पाटलिपुत्र
pataliputr / pataliputr / patana / Patna / Pataliputra
patana bharat ke bihar prant ki rajadhani hai. patana ka prachin nam pataliputr tha. adhunik patana duniya ke gine-chune un vishesh prachin nagaroan mean se ek hai jo ati prachin kal se aj tak abad hai. is shahar ka aitihasik mahatv hai. eesa poorv megasthanij (350 eepoo-290 eepoo) ne apane bharat bhraman ke pashchat likhi apani pustak iandika mean is nagar ka ullekh kiya hai. palibothra (pataliputr) jo ganga aur arennovas (sonabhadr-hiranyavah) ke sangam par basa tha. us pustak ke akalanoan se prachin patana (palibotha) 9 mil (14.5 ki.mi.) lamba tatha 1.75 mil(2.8) ki.mi. chau da tha. adhunik patana bihar rajy ki rajadhani hai aur ganga nadi ke dakshini kinare par sthit hai. jahaan par ganga, ghaghara, son aur gandak jaisi sahayak nadiyoan se milati hai. yahaan par ganga nadi ka svarup nadi jaisa n hokar sagar jaisa virat dikhata hai - anant aur athah!
magadh rajy ki prasiddh rajadhani jo son aur ganga ke sangam par vartaman patana nagar ke nikat thi. yahaan ke durg ka nirman ajatashatru (494-467 ee॰ poorv ke lagabhag) ne karaya tha. isaka rajadhani ke roop mean vikas chandragupt maury ke samay hua. nagar ki raksha ke lie charoan or ek khaee banaee gee thi jisamean son nadi ka pani bhara rahata tha.
megasthanij ne is nagar ki b di prashansa ki hai. ashok ne nagar ke aandar patthar ka mahal banavaya. paanchavi shatabdi mean fahyan us mahal ko dekhakar chakit rah gaya tha. gupt samratoan ne 320 ee॰ se 500 ee॰ tak yahaan se rajy kiya. bharatiy itihas ke is svarnim kal mean pataliputr sanskrit ka mukhy keandr tha. satavian shatabdi mean isaka sthan kannauj ne le liya aur isake bad pataliputr ka mahatv ghatata gaya.
gautam buddh ke jivanakal mean, bihar mean, ganga ke uttar ki or lichchhaviyoan ka vrijjiganarajy tatha dakshin ki or magadh ka rajy tha. buddh jab aantim bar magadh ge the to ganga aur shon nadiyoan ke sangam ke pas patali namak gram basa hua tha jo patal ya dhak ke vrikshoan se achchhadit tha. magadharaj ajatashatru ne lichchhaviganarajy ka aant karane ke pashchat, ek mitti ka durg pataligram ke pas banavaya jisase magadh ki lichchhaviyoan ke akramanoan se raksha ho sake. buddhicharit se jnat hota hai ki yah qila magadharaj ke mantri varshakar ne banavaya tha.<balloon title="buddhicharit 22,3" style="color:blue">*</balloon> ajatashatru ke putr udayin ya udayibhadr ne isi sthan par pataliputr nagar ki nianv dali. pali granthoan ke anusar bhi nagar ka nirman sunidhi aur vassakar (varshakar) namak mantriyoan ke karavaya tha. pali anushruti ke anusar gautam buddh ne patali ke pas kee bar rajagrih aur saishali ke bich ate-jate ganga ko par kiya tha aur is gram ki badhati huee simaoan ko dekhakar bhavishyavani ki thi ki yah bhavishy mean ek mahan nagar ban jaega. ajatashatru tatha usake vanshajoan ke lie pataliputr ki sthiti mahattvapoorn thi. ab tak magadh ki rajadhani rajagrih thi kiantu ajatashatru dvara vaishali (uttar bihar) tatha kashi ki vijay ke pashchat magadh ke rajy ka vistar bhi kaphi badh gaya tha aur isi karan ab rajagrih se adhik keandriy sthan par rajadhani banana avashyak ho gaya tha. jainagranth vividh tirthakalp mean pataliputr ke namakaran ke sanbandh mean ek manoranjak sa ullekh hai. isake anusar ajatashatru ki mrityu ke pashchat usake putr udayi ne apane pita ki mrityu ke shok ke karan apani rajadhani ko chanpa se anyatr le jane ka vichar kiya aur shakun batane valoan ko nee rajadhani banane ke lie upayukt sthan ki khoj mean bheja. ye log khojate-khojate gangatat par ek sthan par pahuanche. vahaan unhoanne pushpoan se lada hua ek patal vriksh (dhak ya kianshuk) dekha jis par ek nilakanth baitha hua ki de kha raha tha. is drishy ko unhoanne shubh shakun mana aur yahaan par magadh ki nee rajadhani banane ke lie raja ko mantrana di. phalasvaroop jo naya nagar udayi ne basaya usaka nam pataliputr ya kusumapur rakha gaya. vividhatirth kalp mean chandragupt maury, biandusar, ashok aur kunal ko kramash: pataliputr mean raj karate bataya gaya hai.
