केशवदास
hindi ke ek pramukh achary, jinaka samay bhakti-kal ke aantargat p data hai, par jo apani rachana mean poornat: shastriy tatha ritibaddh haian. shivasianh seangar tatha griyarsan dvara ullikhit kramash: sanh 1567 ee. (san. 1624) tatha 1580 ee. (san. 1337) inaka kavitakal hai, janmakal nahian.
janm
'mishrabandhuvinod' pratham bhag mean 1555 ee. (san. 1612) tatha 'hindi navaratn' mean 1551 ee. (san. 1608) mean anumanit janmakal ramachandr shukl ne 1515 ee. (san. 1612) janmakal mana hai. gaurishankar dvivedi ke 'sukavi saroj' mean udaghrit dohoan ke anusar inaka janmakal 1559 ee. (samvath 1618) tatha janm-mas chaitr pramanit hota hai. lala bhagavanadin inaki vansh parampara mean many janmatithi samvath 1618 (1559 ee.) ke chaitramas ki ramanavami ki pushti karate haian. tuangarany ke samip betava nadi ke tat par sthit ochh da nagar mean inaka janm hua tha.
parichay
keshavadas ne 'kavipriya' mean apana vansh parichay vistar se diya hai. jisake anusar vanshanukram yoan haian-kuanbhavar-devanand-jayadev-dinakar-gayagajadhar-jayanand-trivikram-bhavasharma-surottam ya 'shiromani'-harinath-krishnadatt-kashinath-balabhadr-keshavadas-kalyan. 'ramachandrika' aur 'vijnanagita' ke arambh mean ullikhit parichay sankshipt hai. 'vijnanagita' mean vansh ke mool purush ka nam vedavyas ullikhit hai. inaki parivar ki vritti puran ki thi. ye bharadvaj gotriy mardani shakha ke yajurvedi, mishr upadhikari brahman the. o dachhadhipati maharaj, indrajit sianh inake pradhan ashrayadata the. jinhoanne 21 gaanv inhean bheant mean die the. virasianhadev ka ashray bhi inhean prapt tha. tatkalin jin vishisht janoan se inaka ghanishth parichay tha, unake ullikhit nam ye haian-akabar, birabal, todaramal aur udayapur ke rana amarasianh. tulasidas se inaka sakshatkar maharaj indrajit ke sath kashi yatra ke samay sambhav hai. uchchakoti ke rasik hone par bhi ye poore astik the. ye vyavaharakushal, vagvidagdh aur vinodi the. apane pandity ka inhean abhiman tha. niti-nipun, nirbhik evan spashtavadi keshav ki pratibha sarvatomukhi thi. sahity aur sangit, dharmashastr aur rajaniti, jyotish aur vaidyak sabhi vishayoan ka inhoanne gambhir adhyayan kiya tha.
rachanaean
keshavadas ki prapy pramanik rachanaean rachanakram ke anusar ye haian-'rasikapriya' (1591 ee.), 'kavipriya' aur 'ramachandrika' (1601 ee.), 'vijnanagita' (1610 ee.) aur 'jahaangirajasachandrika' (1612 ee.). 'ratanavali' ka rachanakal ajnat hai, par yah inaki sarvapratham rachana hai. nakhashikh, shikhanakh aur barahamasa pahale 'kavipriya' ke hi aantargat the. age chalakar ye prithak pracharit hue. sambhav hai inaki rachana 'kavipriya' ke poorv huee ho aur bad mean in sabaka ya kisi ka usamean samavesh kiya gaya ho. 'chhandamala' rachanakal bhi ajnat hai. 'ramalankritamanjari' granth kuchh vidvanoan ne chhandashastr ka granth anumanit kiya hai. 'jaimuni ki katha', 'balacharitr', 'hanumanajanmalila', 'rasalalit' aur 'amighooant' namak rachanaean prasiddh kavi keshav dvara pranit nahian haian. 'jaimuni ki katha' jaiminikrit 'ashvamedh' ka hindi roopantar hai. keshav ki chhap se bhinn isamean 'pradhan kesaurai' chhap milati hai. isaka rachanakal vikram ki atharavian shatabdi ka uttararddh hai. 'balacharitr' aur 'hanumanajanmalila' ki rachana ati shithil hai. isamean braj tatha avadhi ka mishran tatha bundeli ka abhav hai. 'rasalalit' mean krishnalila varnit hai tatha 'amighooant' kisi nirgunamargi kavi kesav ki rachana hai. 'amighooant' ki bhasha, shaili aur vishay tinoan sant-parampara ke anuroop haian. keshav nimbark sampraday mean dikshit the, at: ye rachanaean inaki siddh nahian hotian.
