कोलकाता

kolakata shahar, pashchim bangal rajy aur bhootapoorv british bharat (1772-1912) ki rajadhani hai. yah bharat ka sabase b da shahar hai aur pramukh bandaragahoan mean se ek haian. yah shahar bangal ki kha di ke muhane se 154 kimi. oopar ko hugali nadi ke poorvi tat par sthit hai, jo kabhi ganga nadi ki mukhy nahar thi. yahaan par jal se bhoomi tak aur nadi se samudr tak jahazoan ki avajahi ke kendr ke roop mean bandaragah shahar vikasit hua. mukhy shahar ka kshetraphal lagabhag 104 varg kimi. hai, halaanki mahanagariy kshetr (kolakata shahari sankedran) kafi b da hai aur lagabhag 1,380 kimi. mean phaila hai. vanijy, parivahan aur nirman ka shahar kolakata poorvi bharat ka pramukh shahari kendr hai. is shahar ka aangrezi nam kalakatta hai.

• kuchh logoan ke anusar kalikata ki utpatti baangla shabd kalikshetr se huee hai, jisaka arth hai 'kali (devi) ki bhoomi'.
• kuchh kahate haian ki shahar ka nam ek nahar (khal) ke kinare par usaki mool basti hone se p da. tisara vichar yah hai ki choona (kali) aur siki huee sipi (kata) ke lie baangla shabdoan se milakar yah nam bana hai, kyoanki yah kshetr paki huee sipi se uchch gunavatta vale choone ke nirman ke lie vikhyat hai.
• ek any mat yah hai ki is nam ki utpatti baangla shabd kilakila (samatal kshetr) se huee hai, jisaka ullekh prachin granthoan mean milata hai.

sthapana

j aaub charanak ka kolakata aj ek mahanagar ke rup mean tabh‍dil ho chuka hai. british adhikari j aaub charanak ne 1690 ee. mean tin gaanvoan kolikata, sutanati tatha govinh‍dapuri namak jagah par kolakata ki nianv rakhi thi. vahi kolakata aj ek bhavh‍y shahar ka rup le chuka hai. kolakata ka bharat ke itihas mean mahath‍vapoorn sh‍than hai. yah kee aitihasik ghatanaoan ka sakshi raha hai. yahaan hi 1756 ee. mean prasiddh kalakothari ki ghatana ghati thi. isake alava 1757 ee. mean yahian ph‍lasi ka prasiddh yuddh hua tha. isi yuddh ne age chalakar bharat ke itihas ko badal diya. pahale is shahar ka nam kalakatta tha. lekin 2001 ee. mean ise badal kar kolakata kar diya gaya.

bhautik evan manav bhoogol

shahar ka svaroop

upaniveshavadi aangrezoan ke dvara bhavy yooropiy rajadhani ke roop mean abhikalpit kolakata ab bharat ke sabase adhik nirdhan aur sarvadhik janasankhya vale kshetroan mean se ek hai. yah atyadhik vividhataoan aur aantarvirodhoan ke shahar ke roop mean vikasit hua hai. kolakata ko apani alag pahachan pane ke lie tivr yooropiy prabhav ko atmasat karana tha aur aupaniveshik virasat ki simaoan se bahar ana tha. is prakriya mean shahar ne poorv aur pashchim ka ek sanyog bana liya, jise 19vian shatabdi ke kulin bangaliyoan ke jivan karyoan mean abhivyakti mili. is varg ke sabase vishisht vyaktitv the, kavi aur rahasyavadi ravindranath taigor. bharatiy shaharoan mean sabase b da aur sabase adhik jivant yah shahar ajey lagane vali arthik, samajik v rajanitik samasyaoan ke bich phala-phoola hai. yahaan ke nagarikoan ne atyadhik jivantata dikhaee hai, jo kala v sanskriti mean unaki abhiruchi aur ek star ki bauddhik ojasvita mean pradarshit hoti hai. yahaan ki rajanitik jagarukata desh mean anyatr durlabh hai. kolakata ke pustak meloan, kala pradarshaniyoan aur sangit sabhaoan mean jaisi bhi d hoti hai, vaisi bharat ke kisi any shahar mean nahian hoti. divaroan par vad-vivad ka achchha-khasa adan-pradan hota hai, jisake karan kolakata ko ishtaharoan ka shahar kaha jane laga hai.

prabal jivan shakti ke bavajood kolakata shahar mean kee nivasi saanskritik paryavaran se bahut door khasi kharab sthitiyoan mean jivan-yapan karate haian. halaanki shahar ki oorja, sabase pichh di jhop diyoan tak bhi pravahit hoti hai, kyoanki bahut b di sankhya mean kolakatavasi aise logoan ki sahayata gambhiratapoorvak karate haian, jo garib v pi dit logoan ki madad mean jute haian. sankshep mean, kolakata videshiyoan ke sath-sath anek bharatiyoan ke lie bhi rahasyamay bana hua hai. yah navagatoan ke lie paheli hai aur vahaan rahane vale logoan ke man mean ek sthayi lagav utpann karata hai.

bhoo-akriti

shahar ki avasthiti vastav mean shahar ke sthan ke chayan aanshatah usaki asan rakshatmak sthiti aur aanshatah usaki anukool vyaparik sthiti ke karan kiya gaya pratit hota hai. anyatha nimn, daladali, garm v ard nadi tat par shahar basane ki bahut kam paristhitiyaan upalabdh haian. isaki adhikatam ooanchaee samudr ki satah se lagabhag nauan mitar oopar hai. hugali nadi se poorv ki or bhoomi kich d vale aur daladali kshetr ki or dhaloo hoti jati hai. isi tarah ki sthalakriti nadi ke pashchimi tat par hai, jisase nadi ke donoan kinaroan par tin se ath kimi. chau di patti par mahanagariy kshetr parisimit hai. shahar ke poorvottar kinare par sthit salt lek kshetr ke vikas ne yah darshaya hai ki shahar ka vishesh vistar vyavaharik hai aur madhy kshetr ke poorvi, dakshini v pashchimi bhag mean any vikas pariyojanaean bhi chalaee ja sakati haian. kolakata ke pramukh upanagar haian hav da (pashchimi tat par), uttar mean baranagar, poorvottar mean dakshini damadam, dakshin mean dakshin upanagariy nagarapalika (behala), dakshin-pashchim mean gardan rich, sampoorn shahari sankul apas mean samajik-arthik roop se ju da hua hai.

jalavayu

manasoon ki mausami pravritti ke sath kolakata ki jalavayu uposhn katibandhiy hai. adhikatam tapaman 42 digri se. aur nyoonatam tapaman 7 digri se. tak pahuanch jata hai. ausat varshik varsha lagabhag 1,625 mimi hoti hai, jisamean adhikaansh varsha manasoon kal ke joon se sitambar ke bich hoti hai. ye mahine atyadhik ardr aur kabhi-kabhi umas bhare hote haian. aktoobar v navambar ke dauran varsha kam hoti jati hai. shit rritu ke mahinoan mean, lagabhag navambar ke ant se faravari ke ant tak mausam khushanuma aur varsharahit hota hai. kabhi-kabhi is mausam mean bhor ke samay kohare v ghuandh se kam dikhaee deta hai. isi prakar sham ko kohare ki moti parat chhaee rahati hai. 1950 ke dashak ke prarambhik varshoan se vatavaran mean pradooshan badh gaya hai. karakhane, vahan aur tap bijalighar, jinamean koyala jalaya jata hai, is pradooshan ke pramukh karan haian, kintu logoan ke lie tazi havaean lakar manasooni havaean svachchhata karak ka kam karati haian aur jal pradooshan hatane ko tivrata pradan karati haian.

nagar yojana

kolakata ki nagar yojana ka sabase ullekhaniy pahaloo, usaka uttar-dakshin disha mean ayatakar anusthapan hai. kendriy kshetr ke apavad sahit, jahaan pahale yooropiy rahate the, shahar ka betaratib vikas hua hai. kolakata shahar aur hav da upanagar se milakar bane kendriy bhag ke charoan or ke bahari kshetr mean yah betaratib vikas sabase adhik dikhaee p data hai. shahar ki sabhi prashasakiy aur vyavasayik gatividhiyaan b da bazar kshetr ke asapas kendrit hoti haian. jo maidan<>ek bagicha, jisamean fort viliyam aur shahar ki kee saanskritik v manoranjak suvidhaean vidyaman haian<> ke uttar mean ek chhota-sa kshetr hai. isaki vajah se ek dainik avajahi ki vyavastha ka vikas hua, jisase kolakata ki parivahan pranali, upayogitaean aur any nagarik suvidhaoan par atyadhik dabav p da. kolakata mean margoan v s dakoan ka tantr shahar ke aitihasik vikas ko darshata hai. aantarik marg sankare haian. yahaan keval ek drut rajamarg qazi nazarul islam marg hai, jo kolakata se damadam tak jata hai. pramukh s dakean ek jal banati haian, mukhyatah purane yooropiy bhag mean, parantu shesh sthanoan par marg niyojan avyavasthit hai. isaka karan hai, nadi par puloan ka abhav, aur isi vajah se adhikaansh s dakean aur pramukh marg uttar se dakshin ki or jate haian. jin jalamargoan aur naharoan par pul banane ki avashyakata hai, ve bhi marg sanrachana ko prabhavit karane vale mahatvapoorn karak rahe haian.

avas

kolakata shahar mean avas ki bahut kami hai. jitane vyakti kolakata mahanagariy zile ke sansthagat avasoan mean rahate haian, usamean se do-tihaee se bhi adhik log shahar mean rahate haian. nagar ki lagabhag tin-chauthaee avasiy ikaiyoan ka upayog keval rahane ke uddeshy se kiya jata hai. yahaan saik doan bastiyaan ya jhop dapattiyaan haian, jahaan nagar ki lagabhag ek-tihaee janasankhya rahati hai. basti ko adhikarik roop se is prakar paribhashit kiya jata hai, 'kam se kam ek ek d bhoomi ke chhathe bhag par sthit jhop diyoan ka samooh', yahaan ek ek d ke chhathe bhag se bhi kam sthan par nirmit bastiyaan haian. ek ek d ke pandrahavean bhag mean adhikatam jhop diyaan chhoti, vayuruddh aur zyadatar jirn-shirn ek manzila kamare haian. yahaan svasthy suvidhaean bahut kam haian aur khula sthan kafi kam hota hai. sarakar ne ek basti sudhar karyakram prayojit kiya hai.

sthapaty

samakalin kolakata ki rooparekha mean kee sthanoan par gaganachumbi imaratean aur ooanche bahumanzila khand vidyaman haian. nagar-paridrishy tezi se parivartit hua hai. madhy kolakata ka chaurangi kshetr, jo kabhi bhavy avasoan ki pankti tha, karyalayoan, hotaloan aur dukanoan mean badal gaya hai. uttari aur madhy kolakata mean aj bhi imaratean mukhyatah do ya tin manzil ooanchi hoti haian. dakshin v dakshin-madhy kolakata mean bahumanzila imaratean adhik prachalit ho gee haian. kolakata ke sthapaty smarakoan mean pashchimi prabhav adhik jhalakata hai. rajabhavan (rajyapal ka nivas sthan) darbishayar ke kedalaston hal ka pratiroop hai; uchch nyayalay ipres, beljiyam ke klath hal se samy rakhata hai; dorik-helenik mandap ke sath taun hal yoonani shaili mean hai; sent pal girajaghar sthapaty iando-gathik shaili mean hai, shirsh par moortiyoan ke sath raitars bildiang gathik shaili ka hai; bharatiy sangrahalay italavi shaili mean; pradhan dakaghar mean bhavy gumbadoan ke sath korithiyaee stambh haian. shahid minar (aktaraloni manyoomeant) ke khoobasoorat stambh 50 mitar ooanche haian. isaka adhar misr, stambh siriyaee aur gumbad turki shaili mean hai. viktoriya memoriyal pashchimi shastriy prabhav ke mugal sthapaty ke sath mishran ke prayas ko pradarshit karata hai. nakhuda maszid, sikandara sthit akabar ke maqabare ke adhar par banaee gee hai. bi dala taragrih (pleniteriyam), saanchi ke stoop (bauddh avashesh golak) par adharit hai. pashchim bangal vidhanasabha bhavan adhunik sthapaty shaili ki ek bhavy imarat hai. svatantrata pashchat ke nirman ka sabase mahatvapoorn udaharan, ramkrishna mishan saanskritik sansthan, pashchimottar bharat ki prachin mahal sthapaty shaili mean bana hai.

janajivan

kolakata shahar mean janasankhya ka ghanatv bahut adhik, lagabhag 33,000 vyakti prati varg kimi. hai. shahar ke kee ilaqoan mean bhi dabha d asahaniy anupat mean pahuanch gee hai. kolakata mean lagabhag ek sadi se adhik samay se uchch janasankhya vriddhi dar rahi hai, kintu 1947 mean bharat ke vibhajan aur 1970 ke dashak ke prarambhik varshoan mean hue baangladesh yuddh ne janasankhya ke avakshep ko tezi se badhaya. uttari v dakshini upanagaroan mean b di sharanarthi bastiyaan ekaek ubhar aeean. isake sath hi, doosare rajyoan se b di sankhya mean apravasi, adhikaanshatah p dosi rajy bihar, u disa aur poorvi uttar pradesh se rozagar ki talash mean kolakata a ge. yahaan ki 4/5 bhag se adhik janasankhya hindoo hai. muslim aur eesaee sabase b de alpasankhyak samuday haian, par kuchh sikkh, jain aur bauddh matavalanbi bhi rahate haian. mukhy bhasha baangla hai, lekin urdoo, u diya, tamil, panjabi aur any bhashaean bhi boli jati haian. kolakata ek sarvadeshiy nagar hai; yahaan par rahane vale any samoohoan mean eshiyaee (mukhyatah baanglodeshi aur chini), yooropiy, uttar ameriki aur astraliyaee logoan ki upajatiyaan shamil haian. kolakata mean prajatiy vibhajan british shasan mean prarambh hua, yooropavasi shahar ke madhy mean rahate the aur bharatiy uttar aur dakshin mean rahate the. yah vibhajan ne shahar mean bhi vidyaman hai, halaanki ab vibhajan ke adhar par dharm, bhasha, shiksha aur arthik haisiyat haian. jhuggiyaan aur nimn ay avasiy kshetr sampann kshetroan ke sath-sath hi maujood haian.

rthavyavastha

bharat ke ek mukhy arthik kendr ke roop mean kolakata ki j dean usake udyog, arthik evan vyaparik gatividhiyoan aur mukhy bandaragah ke roop mean usaki bhoomika mean nihit hai; yah mudran, prakashan aur samachar patr vitaran ke sath-sath manoranjanak ka kendr hai. kolakata ke bhitari pradesh ke utpadoan mean koyala, loha, maianganiz, abhrak, petrol, chay aur joot shamil haian. 1950 ke dashak se berozagari ek satat v badhati huee samasya hai. kolakata mean berozagari bahut had tak mahavidyalay shiksha prapt aur lipik v any safedaposh vyavasayoan ke lie prashikshit logoan ki samasya hai.

