pahale janata (vish) dvara evan kalantar mean janata ke pratinidhiyoan dvara hota tha, par antatah raja ka pad vanshanugat ho gaya .shatapath brahman mean raja ke nirvachan ki charcha hai aur aise raja vishapati kahalate the. atyachari shasak ko janata padachyut bhi kar deti thi. udaharan ke lie srijanyoan ne dusht rritu se paushayan ko bahar nikal diya tha. tandy brahman praja ke dvara raja ke vinash ke lie ek vishesh yajn kiai jane ka bhi ullekh haian vairajy ka arth us rajy se hai jahaan raja nahian hota tha. shatapath brahman mean us rajy ke lie rashtri shabd ka prayog kiya gaya hai jo nirankushata poorvak janata ki sampatti ka upabhog karata tha. atharvaved me raja ko vishamatta (janata ka bhakshak) kaha gaya. atharvaved mean kaha gaya hai ki samudr paryant prithvi ka shasak ekarat hota hai. aitarey brahman tatha shatapath brahman mean aise rajaoan ki soochi milati hai. atharvaved ke ek parichchhed mean kaha gaya hai ki raja rashtr (kshetr) ka svami hota hai aur raja ko varun, brihaspati, indr tatha agni devata dridhata pradan karate haian. raja ke rajyabhishek ke samay 'rajasooy yajn' ka anushthan kiya jata tha. jisamean raja dvara rajy ke 'ratniyoan' ko hanvi pradan ki jati thi. yahaan havi se matalab hai ki rajy pratyek ratni ke ghar jakar unaka samarthan evan sahayog prapt karata tha. rajasooy yajn ke anushthan se yah samajha jata tha ki raja ko divy shakti mil gayi hai. rajasooy yajn ka varnan shatapath brahman mean milata hai. yah do din tak chalata tha. rajasooy yajn mean varun devata parthiv sharir mean prakat hote the. raja ki shakti mean abhivridvay ke lie ashvamegh aur vajapey yajnoan ka bhi vidhan kiya gaya. avashvamegh yajn se samajha jata tha raja dvara is yajn mean chho da gaya gho da jin-jin kshetroan se berok gujarega, un sare kshetroan par raja ka ek chhatr adhipaty ho jayega. shatapath brahman mean bharatoan ke do rajaoan bharat daushayanti aur shatanik satrajit dvara ashvamegh yajn karane ka ullekh haian vajapey (rathadau d) yajn me raja ka rath any sabhi bandhuoan ke ratho se age nikal jata tha. in sabhi anushthanoan s praja ke chitt par raja badhati shakti aur mahima gahari chhap p dati thi. gopath brahman ke anusar raja ko rajasooy yajn samrat ko vajapey, svarat ko ashvamegh, virat ko purushamegh aur sarvarat ko sarvamegh karana chahie. kintu apastambh shrot sootr ke anusar ashvamegh yajn keval sarvabhaum hi kar sakata hai. vajapey yajn shakti prapt karane vala ek som yajn tha jo sal mean 17 din tak chalata tha. rajasooy yajn karane purohitadhyaksh ko dakshin ke roop mean 240,000 gaye di jati thi. shatapath brahman mean 13 ratniyoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai- 1. brahman (purohit), 2. rajany, 3. bavata (priyarani), 4. parivritti (raja ki upekshit pratham patni), 5. senani (sena ka nayak), 6. soot (sarathi), 7. gramani (gram pradhan), 8. kshatri (koshadhikari), 9. sangahitt (sarathi ya koshadhyaksh), 10. bhagadudh (kar sangrahakarta), 11. akshavap (pase ka adhikshak athava pasa pheankane vala), 12. govikartan (akhetak) aur 13. palagal (sandeshavahak) aitarey brahman mean varnit-shasan pranali kshetr shasan upadhi poorv samahrajy samrat pashchim svarajy svarat uttar vairajy virat dakshin bhojy bhoj madhy pradesh rajy raja
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh