घोड़ा
gho da (aangrezi: Horse) manushy se sanbandhit sansar sabase prachin palatoo stanaposhi prani hai, jisane ajnat kal se manushy ki kisi n kisi roop mean seva ki hai. gho da eekyoodi (Equidae) kutuanb ka sadasy hai. is kutuanb mean gho de ke atirikt vartaman yag ka gadha, jebara, bhot-khar, tattoo, ghod-khar evan khachchar bhi haian. adinootan yug (Eosin period) ke eeyohippas (Eohippus) namak gho de ke pratham poorvaj se lekar aj tak ke sare poorvaj aur sadasy isi kutuanb mean sammilit haian.
vaijnanik nam
gho de ka vaijnanik nam eekvas (Equus) laitin shabd se liya gaya hai, jisaka arth gho da hai, parantu is kutuanb ke doosare sadasy eekvas jati ki hi doosari chh: upajatiyoan mean vibhajit hai. at: keval eekvas shabd se gho de ko abhihit karana uchit nahian hai. aj ke gho de ka sahi nam eekvas kaibelas (Equus caballus) hai. isake palatoo aur jangali sanbandhi isi nam se jane jate haian. jangali sanbandhiyoan se bhi yaun sanbandh sthapit karane ka baanjh santan nahian utpann hoti. kaha jata hai, aj ke yug ke sare jangali gho de unhian palatoo gho doan ke poorvaj haian jo apane sabhy jivan ke bad jangal ko chale ge aur aj jangali mane jate haian. yadyapi kuchh log madhy eshiya ke pashchimi mangoliya aur poorvi turkistan mean milane vale eekvas prajvelaski (Equus przwalski) namak gho de ko vastavik jangali gho da manate haian, tathapi vastut: yah isi palatoo gho de ke poorvajoan mean se hai.
avas evan rang-roop
dakshini amarika ke jangaloan mean aj bhi gha de brihath jhuandoan mean pae jate haian. ek jhuand mean ek nar aur kee madaean rahati haian. sabase adhik 1,000 tak gho de ek sath ek jangal mean pae ge haian. parantu ye sab gho de eekvas kaibelas ke hi jangali poorvaj haian aur ek gho de ko neta manakar usaki ajna mean apana samajik jivan vyatit karate haian. ek gut ke gho de doosare gut ke jivan aur shaanti ko bhang nahian karate. sankatakal mean nar charoan taraph se madaoan ko gher kh de ho jate haian aur akramanakari ka samana karate haian. eshiya mean kafi sankhya mean inake thigane kad ke jangali sanbandhi 50 se lekar kee sau tak ke jhuandoan mean milate haian. manushy ani avashyakata ke anusar unhean palatoo banata rahata hai.
sansar ke vastavik jangali gho de eekvas prazvaleski ka nam roosi yatri, karnal en. em. prazvelaski, ke nam par rakha gaya hai, kyoanki inhean ek jangali gho da ek adhikari ne jaisan (Zaisan) mean bheant kiya tha. yah vartaman gho de aur gho dakhar ke bich ka janavar tha. isaki charoan taangoan par gho de ke saman 'chestanat' (chestnut) the, parantu gho dakhar ke saman keval isaki pooanchh ke nichale bhag par lanbe bal the. sharir ka rang badami (arun) tha aur pith par pilapan. pichhale hisse par aur halka rang tha, jo udar par bilkul safed ho gaya tha. sharir par koee kali patti nahian thi. gardan par chhote aur sidhe bal the, kiantu kanoan ke bich aur mathe par n the. khop di aur khur gho de ke saman the. kobado (Kobdo) zile mean 20 varsh bad bahut se isi prakar ke bachche mangoliya se mile the. usake bad bhi is prakar ke jangali gho de kee bar mil chuke haian. kaha jata hai ki himayug ke aant tak amarika se sare gho de samapt hokar pray: lupt ho ge. yahi nahian, is kal mean rahane vale any anek b de b de janavar bhi kisi ajnat karan se lupt ho ge. yooreshiya mean bhi himayug mean jangali gho de paryapt sankhya mean the, parantu aj eshiya ke steps (steppes) mean prazvelaski gho de ke atirikt koee vastavik jangali gho da nahian milata. tattoo nam ke thigane gho de, jo aj bharat aur eshiya ke any bhagoan mean milate haian, sab palatoo gho de ke poorvaj hai.