jain sadhu sthoolabhadr ne pataliputr mean hi tapasya ki thi. is granth mean navnand aur unake vansh ko nasht karane vale chanaky ka bhi ullekh hai. inake atirikt sarvakalavidh mooladev aur achal sarthavah shreshthi ka nam bhi pataliputr ke sanbandh mean aya hai. vayupuran<balloon title="vayupuran" style="color:blue">*</balloon> ke anusar kusumapur ya pataliputr ko udayi ne apane rajyabhishek ke chaturth varsh mean basaya tha. yah tathy gargi sanhita ki sakshi se bhi pusht hota hai. parishishtaparvan<balloon title="parishishtaparvan (jaikobi dvara sanpadit, pri0 42)" style="color:blue">*</balloon> ke anusar bhi is nagar ki nianv udayi (udayi) ne dali thi.
pataliputr ka mahatv shon-ganga ke sangam kon mean basa hone ke karan, suraksha aur vyapar- donoan hi drishtiyoan se, shighrata se badhata gaya aur nagar ka kshetraphal bhi lagabhag 20 varg mil tak vistrit ho gaya. shri chian0vi0 vaidy ke anusar mahabharat ke paravarti sanskaran ke samay se poorv hi pataliputr ki sthapana ho gee thi, kiantu is nagar ka namollekh is mahakavy mean nahian hai jab ki nikatavarti rajagrih ya giribraj aur gaya adi ka varnan kee sthanoan par hai.
pataliputr ki vishesh khyati bharat ke aitihasik kal ke vishalatam samrajy-maury samrajy ki rajadhani ke roop mean huee. chandragupt maury ke samay mean pataliputr ki samriddhi tatha shasan-suvyavastha ka varnan yoonani rajadoot megesthanij ne bhalibhaanti kiya hai. usamean pataliputr ke sthaniy shasan ke lie bani ek samiti ki bhi charcha ki gee hai. us samay yah nagar 9 mil lanba tatha dedh mil chau da evan chartubhujakar tha. chandragupt ke bhavy rajaprasad ka ullekh bhi megesthanij ne kiya hai jisaki sthiti da॰ spoonar ke anusar vartaman kumharar ke nikat rahi hogi. yah chaurasi stanbho par adhrit tha. is samay nagar ke chaturdiank lak di ka parakota tatha jal se bhari huee gahari khaee bhi thi. ashok ne pataliputr mean bauddh dharm ki shikshaoan ka prachar karane ke lie do prastar-stanbh prasthapit kie the. inamean se ek stanbh utkhanan mean mila bhi hai. ashok ke shasanakal ke 18vean varsh mean kukkutaram namak udyan mean mogaliputr tissa (tishy) ke sabhapatitv mean dvitiy bauddh dharm-sangiti (mahasammelan) huee thi.
jain anushruti mean bhi kaha gaya hai ki pataliputr mean hi jain dharm ki pratham parishad ka satr sanpann hua tha. isamean jain dharm ke agamoan ko sangrihit karane ka kary kiya gaya tha. is parishad ke sabhapati sthoorabhadr the. inaka samay chauthi shati ee॰poo0 mean mana jata hai. mauryakal mean pataliputr se hi sanpoorn bharat (gaandhar sahit) ka shasan sanchalit hota tha. isaka praman ashok ke bharat bhar mean pae jane vale shilalekh haian. giranar ke rudradaman-abhilekh se bhi jnat hota hai ki mauryakal mean magadh se saik doan mil door saurashtr-pradesh mean bhi pataliputr ka shasan chalata tha.
mauryoan ke pashchat shuangoan ki rajadhani bhi pataliputr mean hi rahi. is samay yoonani meneandar ne saket aur pataliputr tak pahuanchakar desh ko akraant kar dala kiantu shighr hi pushyamitr shuang ne ise parast karake in donoan nagaroan mean bhali prakar shasan sthapit kiya. guptakal ke pratham charan mean bhi gupt samrajy ki rajadhani pataliputr mean hi sthit thi. kee abhilekhoan se yah bhi jan p data hai ki chandragupt dvitiy vikramadity ne, jo bhagavat dharm ka mahan poshak tha apane samrajy ki rajadhani ayodhya mean banaee thi. chini yatri fahyan ne jo is samay pataliputr aya tha, is nagar ke aishvary ka varnan karate hue likha hai ki yahaan ke bhavan tatha rajaprasad itane bhavy evan vishal the ki shilp ki drishti se unhean atimanaviy hathoan ka banaya hua samajha jata tha.
is samay ke (guptakalin) pataliputr ki shobha ka varnan sanskrit kavi vararoochi ne is prakar kiya hai-
'sarvavitabhayai: prakrishtavadanairnityotsavavyapritai: shrimadratnavibhooshanaannagarachanai: straggandhavastrojjvalai:,
kidasaukhyaparayanairvirachit prakhyatanama gunairbhoomi: pataliputracharootilaka svargayate saanpratamh.