udyog

vishv mean zyada joot-prasanskaran kolakata mean kiya jata hai. sarvapratham 1870 ke dashak mean joot udyog ki sthapana huee thi aur hugali nadi ke donoan tatoan par shahar ke kendr uttar aur dakshin tak joot milean phaili huee haian. abhiyaantriki is shahar ka ek pramukh udyog hai. isake atirikt yahaan karakhane kee prakar ki upabhokta vastuoan, mukhyatah khady padarth, pey, tambakoo, vastr aur rasayanoan ka nirman v vitaran karate haian. 1947 mean bharat ki azadi ke bad se kolakata ke udyogoan ka patan ho raha hai. isake mukhy karan haian, svatantrata ke samay poorvi bangal ko kho dena, kolakata ke samagr audyogik utpadakata mean kami aur shahar mean audyogik vaividhy ka patan.

vitt evan vyapar

desh ke sangathit vitt bazar mean kolakata sheyar bazar mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhata hai. kolakata mean videshi baiankoan ka bhi mahatvapoorn vyaparik adhar hai, halaanki aantarashtriy baiankig kendr ke roop mean shahar ka dava kamazor ho gaya hai. koyala khadanoan, joot miloan aur kee vrihad abhiyaantriki udyogoan ki niyantrak ejeansiyaan kolakata mean sthit haian. bangal udyog evan vyapar mandal (beangal cheanbar af kamars aiand iandastri), bangal rashtriy udyog evan vyapar mandal (beangal neshanal cheanbar af kamars aiand iandastri) aur bharatiy vyapar mandal ke mukhyalay yahian par sthit haian. shahar ki arthavyavastha mukhyatah vyapar par adharit hai. yah is tathy se spasht hai, ki lagabhag 40 pratishat mazadoor vyapar evan vanijy gatividhiyoan mean sanlagn haian. any mahatvapoorn vyavasayoan mean sarvajanik kshetr mean shasakiy vibhag, vittiy sansthan aur chikitsa evan shiksha sansthanoan mean sevaean shamil haian. niji kshetr ki sevaoan mean sheyar bazar, chikitsa evan shiksha sevaean, lekha evan rrinadata sansthaean, vyapar mandal aur vibhinn upayogi sevaean shamil haian.

parivahan

kolakata shahar mean s dakoan ki halat dachaniy hai, halaanki yatayat ka dabav bahut adhik hai. jan yatayat vyavastha mukhy roop mean basoan aur mahanagariy relave (metro) par nirbhir hai. basean sarakar aur niji kampaniyoan ke dvara chalaee jati haian. desh ki pahali bhoomigat relave pranali, metro ki shuruat 1986 mean huee thi, aur ab yah nagar mean yatayat ka pramukh sadhan hai, jisase lagabhag 20 lakh yatri pratidin yatra karate haian.

apane pashchimi prishth bhag se sambandh ke lie kolakata keval hugali nadi par bane kuchh puloan par nirbhar hai. hav da pul aur sudoor uttar mean bali aur naihati mean bane pul. kolakata ko prishth bhag se jo dane vali mukhy k di hav da pul par vahan yatayat ki ath panktiyaan haian aur yah vishv mean adhik upayog kie jane vale puloan mean se ek hai. hav da aur kolakata ke bich ek doosare pul, vidyasagar setu ka prayog bhi kiya jata hai. graiand trank rod (rashtriy rajamarg sankhya-2) bharat ke sabase purane margoan mean se ek hai. yah hav da se kashmir tak jata hai aur shahar ko uttar bharat se jo dane vala mukhy marg hai. any rashtriy rajamarg kolakata ko bharat ke pashchimi tat, uttari bangal aur baangladesh ki simaoan se jo date haian.

do relave tarminal, pashchimi tat par hav da aur poorv mean siyaladah, uttar aur dakshin ke sath-sath poorv aur pashchim mean phaile relave sanjal ko sanchalit karate haian. kolakata ka pramukh havaee adda damadam mean sthit hai, jahaan se aantarashtriy v ghareloo u danoan ka avagaman hota hai. akar ke sandarbh mean kolakata bandaragah bharat ke ayatit jahazi mal ke 1/10 bhag aur usake niryatit jahazi mal ke lagabhag 1/12 bhag ko niyantrit karata hai. halaanki, kuchh aanshoan mean nadi se gad nikalane ki samasya aur aanshatah shramik samasyaoan ka samana karane ke karan yatayat mean kuchh kami aee hai. parivahan, bhandaran, thok vikram aur kherachi vikray, niryat aur ayat sambandhi avashyakataoan ka sankeandran kolakata aur hav da mean hai. kolakata bandaragah bharat ke sabase pramukh jahazi mal niyantrak ki 1960 ke dashak ki apani sthiti ab kho chuka hai, kintu aj bhi yah aur haldiya bandaragah (lagabhag 64 kimi. niche ki or) desh ki videshi vinimay mudra ka ek b da bhag arjit karate haian.

prashasan evan samajik visheshataean

prashasan

kolakata shahar mean shasan ka dayitv kolakata nagar nigam ka hai; shahar ke 100 vardoan se chune hue pratinidhi nigam ki sabha ka nirman karate haian. nigam parshad har varsh ek mahapaur, ek upamahapaur aur nigam ki gatividhiyaan chalane ke lie kee samitayoan ka chunav karate haian. nigam ka karyakari pramukh ayukt, nirvachit sadasyoan ke prati uttaradayi hota hai. shahar bhi kolakata mahanagar zile ka ek bhag hai, jise kshetriy adhar par yojana banane aur vikas ke paryavekshan ke lie banaya gaya tha.