palatoo banane ka itihas
gho de ko palatoo banane ka vastavik itihas ajnat hai. kuchh logoan ka mat hai ki 7,000 varsh poorv dakshini roos ke pas aryoan ne pratham bar gho de ko pala. bahut se vijnanavettaoan aur lekhakoan ne isake ary itihas ko bilkul gupt rakha aur isake palatoo hone ka sthan dakshini poorvi eshiya mean kaha, parantu vastavikata yah hai ki anant kal poorv hamare ary poorvajoan ne hi gho de ko palatoo banaya, jo phir eshiya se yoorop, misr aur shanai: shanai: amarika adi deshoan mean phaila. sansar ke itihas mean gho de par likhi gee pratham pustak 'shalihotr' hai, jise shalihotr rrishi ne mahabharat kal se bhi bahut samay poorv likha tha. kaha jata hai ki 'shalihotr' dvara ashvachikitsa par likhat pratham pustak hone ke karan prachin bharat mean pashuchikitsa vijnan (Veterinary Science) ko 'shalihotrashastr' nam diya gaya. mahabharat yuddh ke samay raja nal aur paandavoan mean nakul ashvavidya ke prakaand pandit the aur unhoanne bhi shalihotr shastr par pustakean likhi thian. shalihotr ka varnan aj sansar ki ashvachikitsa vijnan par likhi gee pustakoan mean diya jata hai. bharat mean anishchit kal mean deshi ashvachikitsak 'shalihotri' kaha jata hai.
shalihotr shastr ke anusar
shalihotr mean char darjan prakar ke gho de batae ge haian. is pustak mean gho doan ka vargikaran baloan ke avartoan ke anusar kiya gaya hai. isamean lanbe muanh aur bal, bhari nak, matha aur khur, lal jibh aur hoth tatha chhote kan aur pooanchhavale gho doan ko uttam mana gaya hai. muanh ki lanbaee 2 aangul, kan 6 aangul tatha pooanchh 2 hath likhi gee hai. gho de ka pratham gun gati ka hona bataya hai. uchch vansh, rang aur shubh avartoan vale ashv mean bhi yadi gati nahian hai, to vah bekar hai. sharir ke aangoan ke anusar bhi gho doan ke nam, tyand (tin vrishan vala), trikarnin (tin kan vala), dvikhurin (do khuravala), hinadant (bina daant vala), hinaand (bina vrishan vala), chakravartin (kandhe par ek ya tin alak vala), chakravak (saphed pair aur aankhoan vala) die ge haian. gati ke anusar tushar, tejas, dhoomaketu, evan ta daj nam ke gho de batae haian. ukt pustak mean gho de ke sharir mean 12,000 shiraean bataee gee haian. bimariyaan tatha unaki chikitsa adi, anek vishayoan ka ullekh pustak mean kiya gaya hai, jo inake jnan aur ruchi ko prakat karata hai. isamean gho de ki ausat ayu 32 varsh bataee gee hai.
utpatti aur vikas ka itihas
yadyapi gho de ki utpatti ka kafi praman prapt ho chuka hai aur usake vikas ke poorn roop se kramabaddh avashesh amarika aur any deshoan mean prapt ho chuke haian, phir bhi bahut si gutthiyaan abhi tak nahian sulajh paee haian. in jivashm avasheshoan se yah jnat hota hai ki 7,25,00,000 varsh poorv ki utpatti prithvi tal par nahian huee thi. kaha jata hai, gho de ke aur manushy ke pratham poorvajoan ka janm ek hi kal mean hua, arthath donoan ki utpatti ek sath huee. 5,50,00,000 varsh poorv eeyosin ya adinootan yug ke aranbh mean eeyohippas evan hairaikothiriyam (Hyracoatherium) namak pratham gho de ki utpatti huee. yah poorvaj lom di ke saman chhota tha, jisaki khop di alp vikasit thi, pair patale aur lanbe, agale pairoan mean char aanguliyaan, pichhale mean tin, daant 44 aur niche uparidant vale the, jo isake jangali jivan aur komal pattoan adi ke bhojan ke anukool the. is poorvaj ke phausil (jivashm) uttari amarika, yoorop tatha eshiya mean prapt hue haian. tab se kramash: gho de ka vikas hota raha hai.
adinootan yug ke madhy ke aurohippas (Orohippus) aur aant ke epihippas (Epihippus) namak poorvajoan ke avashesh prapt hue haian. in sab poorvajoan ke daantoan mean pragati hoti rahi aur ve shakahari jivan ke liye anukool ho rahe the. epihippas ke kankal abhi tak nahian mil pae haian. at: hamare nishkarsh mean abhi nyoonata rah gee hai. phir 2,00,00,000 varsh ke bad auligosin (Oligocene) ya adinootan yug mean tin aanguliyoan vale mesohippas (Mesohippus) gho de ki utpatti huee. isaki chauthi aanguli nasht ho chuki thi. yah akar mean adinootan yug ke gho doan se adhik b da to nahian tha, parantu isake sharir ke anek aangoan mean pragati ho gee thi. isake sir mean gho de ke saman muanh, aankhe tho di pichhe ko, evan mastishk tho da b da tha. isaki gardan chhoti, pith lanbi tatha taange patali lanbi aur tin aanguliyoan vali, thian. chauthi aanguli ki ek chhoti si gaanth rah gee thi. daantoan mean bhi pragati ho chuki thi. isi kal mean maiyohippas nam ke gho de ki bhi utpatti huee. yah mesohippas se pray: bilkul milata tha. isamean paanchavian aanguli ki chapati (splint) mesohippas ki chapati se kafi chhoti thi aur isake kapoladant bhi adhik jatil ho ge the. maiyohippas ke karan gho de ke vikas ki kahani mean tho di jatilata huee hai. isi yug ke aiankitheriyam (Anchitherium) namak gho de ke avashesh bhi prapt huee haian, jisake daantoan mean maiyohippas ke saman jatilata nahian thi. sanbhavat: yah maiyohippas poorvaj se janma aur yoorop, eshiya tatha amarika mean maiyosin (Miocene), ya madhy nootan, kal tak jivit raha. mesohippas ke sath megahippas (Megahippus) aur haipohippas (Hypohippus) namak gho de bhi adinootan yug mean pae ge. isake 1,00,00,000 varsh bad, arthath aj se 2,50,00,000 varsh poorv, maiyosin (Miocene) ya madhyanootan kal ke madhy aur aantim bhag mean marsihippas (Mercyhippus) namak poorvajoan ne janm liya. ye poorvaj shanai: shanai: vartaman yug ke gho de ke nikat a rahe the. inake daant ooanche uparidant jaise hote ge, taki ve apane maidani jivan aur vanaspatik bhojan ka upabhog kar sakean.
inake kapoladant bhi aj ke gho de ke saman ho ge the aur daantoan mean simeant (cement) ki satah bhi utpann ho gee, jo isase pahale yugoan ke poorvajoan mean nahian thi. in poorvajoan mean sharir ki lanbaee badh gee thi. sir mean muanh, aankhean aur mastishk aj ke gho de jaise hi ho ge the. taangoan ki haddiyaan bhi parivartit ho gee thian. bahi:prakoshthika (radius) se aant: prakoshthika (ulna) ju d gee thi aur bahirjadhika (Fibula) ek patali patti ke saman rah gee thi. parantu abhi tak taangoan mean tin aanguliyaan baki thian, jinamean bich ki aanguli, jisapar sharir ka bhar rahata tha, moti, b di, aur gho de ke saman khuravali thi. marsihippas sadharanat: aj ke tattoo ke saman pratit hota tha. atinootan ya playosin (Pliocene) yug mean aj se 1,00,00,000 varsh poorv marsihippas ne anek nee jatiyoan ko janm diya, jinamean se adhikatar jatiyaan yug ke aant tak lupt ho gee. niyohipperiyan (Neohipparion), hipperiyan (Hipparion), nainihippas (Nannihippus), kailihippas (Calihippus) aur playohippas (Phiohippus) is yug ke praanrabh se pray: aant tak vidyaman the. ye sab gho de uttari amarika mean mile. keval hipperiyan amarika, yoorop aur eshiya sab jagah prakat hua. playohippas aj ke gho de eekvas ka nikatatam poorvaj tha. yah is yug ka vah gho da tha jisamean donoan parshv aanguliyaan poornataya nasht ho gee thian aur sharir ke aang pray: eekvas ke saman ho ge the. aj se 10,00,000 varsh poorv playastosin (pleistocene), arthath pratinootan yug, mean aj ka gho da janma. astreliya ke atirikt aj ka gho da sansar ke sab deshoan mean is yug mean mila. is vikas kram mean iyohippas se lekar vartamanh gho de eekvas tak inaki