नव पाषाण काल

nav pashan kal athava 'uttar pashan kal' ki sadharanat: kal sima 3500 ee. poo. se 1000 ee. poo. ke bich mani jati hai. yoonani bhasha ka 'nio' (Neo) shabd navin ke arth mean prayukt hota hai. isalie is kal ko ‘navapashan kal‘ kaha jata hai.

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mukhy sthal

is kal ki sabhyata bharat ke vishal kshetr mean phaili huee thi. sarvapratham 1860 ee. mean 'li mesuriyar' (Le Mesurier) ne is kal ka pratham prastar upakaran uttar pradesh ki tauans nadi ki ghati se prapt kiya. isake bad 1872 ee. mean 'nibaliyan frezar' ne karnatak ke belari kshetr ko dakshin bharat ke uttar pashan kalin sabhyata ka mukhy sthal ghoshit kiya. isake atirikt is sabhyata ke mukhy kendr bindu the- kashmir, siandh pradesh, bihar, jharakhand, bangal, uttar pradesh, aandhr pradesh, chhattisagadh, asam adi.

manav dvara krishi ka prarambh

is samay prapt prastar auzar gahare trep (Dark Traprock) ke bane the, jin par ek vishesh prakar ki p aaulish lagi hoti thi. nav pashan kal mean chaval ki kheti ka prachinatam sakshy ilahabad ke nazadik ‘koldihava‘ namak sthan se milata hai, jisaka samay 7000-6000 ee. poo. mana jata hai. dhan ke atirikt mahag da mean bhi kheti ka sakshy milata hai. mahag da mean ek pashuva da bhi mila hai. is samay tak pashanakalin sabhyata kafi vikasit ho gayi thi. ab manushy akhetak, pashupalak se age nikal kar khady padarthoan ka utpadak evan upabhokta bhi ban gaya tha. ab vah khanabadosh vale jivan ko tyag kar sthayitvapoorn jivan ki or akarshit hone laga tha. use bartan banane ki takanik ka bhi jnan ho gaya tha. sambhavatah vastroan ki jagah janavaroan ki khaloan ka prayog karate the. nav pashan kal ki prapt kuchh parvat kandaraoan aur bartanoan se chitrakari ka abhas hota hai.

krishi karm ka prarambh to nav pashan kal mean avashy hua, par sarvapratham kis sthan par krishi karm prarambh hua, yah vivad ka vishay hai. 1977 se chal rahi khudaee mean ab tak prapt sakshyoan se aisa anuman lagaya jata hai ki siandh aur baloochistan ki sima par sthit 'kachchhi maidan' mean bolan nadi ke kinare meharagadh namak sthan par krishi karm ka prarambh hua. is sabhyata ke logoan ne agni ka prayog prarambh kar diya tha. kumbhakari sarvapratham isi kal mean drishtigochar hoti hai. nav pashanakalin mahattvapoorn sthal haian-

nav pashanakalin mahattvapoorn sthal

sthal	kshetr
1- guphakaral aur burzahom	kashmir
2- mahag da, chopani mando aur koldihava	uttar pradesh ki velan ghati
3- chiraand	bihar

nav pashan kal ki mahattvapoorn visheshata p aaulishadar kulha di hai. is kal ka nam sarvapratham j aaun lyoovak ne apani patrika 'nyoo historika' mean diya. bharat mean nav pashan kal ke upakaran ki khoj 1860 ee. mean mansoorar dvara ki gee, unhoanne uttar pradesh ke tons ghati mean utkhanan kary kiya. is yug se prachin krishak samudayoan ka basana prarambh hua. ee. kal mean prachinatam fasal ke sakshy nil nadi ki ghati mean mile haian. prachinatam fasal gehooan ko mana jata hai, chaval ko nahian. 7000 bi.si. ke asapas bharatiy upamahadvip mean gehooan ke sakshy baloochistan ke meharagadh mean mile hai. 6000 bi.si. mean vishv mean prachinatam chaval ke sakshy belan ghati mean koldihava, ilahabad mean mile haian. dakshin bharat mean bajare evan ragi ke sakshy mile haian. vishv mean prachinatam kapas ke sakshy 7000 bi.si. ke as.pas meharagadh mean mile haian. is samay ke manav ne samay ke mahatv ko samajhate hue krishi ki takaniki ko vikasit kar liya, jisase utpadan badha.

arthavyavastha tatha yuddh

is yug se bachat ki arthavyavastha ka prarambh hua. sanbhavatah ann ke lie logoan ke madhy yuddh hua. is poore kal me arthavyavastha ke karan yuddh jaisi sthiti aksar bani rahati thi. isi karan praranbhik samaj aur rajaniti ke pratham charan dikhane lage. yuddh ke karan is kal mean chhote-chhote samooh mean netritvakarta ya neta ka uday hua. bhavishy mean yahi mukhiya ya raja bana. yuddh ke karan yuddh kala aur usase sambandhit logoan ka samooh banane laga, lekin is samay ke samaj ko kary ke adhar par vibhajit nahian man sakate haian. samaj vibhajan mahila aur purush mean hua. is samay yuddh ke karan mudra sils ka prayog prarambh hua. yah mudraean vastav me svamitv ko batati thian. yuddh ke karan samoohoan mean apasi ekata ke lie jati devata jaisi avadharana vikasit huee. gramin samaj mean 'totam' kul jati chinh ka prayog hua. pashupalan ke karan manav pashuoan ke karib aya. mana jata hai ki jiv vijnan ka prayog shuroo hua. khadyann ko rakhane ke lie bade़-b de bartanoan ka prayog hua. mana jata hai ki rasayan vijnan ka prayog shuroo hua. arthavyavastha mean varsha ka mahattv badha, jisase jyotishashastr ka prayog prarambh hua. is kal mean manav ne suee dhage ka prayog prarambh kiya. pahie ka avishkar hua, parantu isaka prayog yatayat mean nahian, bartan banane mean hua, jaise kumhar ka chak adi. is kal mean manav ne nav jaisi chij ka nirman kiya, parantu yatayat mean prayog nahi kiya. manav ki moolabhoot avashyakataean roti, kap da aur makan ki poorti huee.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh