भारत का इतिहास पाषाण काल

samast itihas ko tin kaloan mean vibhajit kiya ja ekata hai-

1. prakhitihas ya pragaitihasik kal(Prehistoric Age),
2. ady aitihasik kal(Proto-historic Age)
3. aitihasik kal(Historic Age)

prakh itihas ya pragaitihasik kal

is kal mean manushy ne ghatanaoan ka koee likhit vivaran nahian rakha. is kal mean vishay mean jo bhi janakari milati hai vah pashan ke upakaranoan, mitti ke bartanoan, khilaune adi se prapt hoti hai.

ady aitihasik kal

is kal mean lekhan kala ke prachalan ke bad bhi upalabdh lekh padhe nahian ja ekate haian.

aitihasik kal

manav vikas ke us kal ko itihas kaha jata hai, jisake lie likhit vivaran upalabdh hai. manushy ki kahani aj se lagabhag das lakh varsh poorv prarambh hoti hai, par ‘jnani manav‘ homo saipiyans(Homo apiens) ka pravesh is dharati par aj se karib tis ya chalis hajar varsh pahale hi hua.

pashan kal

yah kal manushy ki sabhyata ka prarambhik kal mana jata hai. is kal ko tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya ja sakata hai. -

1. pura pashan kal(Paleolithic Age),
2. madhy pashan kal(Mesolithic Age) evan
3. nav pashan kal athava uttar pashan kal(Neolithic Age)

purapashan kal

yoonani bhasha mean Palaios prachin evan Lithos pashan ke arth mean prayukt hota tha. inhi shabdoan ke adhar par ‘pashanakal‘ shabd bana . yah kal akhetak evan khady-sangrahan kal ke roop mean bhi jana jata hai. abhi tak bharat mean pura pashanakalin manushy ke avashesh kahian se bhi nahian mil paye haian, jo kuchh bhi avashesh ke rup mean mila hai, vah hai us samay prayog mean laye jane vale patthar ke upakaran. prapt upakaranoan ke adhar par yah anuman lagaya ja raha hai ki ye lagabhag 2,50,000 ee.poo. ke hoange. abhi hal mean maharashtr ke 'bori' namak sthan khudaee mean mile avasheshoan se aisa anuman lagaya ja raha hai ki is prithvi par manushy ki upasthiti lagabhag 14 lakh varsh purani hai. gol pattharoan se banaye gaye prastar upakaran mukhy roop se sohan nadi ghati mean milate haian. si-11 samany pattharoan ke kor tatha phleks pranali dvara banaye gaye aujar mukhy roop se madras, vartaman chennee mean paye gaye haian. in donoan pranaliyoan se nirmit prastar ke aujar siangarauli ghati, mirjapur eanvan belan ghati, ilahabad mean mile haian. madhy pradesh ke bhopal nagar ke pas bhim betaka mean mili parvat guphayean evan shailashrriy bhi mahatvapoorn haian. is samay ke manushyoan ka jivan poornaroop se shikar par nirbhar tha. ve agni ke prayog se anabhijn the. sambhavatah is samay ke manushy nigreto(Negreto) jati ke the. bharat mean purapashan yug ko aujar-praudyogiki ke adhar par tin avasthaoan mean baanta ja ekata haian. yah avasthaean haian-

purapashan kalin sanskritiyaan

kal	avasthaean
1- nimn purapashan kal	hastakuthar (haiand aiks) aur vidarani (klivar) udyog
2- madhy purapashan kal	shalk (phleks) se bane aujar
3- uchch purapashan kal	shalkoan aur phalakoan (bled) par bane aujar

• poorv purapashan kal ke mahatpoorn sthal haian -

poorv purapashan kal ke mahatpoorn sthal

sthal	kshetr
1- pahalagam	kashmir
2- venalaghati	ilahabad zile mean, uttar pradesh
3- bhimavetaka aur adamagadh	hoshangabad zile mean madhy pradesh
4- 16 ar aur siangi talab	nagaur zile mean, rajasthan
5- nevasa	ahamadanagar zile mean maharashtr
6- huansagi	gulavarga zile mean karnatak
7- attiramapakkam	tamilanadu

• madhy purapashan yug ke mahatpoorn sthal haian -

1. bhimavetaka,
2. nevasa,
3. pushkar,
4. oopari siandh ki rohiri paha diyaan
5. narmada ke kinare sthit samanapur.