gupt kal mean pataliputr ka mahatv gupt samrajy ki avanati ke sath-sath kam ho chala. tatkalin mudraoan ke adhyayan se jnat hota hai ki gupt samrajy ke tamr-sikkoan ki takasal samudragupt aur chandragupt dvitiy ke samay mean hi ayodhya mean sthapit ho gee thi.
chhathi shati ee॰ mean hoonoan ke akraman ke karan pataliputr ki samriddhi ko bahut dhakka pahuancha aur usaka raha-saha gaurav bhi jata raha. 630-645 ee॰ mean bharat ki yatra karane vale chini paryatak yuvanachvaang ne 638 ee॰ mean pataliputr mean saiank doan khandahar dekhe the aur ganga ke pas divar se ghire hue is nagar mean usane keval ek sahastr manushyoan ki abadi hi paee. yuvanachvaang ne likha hai ki purani basti ko chho dakar ek nee basti basaee gee thi. maharaj harsh ne pataliputr mean apani rajadhani n banakar kanyakubj ko yah gaurav pradan kiya. 811 ee॰ ke lagabhag bangal ke pal-naresh dharmapal dvitiy ne kuchh samay ke lie pataliputr mean apani rajadhani banaee. isake pashchat saik doan varsh tak yah prachin prasiddh nagar vismriti ke gart mean p da raha. 1541 ee॰ mean sherashah ne pataliputr ko pun: ek bar basaya kyoanki bihar ka nivasi hone ke karan vah is nagar ki sthiti ke mahatv ko bhalibhanti samajhata tha. ab yah nagar patana kahalane laga aur dhire-dhire bihar ka sabase b da nagar ban gaya. sherashah se pahale bihar praant ki rajadhani bihar namak sthan mean thi jo pal-nareshoan ke samay mean uddandapur nam se prasiddh tha. sherashah ke pashchat mugal-kal mean patana hi sthayi roop se bihar praant ki rajadhani rahi. british kal mean 1892 mean patana ko bihar-u disa ke sanyukt soobe ki rajadhani banaya gaya.
patana mean baankipur tatha kumharar ke sthan par utkhanan dvara anek prachin avashesh prakash mean ae hai. chandragupt maury ke samay ke rajaprasad tatha nagar ke kashth nirmit parakote ke chinh bhi da॰ spoonar ko 1912 mean mile the. inamean se kir sanrachanaean kashth ke stanbhoan par adhrit maloom hoti thi. vastav mean mauryakalin nagar kumharar ke sthan par hi basa tha. ashokakalin stambh ke khandit avashesh bhi khudaee mean prapt hue the. bauddh granthoan mean varnit kukkuta ram (jahaan ashok ke samay pratham bauddh sangiti huee thi) ke atirikt yahaan kee any bauddhakalin sthan bhi utkhanan ke parinamasvaroop prakash mean ae haian. oogamasar ke nikat panchapaha di par kuchh prachin khadanhar haian jinamean ashok ke putr maheandr ke nivas-sthan ka soochak ek tila bataya jata hai jise bauddh aj bhi pavitr manate haian. yahaan prachin sarovaroan mean se ramasar (ramakatora) aur shyamasar (seve) aur mangalasar aj bhi sthit haian. gautam-gotriy jainachary sthoolabhadr (kuchh vidvanoan ke mat mean ye bauddh the) ke stoop ke pas ki bhoomi kuchh ubhari huee hai jise sthaniy log kamaladah kahate haian. janashruti hai ki maithilakokil vidyapati ko is t dag (sarovar) ke kamal bahut priy the. shri ka0 pr0 jayasaval-sanstha dvara 1953 ki khudaee mean maury prasad ke dakshin ki or arogyavihar mila hai, jisaka nam yahaan se prapt mudraoan par hai. in par dhanvantari shabd bhi aankit hai. jan p data hai ki yahaan rogiyoan ki paricharya hoti thi.
kumharar ke hal ke utkhanan se jnat hota hai ki prachin pataliputr do bar nasht hua tha. parinibban sutt mean ullekh hai ki buddh ki bhavishyavani ke anusar yah nagar keval badh, agni ya parasparik phoot se hi nasht ho sakata tha. 1953 ki khudaee se yah pramanit hota hai ki maury samratoan ka prasad agnikaand se nasht hua tha. sherashah ke shasanakal ki bani huee shaharapanah ke dhvans patana se prapt hue haian. chauk thana ke pas madarasa masjid hai jo shayad 1626 ee॰ mean bani thi. isi ke nikat chahal satoon namak bhavan tha jisamean chalis stanbh the. isi bhavan mean pharookhasiyar aur shahalam ko astonmukh mugalasamrajy ki gaddi par bithaya gaya tha. bangal ke navab sirajuddaula ke pita hayatajang ki samadhi begamapur mean hai. prachin masjidoan mean sherashah ki masjid aur aanbar masjid haian. sikhoan ke dasavean gurugoviand sianh ka janm patana mean hua tha. unaki smriti mean ek gurudvara bana hua hai.
vayupuran mean pataliputr ko kusumapur kaha gaya hai. kusum patal ya dhak ka hi paryay hai. kalidas ne is nagari ko pushpapur likha hai.