akar vriddhi, taangoan ka lanba hona, baanee daeean aanguliyoan ka kramash: kam hona aur bich ki aanguli ka barabar badhate rahana mukhy hai. isake sath sath inak pith barabar majaboot aur dridh hati gee aur kriantak (incisor) daant barabar chau de hote ge. khop di gahari aur aankhoan ke age ka hissa lanba ho gaya. mastishk ke akar aur jatilata mean vriddhi hoti gee. is prakar ek chhote se prani se aj ke vishalakay aur dridh gho de ka vikas hua. playosin, ya atinootan yug, ke nikhatak narmada ki ghati mean madhy bharat mean aur uttar mean sivalik ki chattanoan mean mile haian. inako eekvas namadrikas evan ee. sivalensis nam die ge. ye kandhe tak 5 phut ooanche hote the. aankhoan ke sthan se age khop di mean gaddha tha. ye aj ke gho de aur marsihippas ki bich ki sthiti prakat karate haian. prophesar vool ka mat hai ki arabi gho de ki utpatti sivalik gho de se narmada gho de dvara huee, kyoanki marsihippas ke yug mean hi bharat ki sivalik paha diyoan mean hipperiyan ke avashesh prapt hue aur inhean hippothiriyam aiantilopiyam (Hippotherim antelopium) nam diya gaya. bharat mean is par adhik khoj nahian huee hai. ye dirghakay, bhari gho de yooropiy, prachin yuddhashvoan ke vanshaj haian. inake pair ghane baloan se dhanke hote haian.
sharirik visheshataean
10,00,000 varsh poorv se abatak manushy ne apani buddhi ke anusar gho de ko palatoo banaya aur anyany achchhi achchhi nasloan ko paida kiya. bojha khianchane, ghu dadau d mean dau dane, savari karane aur rath adi mean chalane vale alag alag prakar ke gho doan ki utpatti huee hai. videshoan mean gho doan ke nam unake jivanakram ke anusar die ge haian. bharat mean gho doan ko unake rang tatha vansh ke anusar mushki, arabi adi nam die jate haian. kuchh logoan ka yah bhram hai ki gho da manushy ke barabar buddhiman hota hai. vaijnanik tathyoan ke anusar, isaki buddhi sabase moorkh manushy se bhi kam hoti hai. gho de mean drishti ki tivrata hoti hai, kyoanki sansar ke sthaliy jivoan mean kisi prani ki aankh sharir ke anuupat mean gho de ke saman b di nahian hoti. drishti ki tivrata hote hue bhi isaki aankh mean gartika (fovea) nahian hoti. at: isake liye hamare saman drishti ko keandrit karana sanbhav nahian hai. bina sir ghumae kafi kshetr mean dekhana isaki aankhoan se sanbhav hai. isaki aankhean aur nak donoan manushy se adhik sakriy hoti haian. kuchh gho doan mean eeyohippas ke saman 44 daant hote haian, parantu sadharanat: naroan mean 40 aur madaoan mean 36 daant hote haian. naroan mean pratyek hanu mean kriantak daantoan ke tanik pichhe ek shvadant hota hai, gho diyoan mean nahian. gho de ke aangoan ki ek vishesh rachana chestanat (chestnut) nam ka massa hota hai yah agali taangoan mean ghutane ke pichhale oopari bhag par ek lanbi charmakili (kathor tvacha) ke roop mean hota hai, parantu pichhali taangoan mean yah ek chhota dhabba sa gulph (tarsas, Tarsus) ke niche hota hai pad ki pichhali satah par, baloan ke bich chhipa hua ek argat (Ergot) hota hai. gadhe mean yah argat gho de se b da hota hai. yah ek luptavashesh hai, jo gho de ke poorvajoan mean pair ko prithvi par tikane mean sahayak hota tha. dhaee sal mean gho de ke bachchoan ke doodh ke daant gir jate haian. char se chh: varsh ki umr tak poore daant nikal ate haian. palatoo gho de pray: bis varsh ki umr mean boodhe ho jate haian. adhik se adhik 45 varsh ki umr tak ke gho de dekhe ge haian. sanskrit ki bharatiy pustakoan mean gho de ke anek suandar chitr, usaki akriti, suandarata, shubh-ashubh-lakshan aur vansh ka varnan karate hue die ge haian. in pustakoan ke aangreji anuvad bhi shanai: shanai: prakashit ho rahe haian.[1]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
- REDIRECT saancha:jiv jantu