• purapashan kal mean prayukt hone vale prastar upakaranoan ke akar evan jalavayu mean hone vale parivartan ke adhar par is kal ko ham tin vargo mean vibhajit kar sakate haian.-

1. nimn pura pashan kal (2,50,000-1,00,000 ee.poo.),
2. madhy purapashan kal (1,00,000- 40,000 ee.poo.),
3. uchch purapashan kal (40,000- 10,000 ee.poo.).

madhy pashan kal

is kal mean prayukt hone vale upakaran akar mean bahut chhote hote the, jinhe ‘maikrolith‘ (laghu pashanopakaran) kahate the. purapashan kal me prayukt hone vale kachche padarth kvartajait ke sthan par madhy pashan kal mean jespar, eget, chart, chalasidani jaise padarth prayukt kiye gaye. is samay ke prastar upakaran rajasthan, malava, gujarat, pashchimi bangal, u disa, aandhr pradesh evan maisoor me paye gaye haian. abhi hal mean hi kuchh avashesh mirjapur ke siangarauli, baanda evan vindhy kshetr se bhi prapt hue haian. madhy pashanakalin manav asthi-panjar ke kuchh avashesh pratapagadh, uttar pradesh ke saray nahararay tatha mahadaha namak sthan se prapt hue haian. madhy pashanakalin jivan bhi shikar par adhik nirbhar tha. is samay tak log pashuoan mean gay, bail, bhe d, gho de evan bhaiansoan ka shikar karane lage the.

madhy pashan kal ke antim charan mean kuchh sakshyoan ke adhar par pratit hota hai ki log krishi evan pashupalan ki or akarshit ho rahe the is samay mili samadhiyoan se spasht hota hai ki log antyeshti kriya se parichit the. manav asthipanjar ke sath kahian-kahian par kutte ke asthipanjar bhi mile hai jinase pratit hota hai ki ye log manushy ke prachin sahachar the.

bagor aur adamagadh mean chhathi shatabdi ee.poo. ke as-pas madhy pashan yugin logoan dvara bhe de, bankariyaan rakh jane ka sakshy milata hai. madhy pashan yugin sanskriti ke mahatvapoorn sthal haian -

madhy pashan yugin sanskriti ke mahatvapoorn sthal

sthal	kshetr
1- vagora	rajasthan
2- landhanaj	gujarat
3- sarayanahararay, chopani, mardo, mahadaha v damadama	uttar pradesh
4- bhimavetaka, adamagadh	madhy pradesh

nav pashan athava uttar pashan kal

sadharanataya is kal ki sima 3500 ee.poo. se 1000 ee.poo. ke bich mani jati hai. yoonani bhasha ka Neo shabd navin ke arth mean prayukt hota hai. isalie is kal ko ‘navapashan kal‘ bhi kaha jata hai. is kal ki sabhyata bharat ke vishal kshetr mean phaili huee thi. sarvapratham 1860 ee. mean 'li mesuriyar'(Le Mesurier) ne is kal ka pratham prastar upakaran uttar pradesh ki toans nadi ki ghati se prapt kiya. isake bad 1872 ee. mean 'nibaliyan phrejar' ne karnatak ke ‘belari‘ kshetr ko dakshin bharat ke uttar-pashan kalin sabhyata ka mukhy sthal ghoshit kiya. isake atirikt is sabhyata ke mukhy kendr bindu haian - kashmir, sindhu pradesh, bihar, jharakhand, bangal, uttar pradesh, aandhr pradesh, chhattisagadh, asam adi.

is samay prapt prastar aujar gahare trep(Dark Traprock) ke bane the jin par ek vishesh prakar ki p aaulish lagi hoti thi. nav pashan kal mean chaval ki kheti ka prachinatam sakshy ilahabad ke najadik ‘koldihava‘ namak sthan se milata hai, jisaka samay 7000-6000 ee.poo. mana jata hai. dhan ke atirikt mahag da mean bhi kheti ka sakshy milata hai. mahag da mean ek pashuva da bhi mila hai. is samay tak pashanakalin sabhyata kaphi vikasit ho gayi thi. ab manushy akhetak, pashupalak se age nikal kar khady padarthoan ka utpadak evan upabhokta bhi ban gaya. ab vah khanabadosh vale jivan ko tyag kar sthayitvapoorn jivan ki or akarshit hone laga. use bartan banane ki takanik ka bhi jnan ho gaya tha. sambhavatah vastroan ki jagah janavaroan ki khaloan ka prayog karate the. nav pashan kal ki prapt kuchh parvat kandaraoan aur bartanoan se chitrakari ka abhas hota hai.

krishi karm ka prarambh to nav pashan kal mean avashy hua par sarvapratham kis sthan par krishi karm prarambh hua yah vivad ka vishay hai. 1977 se chal rahi khudaee mean ab tak prapt sakshyoan se aisa anuman lagaya jata hai ki siandh aur baloochistan ki sima par sthit 'kachchhi maidan' mean 'bolan nadi' ke kinare 'meharagadh' namak sthan par krishi karm ka prarambh hua. is sabhyata ke log agni ka prayog prarambh kar diye the. 'kumbhakari' sarvapratham isi kal mean drishtigochar hoti hai. nav pashanakalin mahatvapoorn sthal haian -

nav pashanakalin mahatvapoorn sthal

sthal	kshetr
1- guphakaral aur burjahom	kashmir
2- mahag da, chopani maandoan aur koldihava	uttar pradesh ki velan ghati
3- chiraand	bihar

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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