pashchim bangal ki rajadhani hone ke karan kolakata shahar ke aitihasik rajabhavan mean rajyapal nivas karate haian. rajy vidhanasabhi bhi yahian par sachivalay ke sath raitars bildiang mean sthit hai aur kolakata uchch nyayalay bhi yahian par hai. kee rashtriy shasakiy sansthaean kolakata mean hi sthit haian, jinamean neshanal laibreri, bharatiy sangrahalay, bharatiy bhoo-vaijnanik sarvekshan shamil haian.

sevaean

kolakata shahar mean palta sthit mukhy jal sanyantr ke sath-sath lagabhag 200 mukhy kuoan aur 3,000 chhote kuoan se svachchh jal ki apoorti ki jati hai. kolakata se 386 kimi. door ganga nadi par bana pharakka baandh samanyatah shahar mean lavanayukt jalapoorti sunishchit karata hai. kintu jalapoorti ki aparyaptata ke karan garmi ke mahinoan mean lavanata ki samasya bani rahati hai. isake atirikt agnishaman ko die jane vale asvachchh jal ka upayog bhi yahaan ke anek nivasi apani dainik avashyakataoan ki poorti ke lie karate haian.

kolakata nigam kshetr mean saik doan kimi. mean mal nikasi vyavastha v satahi jal nikasi vyavastha hai, lekin isake anek hissoan mean aj tak mal nikasi ki uchit vyavastha nahian hai. gad ke jamav ne kee nikasi naliyoan ko sankara bana diya hai. koo da hatane aur pheankane ki vyavastha bhi santoshajanak nahian hai. kolakata mean bijali ki apoorti vibhinn srotoan se hoti hai, jinamean kolakata vidyut praday nigam, pashchim bangal rajy vidyut mandal, durgapur pariyojana, bandal tap bijalighar, santaladih bijalighar aur damodar ghati nigam grid shamil haian. halaanki abhi bhi utpadan kshamata aur maang ke bich antar hai, jise hal ke varshoan mean kuchh had tak kam kiya gaya hai. kolakata pulis bal ka prashasan shahar ke pulis ayukt ke adhikar kshetr mean hai, vahi upanagariy pulis bal ko nirdeshit karata hai. nagar ko char pulis kshetroan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai. agnishaman mukhyalay madhy kolakata mean hai.

svasthy

kolakata se chechak ka poornataya unmoolan kar diya gaya hai aur maleriya v aantrashoth se hone vali mautoan ko bhi bahut had tak niyantrit kar liya gaya hai. kshayarog ke mamale bhi kam ho ge haian. kolakata nagar nigam aur sevarth nyasoan dvara chalae ja rahe saik doan aspatal, niji chikitsalay, niahshulk aushadhalay aur rajy dvara chalae ja rahe bahuuddeshyiy aspatal (paliklinik) kolakata kshetr mean apani sevaean de rahe haian. 1979 mean nobel shanti puraskar se sammanit madar teresa dvara 1948 mean sthapit ek sanstha, d ardar af mishanariz af chairiti, shahar ke sabase vipann vargoan ke netrahin, vriddh, maranasann aur kushth rogiyoan ki dekhabhal karati hai. shahar mean chikitsakiy shodh kendr ke atirikt kee chikitsa mahavidyalay bhi haian. prati 1,000 vyaktiyoan par chikitsoan ki sankhya desh ke adhikaansh bhagoan se kolakata mean adhik hai, kintu unaka vitaran asaman hai; chooanki yah shahar bharat ke sampoorn poorvottar kshetr ka chikitsa kendr hai, atah svasthy sevaoan par hamesha atyadhik dabav rahata hai.

shiksha

shiksha lambe samay se kolakata mean uchch samajik star ka parichayak rahi hai. yah shahar bharatiy shiksha ke punarjivan kal se, jisaki shuruat 19vian shatabdi ke prarambhik varshoan mean bangal mean huee, shiksha ka ek kendr raha hai. aangrezi shaili ka pahala vidyalay, d hindoo kalej (jo bad mean prezideansi kalej kahalaya) 1817 mean sthapit hua. shahar mean prathamik shiksha ka sanchalan pashchimi bangal shasan ke dvara kiya jata hai aur nagar nigam dvara chalae ja rahe vidyalayoan mean yah niahshulk hai. bahut b di sankhya mean bachche niji prabandhan dvara sanchalit manyata prapt vidyalayoan mean shiksha pate haian. adhikaansh uchchatar madhyamik vidyalay, pashchim bangal madhyamik shiksha mandal ke adhin haian aur kuchh kendriy madhyamik shiksha bord v bharatiy madhyamik shiksha parishad ke adhin haian. kolakata mean tin b de vishvavidyalay haian:-

• kalakatta vishvavidyalay,
• jadavapur vishvavidyalay aur
• ravindr bharati vishvavidyalay.