'rasikapriya' mean nayikabhed aur ras ka niroopan hai. isamean priyaju ki prashasti varnit hai. rasasvadiyoan ke lie nirmit hone ke karan isamean udaharanoan par vishesh drishti hai. 'kavipriya' kavishiksha ki pustak hai, isilie isamean shastrapravah aur janapravah ke atirikt videshi sahityapravah ka bhi niyojan hai. 'ramachandrika' mean ramakatha varnit hai. 'chhandamala' mean do khand haian. pahale mean varnavrittoan ka aur doosare mean matravrittoan ka vichar kiya gaya hai tatha udaharan adhikatar 'ramachandrika' mean hi rakhe ge haian. 'viracharitr' mean virasianh dev ka charitr chitrit hai. sanskrit ke 'prabodhachandroday natak' ke adhar par 'vijnanagita' nirmit huee, jisamean apani or se bahut si samagri pauranik vrittivale panndit kavi ne jo d rakhi hai. 'jahaangirarajasachandrika' mean jahaangir ke darabar ka varnan hai. 'ratnavali' mean ratnasen ke virotsah ka varnan hai. mool ke mudrit sanskaranoan ka ullekh unake svatantr vivaran ke sath yathasthan hai tatha keshav granthavali ke roop mean keshav ke sabhi pramanik granth vishvanathaprasad mishr ke dvara sampadit hokar hindustani akadami, prayag se sanh 1959 mean prakashit kar diye gaye haian. mahatv aur prasiddhi ki drishte se keshav ki tin rachanaean ullekhaniy hai:-
ramachandrika
yah keshav ki prasiddh rachana hai. kavi ne isamean sankshep mean ram-katha prastut ki hai kiantu ise bhakti-pradhan granth manana kathin hai. kavi ne katha varnan ki apeksha apane paandity ka chamatkar dikhane ka prayas adhik kiya hai. ras, chhand aur alankaroan ke udaharan prastut karane mean kavi ki ruchi adhik rahi hai.
rasik priya
jaisa ki nam se dhvanit hota hai, keshav ne yah granth rasik janoan ke pramod ke lie racha hai. yah ek riti-granth hai jisamean kavyaangoan ke lakshan prastut kie ge haian. kavi ki rasik manasikata is rachana mean poornat: mukharit huee hai.
kavipriya
yah kavi janoan ka margadarshak granth kaha ja sakata hai. isamean kavi-karttavyoan tatha alankaroan ka vivechan hai.
inake atirikt 'vijnan-gita' mean kavi ne jagat, jiv aur brahm adi adhyatmik vishayoan par rachana ki hai. 'virasianhadev-charit', 'jahaangir-jasachandrika' tatha 'ratn bavani' adi kritiyaan inaki charanakalin manovritti ka parichay karati haian. keshav ko apane paandity ke pradarshan ki atyadhik lalasa thi, parinamasvaroop vah apane kavy ke kala-paksh ko hi sanvarane mean sanlagn rahe. unaka bhav-paksh upekshit raha. apake kavy ki pramukh visheshataean is prakar haian-
bhav paksh
chamatkar-pradarshan aur paandity ki dhak jamane ki ichchha ke karan keshav apane kavy ke bhavapaksh ko samriddhi pradan nahian kar sake. ramakatha ke anek marmik prasangoan ko jis prakar kavi tulasi ne mahatv pradan kiya hai, keshav unako keval chhookar age badh ge haian kiantu kuchh sthaloan par kavi ne apani sanvedanashilata ka parichay avashy diya hai. udaharanarth, hanuman dvara ram ki mudrika girae jane par sita ki ukti darshaniy hai-
shri pur mean van madhy hauan, too mag kari aniti.
kahu muandari ab toyan ki, ko karihaian paratiti॥
keshav 'kathin kavy ke pret' kahe jate hai. bhav aur ras kavitv ki atma hai. keshav ne keval sharir ka shrriangar kiya hai, atma ki hradayahinata se upeksha ki hai. vah apane rachana-chamatkar dvara shrota aur pathakoan ko chamatkrit karane ke prayas mean rahe haian. keval manasik vyayam mean ruchi lene vale pathak hi unake kavy ka anand uthate haian.
kala paksh
keval sankhyapoorti ke lie hi keshav ne sabhi rasoan ko kavy mean sthan diya hai kiantu unake ras-varnan mean bhi sarasata ke sthan par paandity -pradarshan ki hi pravritti hai. 'rasikapriya' tatha 'kavipriya' mean avashy sarasata ke yatr-tatr darshan ho jate haian.