1857 mean sthapit kolakata vishvavidyalay mean 150 se adhik sambandhit mahavidyalayoan ke sath-sath kala (manaviki), vanijy, vidhi, chikitsa vijnan v takanik aur snatakottar shikshan evan shodh mahavidyalay shamil haian. jadavapur vishvavidyalay mean tin dharaean haian, kala (manaviki), vijnan aur abhiyaantriki aur isaka mukhy lakshy ek hi parisar mean snatak v snatakottar star ki shiksha pradan karana hai. ravindr bharati vishvavidyalay manaviki aur lalit kalaoan mean, jinamean nrity, natak v sangit shamil haian, visheshajnata pradan karata hai. shodh sansthanoan mean bharatiy saankhyiki sansthan, bharatiy vijnan parishkaran sangh, bos sansthan (prakritik vijnan) aur akhil bharatiy svasthy vijnan evan janasvasthy sansthan shamil haian.

saanskritik jivan

kolakata bharat ka sabase mahatvapoorn saanskritik kendr hai. yah adhunik bharat ke sahityik evan kalatmak vicharoan aur bharatiy rashtravad ka janmasthal hai aur yahaan ke nagarikoan dvara bharatiy sanskriti v sabhyata ke sanrakshan ke prayas ki misal desh mean anyatr nahian milati. sadiyoan se poorv aur pashchimi saanskritik prabhavoan ke sammimishran ne asankhy vividh sangathanoan ke nirman ko prerit kiya, jinhoanne kolakata ke saanskritik jivan mean yogadan kiya. inamean eshiyatik sosaiti, bangiy sahity parishad, ramkrishna mishan saanskritik sansthan, lalit kala akadami, bi dala kala evan saanskritik akadami aur mahabodhi sosaiti shamil hean. nandan, nazarool manch aur girish manch nee aur sarvadhik sakriy sansthaean haian shahar ka ek pramukh akarshan hai, sains siti, eshiya mean apane prakar ka sabase pahala shahar hai.

sangrahalay evan pustakalay

vrihad kolakata mean 30 se adhik sangrahalay hai, jo vividh vishayoan par adharit haian. 1814 mean sthapit iandiyan myooziyam bharat mean sabase purana aur apani tarah ka desh ka sabase b da sangrahalay hai. puratatv aur mudravishayak khandoan mean sabase moolyavan sangrah haian. viktoriya memoriyal mean pradarshit vastuean bharat ke sath briten ke sambandh ko darshati haian. kolakata vishvavidyalay mean bharatiy kala ka ashutosh sangrahalay apane sangrah mean bangal ki lokakala ka pradarshan karata hai. moolyavan granthoan ka sangrah eshiyatik sosaiti, bangiy sahity parishad aur kalakatta vishvavidyalay mean vidyaman haian; neshanal laibreri bharat mean sabase b di hai aur isamean durlabh granthoan aur hastalipiyoan ka shreshth sangrah hai.

kala

kolakata vasi lambe samay se sahity v kala kshetroan mean sakriy rahe haian. 19vian shatabdi ke madhy mean yahaan pashchimi shiksha se prabhavit sahityik andolan ka uday hua, jisane sampoorn bharat mean sahityik punarjagaran kiya. is andolan ke mahatvapoorn pranetaoan mean se ek ravindranath taigor the, jinhean 1913 mean sahity ka nobel puraskar pradan kiya gaya. unaki kavita, sangit, natak aur chitrakala mean ullekhaniy srijanatmakata ne shahar ke saanskritik jivan ka samriddh kiya.

kolakata paramparik evan samakalin sangit aur nrity ka bhi kendr hai. 1937 mean taigor ne kolakata mean pahale akhil bangal sangit samaroh ka udaghatan kiya tha. tabhi se prativarsh yahaan par kee bharatiy shastriy sangit samaroh ayojit kie jate haian. kee shastriy nartakoan ka ghar kolakata paramparik nrity kala mean pashchim ki manchiy takanik ko apanane ke uday shankar ke prayog ka sthal bhi tha. 1965 se unake dvara sthapit nrity, sangit aur natak shalaean shahar mean vidyaman haian.

1870 ke dashak mean neshanal thietar ki sthapana ke sath hi kolakata mean vyavasayik natakoan ki shuruat huee. shahar mean natakoan ke adhunik roopoan ki shuruat girishachandr ghosh aur dinabandhu mitr jaise natakakaroan ne ki. kolakata aj bhi vyavasayik v shauqiya rangamanch aur prayogadharmi natakoan ka ek mahatvapoorn kendr hai. yah shahar bharat mean chalachitr nirman ka prarambhik kendr bhi raha hai. prayogadharmi film nirdeshak satyajit ray aur mrinal sen ne aantarrashtriy star par prashansa paee hai. shahar mean kee sinemaghar haian, jinamean niyamit roop se aangrezi, baangla aur hindi filmean dikhaee jati haian.

manoranjan

kolakata nagar nigam 200 se adhik bagichoan, chaurahoan aur khule maidanoan ki dekharekh karata hai. halaanki shahar ke bhi d bhare hissoan mean bahut kam sthan hai. lagabhag 3.2 kimi. lamba aur 1.6 kimi. chau da maidan sabase prasiddh khula sthan hai. yahian par phutabal, kriket aur h aauki ke pramukh maidan haian. maidan se laga hua hai, vishv ke sabase purane kriket maidanoan mean se ek, eedan gardas mean ranaji stediyam; charadivari mean khele jane vale kheloan ke lie netaji stediyam pas hi hai. nagar ke poorv mean bane salt lek stediyam mean ek lakh darshak baith sakate haian. shahar mean do ghu dadau d maidan aur do golf maidan haian aur nauka vihar ke lie lek klab aur bangal naukayan sangh lokapriy hai. lagabhag 20 hekteyar se adhik kshetr mean chi diyaghar phaila hua hai. ganga nadi ke pashchimi tat par bharatiy vanaspatik udyan sthit hai. isake vanaspati sangrahalayoan mean paudhoan ki lagabhag 40 hazar prajatiyaan haian.

itihas

prarambhik kal

kalikata nam ka ullekh mugal badashah akabar (shasan kal, 1556-1605) ke rajasv khate mean aur bangali kavi bipradas (1495) dvara rachit 'manasamangal' mean bhi milata hai. ek british basti ke roop mean kolakata ka itihas 1690 mean british eest iandiya kampani ke ek adhikari jab charnok dvara yahaan par ek vyapar chauki ki sthapana se shuroo hota hai. hugali nadi ke tat par sthit bandaragah ko lekar poorv mean charnok ka mugal samrajy ke adhikariyoan se vivad ho gaya tha aur unhean vah sthan chho dane ke lie vivash kar diya gaya tha. jisake bad unhoanne nadi tat par sthit any sthanoan par svayan ko sthapit karane ke kee asaphal prayas kie. mugal adhikariyoan ne british kampani ke vanijy se hone vale labh ko n khone ki chah mean jab charnok ko punah lautane ki anumati di, tab unhoanne kolakata ko apani gatividhiyoan ke kendr ke roop mean chuna. sthal ka chunav savadhanipoorvak kiya gaya pratit hota hai, kyoanki yah pashchim mean hugali nadi, uttar mean jvar nad aur poorv mean lagabhag char kimi. ki doori par lavaniy jhil dvara sanrakshit tha. nadi ke pashchimi tat par ooanche sthano par dach, fraansisi v any pratidvandviyoan ki bastiyaan sthit thian. chooanki yah hugali ke bandaragah par sthit tha, isalie samudr se pahuanchane ke marg ko koee khatara nahian tha. is sthal par nadi chau di aur gahari bhi thi. keval ek hi hani thi ki yah atyant daladali kshetr tha, jisase yah jagah asvasthyakar ho gee. isake atirikt, aangrezoan ke ane ke pahale, tin sthaniy gaanvoan, sutanati, kalikata aur gobindapur, jo bad mean samoohik roop mean kolakata kahalane lage, ka chayan un bharatiy vyapariyoan ke dvara basane ke lie kiya gaya tha, jo gad se bhare satagaanv ke bandaragah se pravasit hue the. charnok ke sthal chayan mean in vyapariyoan ki upasthiti bhi kuchh had tak uttaradayi rahi hogi.

1696 mean nikatavarti barddhaman zile mean ek vidroh hone tak mugal prantiy prashasan ka is badhati huee basti ke prati dostana vyavahar ho gaya tha. kampani ke karmachariyoan ne jab vyapar chauki ya faiktri ki qilebandi ki anumati maangi, tab unaki suraksha ki samany shartoan par unhean ijazat de di gee. mugal shasan ne vidroh ko asani se daba diya, kintu upaniveshiyoan ka eeant v mitti se bana surakshatmak dhaancha vaisa hi bana raha aur 1700 mean yah fort viliyam kahalaya. 1698 mean aangrezoan ne ve patr prapt kar lie, jisane unhean tin gaanvoan ke zamiandari adhikar (rajasv sangrahan ka adhikar, vastavik svamitv) kharidane ka visheshadhikar pradan kar diya.

shahar ka vikas

1717 mean mugal badashah farrukhasiyan ne eest iandiya kampani ko 3,000 rupaye varshik bhugatan par vyapar ki anumati de di. is vyavastha ne kolakata ke vikas ko bahut badhava diya. b di sankhya mean bharatiy vyapari shahar mean ekatr hone lage. kampani ke jhande ke niche kampani ke karmachari shulk-mukt niji vyapar karane lage. 1742 mean marathoan ne jab dakshin-pashchim se bangal ke pashchimi­ziloan mean mugaloan ke viruddh akraman shuroo kiya, tab aangrezoan ne bangal ke navab (shasak) alivardi khaan se shahar ke uttari aur poorvi bhag mean ek khaee khodane ki anumati prapt kar li. yah maratha khaee ke nam se jani gee. halaanki yah basti ke dakshin chhor tak poori tarah nahian ban paee, par isane shahar ki poorvi sima ka nirman kiya.

1756 mean navab ke uttaradhikari, sirajuddaula ne qile par qabza kar liya aur shahar ko loota. bharat mean british shakti ke sansthapakoan mean se ek rabart klaiv aur british nausenadhyaksh charls vatasan ne janavari 1757 mean kolakata par phir se adhikar kar liya. tho de samay ke bad palasi (joon 1757) mean navab har ge. jisake bad bangal mean british raj sunishchit ho gaya. gobindapur ke jangaloan ko kat diya gaya aur hugali ki upeksha kar vartaman sthal kolakata par ne fort viliyam ka nirman kiya gaya, jahaan yah british sattarohan ka pratik ban gaya. 1772 tak kolakata british bharat ki rajadhani nahian bana, us varsh pratham gavarnar-janaral varen hestigz ne prantiy mugal rajadhani murshidabad se sabhi mahatvapoorn karyalayoan ka sthanantaran is shahar mean kiya. 1773 mean banbee aur madras, fort viliyam sthit shasan ke adhin a ge. british qanoon ko lagoo karane vale uchchatam nyayalay ne apana prarambhik kshetradhikar shahar mean maratha khaee (vartaman achary praphull chandr aur jagadish chandr bos margoan) tak lagoo karana prarambh kar diya.

1706 mean kolakata ki janasankhya lagabhag 10,000 se 12,000 thi. 1752 mean yah lagabhag 1,20,000 tak aur 1821 mean yah 1,80,000 tak pahuanchi. shvet (british) nagar ka nirman us bhoomi par kiya gaya, jo kee bar basi aur kee bar uj di thi. british bhag mean itane mahal the ki shahar ka nam hi 'mahaloan ka shahar' p d gaya. british upanagar ke bahar navadhanadhy logoan ke bhavy avasoan ke sath-sath jhop diyoan ke samooh nirmit kie ge. nagar ke vibhinn bhagoan ke nam, jaise kumaratuli (kumharoan ka kshetr) aur saankaripa da (shankh-sip karigaroan ka kshetr) ab bhi alag-thalag vyavasayik jatiyoan ke logoan ko darshate haian, jo badhate hue mahanagar ke nivasi ban ge. do alag-alag prajatiyaan, aangrez aur bharatiy, kolakata mean ek sath nivas karane lagian.

us samay kolakata ko asuvidhajanak shahar mana jata tha. s dakean bahut hi kam thian. janakary mean sudhar ke lie latari ke madhyam se vitt prabandh ke lie 1814 mean ek latari samiti ka gathan kiya gaya, usane halat sudharane ke lie 1814 se 1836 ke bich kee prabhavi kary kie. 1814 mean nigam ki sthapana ki gee. yadyapi 1864, 1867 aur 1870 ke chakravat ne nichale kshetr mean rah rahe garib logoan ko tabah kar diya. kramik charanoan mean jaise-jaise british shakti ka prayadvip mean vistar hota gaya, sampoorn uttar bharat kolakata bandaragah ka prishth kshetr ban gaya. 1835 mean aantarik chuangi shulk samapt kie jane se ek khula bazar nirmit hua aur relave ke nirman (prarambh 1854 mean) ne vyapar evan udyog ke vikas ko aur adhik badhava diya. isi samay kolakata se peshavar (ab pakistan) tak graiand trank rod ko poora kiya gaya. british vyapar, baiankig aur bima vyavasay phale-phoole. kolakata ka bharatiy upakshetr bhi vyavasay ka vyast kendr ban gaya aur bharat ke sabhi bhagoan aur eshiya ke kee any bhagoan ke logoan se bhar gaya. kolakata prayadvip ka bauddhik kendr ban gaya.

20vian shatabdi mean kolakata

20vian sadi mean kolakata ke durbhagy ka uday hua. bharat ke vaisaray lard karjan ne 1905 mean bangal ko vibhajit kiya v dhaka ko poorv bangal aur asam ki rajadhani banaya. vibhajan ko radd karane ke lie tivr andolan kie ge. kintu 1912 mean british bharat ki rajadhani kolakata se hatakar dilli laee gee, jahaan se sarakar apekshakrit shanti se chal sakati thi. 1947 mean bangal ka vibhajan antim prahar tha. chooanki kolakata ki janasankhya badh gee thi, yahaan samajik samasyaean bhi tivr ho geean aur bharat ke lie svashasan ki maang bhi. 1926 mean sampradayik dange hue aur jab 1930 mean mahatma gaandhi ne anyayapoorn qanoonoan ki avajna karane ka ahvan kiya, tab phir se dange hue. dvitiy vishv yuddh ke dauran kolakata bandaragah par hue japani havaee hamaloan se bahut nukasan hua aur janahani bhi huee. sabase bhayanak sampradayik dange 1946 mean hue, jab british bharat ka vibhajan tay tha aur musalamanoan aur hinduoan ke bich tanav charam par tha.

1947 mean bangal ke bharat aur pakistan ke bich vibhajan se kolakata bahut pichh d gaya, kyoanki yah apane poorv prishthabhag ke ek hisse ka vyapar khokar, keval pashchim bangal ki rajadhani banakar rah gaya. isi samay poorvi pakistan (vartaman baangla desh) se hazaroan sharanarthi kolakata a ge, jisase samajik samasyaean v janasankhya aur bhi badh gee, jo pahale hi chiantajanak anupat mean pahuanch chuki thi. 1960 ke dashak ke madhy tak arthik gatihinata ne nagar ke samajik v rajanitik jivan mean asthirata ko badha diya aur shahar se pooanji ke nikas ko badhava diya. rajy shasan ne kee kampaniyoan ka prabandh apane hathoan mean liya. visheshakar 1980 ke dashak mean b di sankhya mean lok nirman karyakram aur kendrikrit kshetriy yojanaoan ne shahar ki arthik aur samajik sthiti ke sudhar mean yogadan diya.

janasankhya

kolakata ki janasankhya (2001 ki ganana ke anusar) 45,80,544 hai.