prakrati-chitran
keshav ka prakriti varnan parinam mean to adhik hai kiantu vah chittakarshan aur sajivata se rahit hai. paramparagat nam pariganana hi unake prakriti-varnan mean prapt hoti hai. har prakar ke vriksh, ve ek hi sthan mean uga sakate haian. ugata soory unako lal mukh vala vanar pratit hota hai. panchavati ko dhoorjati (shiv) bana dene ke prayas mean unhoanne prakriti ke manoram drishyoan ko upekshit-sa kar diya hai. keshav ke kavy ki prashansaniy visheshata unaki sanvadh-yojana hai. unake sanvad satik aur sajiv hote haian. sanvadoan mean natakiyata tatha vyutpannamatitv bhi upasthit rahata hai; yatha-
ram kau kam kaha? "ripu jitahian" 'kaun kabai ripu jityau kahaan?'
lakshan granth
keshavadas ne lakshan-granth hi nahian, lakshy-granth bhi likhe haian. shrriangar ki hi nahian, any rasoan ki bhi rachanaean ki haian. muktak hi nahian, prabandh bhi pranit kie haian. inake lakshan-granth tin haian-'rasikapriya', 'kavipriya', aur 'chhandamala'. 'rasikapriya' ka adhar granth rudrabhatt ka 'shrriangaratilak' hai. isamean sanskrit ke tadvishayak bahuprachalit granthoan se kuchh vibhinnata hai. inhoanne isamean kuchh batean 'kamatantr' ki bhi jo d di haian. keshav ne 'kavyakalpalatavritti', 'kavyadarsh' adi ke adhar par kavi shiksha ki pustak 'kavipriya' prastut ki. 'kavipriya' mean inhoanne 'alankar' shabd ko usi vyapak arth mean grahan kiya hai, jisamean dandi, vaman adi acharyoan ne. isi se paribhashik arth ke anusar visheshalankar ke atirikt inhoanne samanyalankar ke aantargat kavy ki shobha badhane vali sabhi samagri juta di hai. 'chhandamala' ka adhar sanskrit ke 'vrittaratnakar' adi piangalagranth haian. isamean lakshan dene ki pranali keshav ne apani rakhi hai. vastut: is kshetr mean keshav ne koee nayi udabhavana nahian ki hai.
keshav ke lakshy-granthoan mean poorn avadhanata nahian dikhayi deti. inake prasiddh mahakavy 'ramachandrika' mean katha ke kramabaddh roop aur avasar ke anukool vistar-sankoch ka apekshit dhyan nahian rakha gaya hai. ye vastut: darabari jiv the, isilie isamean darabar ke anukool batoan ka hi varnan vistar se kiya gaya hai. 'ramachandrika' ke chhandoan ka parivartan itana shighr aur itane adhik roopoan mean kiya gaya hai ki pravah a hi nahian pata. keshav ne isamean natyatatv ka achchha niyojan kiya hai, jisase yah lila ke upayukt ho gayi hai. 'viracharitr' prabandhakavy hai, kintu isamean prabandh ke gun matra mean nahi paye jate. 'jahaangirajasachandrika' prashasti kavy hai. chamatkar ke chakkar mean adhik rahane se inaki rachanaoan mean bhavapaksh ki apeksha kalapaksh pradhan ho gaya hai. keshav ne apane granth, sahity ki samany kavyabhasha, braj mean likhe haian. bundelakhand nivasi hone ke karan usake kuchh shabd aur prayog inaki rachana mean a gaye haian. sanskrit granthoan ka anuvadan aur unaki chhaya ka grahan keshav ne sanskrit varn-vrittoan mean adhik kiya hai. isilie aise sthaloan ki bhasha mean, vishesh roop se, 'ramachandrika' aur 'vijnanagita' mean, sanskrit prabhav adhik hai. keshav ki duroohata ka karan sanskrit ke prayogoan ya shabdoan ka hindi mean rakhana hai. 'rasikapriya' mean inhoanne hindi-kavy-pravah ke anuroop sashakt, samarth aur praanjal bhasha rakhi hai. vah sabase adhik vagyogapoorn hai. usamean braj ka poorn vaibhav dikhaee deta hai. 'ratanabavani' ki bhasha mean puranapan adhik hai. vah batalati hai ki apabhransh ke roop hindi mean paramparik pravah ke karan chalate rahe haian. inhoanne sab prakar ki bhasha mean rachana karane ka abhyas kiya hoga. keshav ne apane sahityik navayauvan mean apabhransh ya purani hindi mean hath maanja, phir inhoanne braj mean rachana ki aur use kavy ke anuroop parishkrit kiya. ant mean ye sanskrit pradhan bhasha ki or mu de. yahi mo d ye sambhal n sake.
keshav ke roop
keshav ki rachana mean inake tin roop dikhaee dete haian-achary ka, mahakavi ka aur itihasakar ka. ye paramarthat: hindi ke pratham achary haian. achary ka asan grahan karane par inhean sanskrit ki shastriy paddhati ko hindi mean prachalit karane ki chinta huee, jo ki jivan ke ant tak bani rahi. inhoanne hi hindi bhasha mean sanskrit ki parampara ki vyavasthapoorvak sthapana ki thi. adhunik yug ke poorv tak usaka anuman hota aya hai. inake pahale bhi ritigranth likhe gaye, par vyavasthit aur sarvaangapoorn granth sabase pahale inhoanne hi prastut kie. yadyapi kavi shiksha ki pustakean bad mean likhi gayian, tathapi unaka sahity mean pathan-pathan utana nahian hua. hindi ki sari parampara ko inhoanne prabhavit kar rakha hai, 'kavipriya' ke madhyam se. inaki sabase adabhut kalpana alankar sambandhi hai. shlesh ke aur shleshanupranit alankaroan ke ye vishesh premi the. inake shlesh sanskrit-padavali ke haian. hindi mean shlesh ke doosare pandit senapati ke shlesh hindi padavali ke haian. donoan ki shlesh yojana mean yahi bhed hai. inaka kaviroop, inaki prabandh evan muktak donoan prakar ki rachanaoan mean spasht drishtigochar hota hai. hindi ke paravarti pray: sabhi shrriangari kavi inaki uktiyoan evan bhavavyanjakata se prabhavit haian. bihari ne inase bhav, roopak adi grahan kie tatha dev ne upama aur ukti tak lene mean sankoch nahian kiya. inamean ek vishisht gun hai, samvadoan ke upayukt vidhan ka. manav manobhavoan ki inhoanne sundar vyanjana ki hai. sanvadoan mean inaki uktiyaan vishesh marmik haian, par prabandh ke bich anavashyak upadeshatmak prasangoan ka niyojan usake vaishishty mean vyavadhan upasthit karata hai. inake prashasti kavyoan mean itihas ki prachur samagri bhari hai. o dachha rajy ka vistrit itihas prastut karane mean ve b de sahayak siddh ho sakate haian.
mahatmy
prachin kavy jagat mean keshav ka jo mahatmy tha, usaki kalpana aj nahian ki ja sakati. madhyakal mean inaka kavy-pravah mean jaisa man tha, vaisa any ka nahian, prachin yug mean surati mishr aise panndit aur kavisaradar ne inaki kritiyoan ki tikaean likhian. yah is bat ka praman hai ki inake kavy ka manan karane vale jijnasu ki sankhya paryapt thi. naishadh ka hindi mean ultha karane vale guman ne inaki 'ramachandrika' ke jo dato d mean 'krishnachandrika' likhi. inaka loha sabhi manate the aur inaki rachana ka adhyayan nirantar hota raha. inaki kritsa kavyapandity ke skhalan ke karan nahian thi. madhyakal mean to kisi ke pandity ya vidagdhata ki jaanch ki kasauti thi, inaki kavita. 'kavi ko din n chahai bidaee, poochhe kesav ki kabitaee' yah ukti isaka praman hai. inaki rachanaoan ke arth ki kathinaee ka arth lagaya gaya ki inaki kavita mean 'ras nahian, 'sahridayata' nahian. inake hriday mean prakriti ke prati utana rag nahian tha, jitana kavi ke lie apekshit hai, par ye hi nahian, hindi ka sara madhyakal prakriti ke prati udasin hai. 'kesav arth gambhirakoan' ki charcha ab koee nahian karata. yadi keshav 'rasikapriyao ki si bhasha likhate rahate to inaka itana virodh n hota. prasang-kalpanashakti-sampann tatha kavy-bhasha-pravin hone par bhi keshav pandity pradarshan ka lobh sanvaran nahian kar sake, anyatha ye 'kathin kavy ke pret' hone se bach jate.
sahayak granth
- keshav ki kavyakala: krishnashankar shukl,
- achary keshavadas: hiralal dikshit,
- keshavadas: chandravali pandey,
- keshavadas: ramaratan bhatanagar,
- achary kavi keshav: krishnachandr varma,
- bundel-vaibhav (bha. 1):gaurishankar dvivedi,
- sukavi-saroj pratham bhag: gaurishankar dvivedi,
- hi. sa. i.: ra. ch. shukl,
- hi. sa. bri. i. (bha. 6): san. nagendr,
- hi. ka. sha. i.: bhagirath mir.
mrityu
mishrabandhu aur ramachandr shukl 1617 ee. (san. 1624) mean tatha lala bhagavanadin aur gaurishankar dvivedi 1623 ee. (san. 1680) mean inaka nidhan manate haian. tulasidas dvara keshav ke pret-yoni se uddhar kiye jane ki kianvadanti ke adhar par inaka nidhan sanh 1623 ee. ke poorv thaharata hai. inaki antim rachana 'jahaangirajasachandrika' ka rachanakal 1612 ee. (san. 1669) hai. inhoanne vriddhavastha ka marmik varnan kiya hai. at: 1561 mean inaka janm hua to mrityu sanh 1621 ee. (san. 1678) ke nikat ja sakati hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh