मुहम्मद

quran ne kahian bhi hazarat muhammad (sall॰) ko ‘islam dharm ka pravartak’ nahian kaha hai. quran mean hazarat muhammad (sall॰) ka parichay nabi (eeshvariy jnan ki khabar dene vala), rasool (manavajati ki or bheja gaya), rahamatulh-lil-alamin (sare sansaroan ke lie rahamat v sakshath anukanpa, daya), hadi (satyapath-pradarshak) adi shabdoan se karaya hai. svayan paigambar muhammad (sall॰) ne islam dharm ke ‘pravartak’ hone ka n dava kiya, n is roop mean apana parichay karaya. ap (sall॰) ke ek kathan ke anusar ‘islam ke bhavy bhavan mean ek eeant ki kami rah gee thi, mere (eeshadootatv) dvara vah kami poori ho gee aur islam apane antim roop mean sampoorn ho gaya’ (apake kathan ka bhavarth.) isase siddh hua ki ap (sall॰) islam dharm ke pravartak nahian haian. (isaka pravartak svayan allah hai, n ki koee bhi paigambar, rasool, nabi adi). aur ap (sall॰) ne usi islam ka ahvan kiya jisaka, itihas ke har charan mean doosare rasooloan ne kiya tha. is prakar islam ka itihas utana hi prachin hai jitana manavajati aur usake bich niyukt hone vale asankhy rasooloan ke silasile (shrriankhala) ka itihas.

jivan parichay

janm ke poorv hi pita ki aur paanch varsh ki ayu mean mata ki mrityu ho jane ke phalasvaroop unaka palan-poshan unake dada mutallib aur chacha aboo talib ne kiya tha. 25 varsh ki ayu mean unhoanne khadija namak ek vidhava se vivah kiya. mohammad sahab ke janm ke samay arabavasi atyant pichhadi, qabilaee aur charavahoan ki zindagi bita rahe the. atah muhammad sahab ne un qabiloan ko sangathit karake ek svatantr rashtr banane ka prayas kiya. 15 varsh tak vyapar mean lage rahane ke pashchat ve karobar chho dakar chintan-manan mean lin ho gaye. makka ke samip hira ki choti par kee din tak chintanashil rahane ke uparant unhean devadoot jibaril ka sandesh prapt hua ki ve jakar quran sharif ke roop mean prapt eeshvariy sandesh ka prachar karean. tatpashchat unhoanne islam dharm ka prachar shuroo kiya. unhoanne moorti pooja ka virodh kiya, jisase makka ka purohit varg bh dak utha aur antatah muhammad sahab ne 16 julaee 622 ko makka chho dakar vahaan se 300 kimi. uttar ki or yasarib (madina) ki or kooch kar diya. unaki yah yatra islam mean 'hijarat' kahalati hai. isi din se 'hijari sanvat' ka prarambh mana jata hai. kalantar mean 630 ee0 mean apane lagabhag 10 hazar anuyayiyoan ke sath muhammad sahab ne makka par chadhaee karake use jit liya aur vahaan islam ko lokapriy banaya. do varsh pashchat 632 ee. ko unaka nidhan ho gaya.

janm

islam dharm ke pravartak hazarat muhammad sahab the, jinaka janm 570 ee. ko sudi arab ke makka namak sthan mean kuraish qabile ke abdulla namak vyapari ke ghar hua tha. aise andhakar ke samay arab ke pradhan nagar bakka (makka) mean abdulmatallab ke putr ki bharya ‘amana’ ke garbh se svanamadhany mahatma muhammad 617 vikram sanvat mean utpann hue. inaka vansh ‘hasin’ vansh ke nam se prasiddh tha. jab abhi yah garbh hi mean the ki inake pita svargavasi hue. mata aur pitamah ka balak par asadharan sneh tha. ek sthan se doosare sthan par ghoomane vale baddoo logoan ki striyoan ko palane ke lie apane bachchoan ko de dena makka ke nagarikoan ki pratha thi. ek samay ‘sad’ vansh ki ek baddoo stri ‘halima’ makka mean aee. unako koee aur bachcha nahian mila tha jisase jab dhanahin ‘amana’ ne apane putr ko saupane ko kaha, to usane yah samajh kar svikar kar liya ki khali hath jane se jo hi kuchh palle p d jay, vahi achchha. halima ne ek mas ke shishu muhammad ko lekar apane dere ko prasthan kiya. is prakar balak muhammad 4 varsh tak baddoo-grih mean palata raha. pichhe vah phir apani snehamayi mata ki god mean aya. ek samay sati ‘amana’ ne kutumbiyoan se bheant karane ke lie balak muhammad ke sath apane mayake ‘madina’ ko prasthan kiya.

mauhatarama amana ka svargarohan

madina se lautane par marg mean ‘avba’ namak sthan par pitrichhaya-vihin balak muhammad ko amritatuly matri-karasparsh se bhi vanchit kar devi ‘amana’ ne svargarohan kiya. bahoo aur putr ke viyog se khinn pitamah ‘abdulmatallab’ ne vatsalyapoorn hriday se pautr ke palan-poshan ka bhar apane oopar liya, kintu bhagy ko yah bhi svikrit nahian tha aur muhammad ko 8 varsh ka chho dakar vah bhi kal ke gal mean chale gaye. marate samay unhoanne apane putr ‘abootalib’ ko boola kar karun svar mean adesh diya ki matri-pitri-vihin vats muhammas ko putr saman janana.

mahatma muhammad ne ‘abootalib’ ko premapoorn abhibhavakata mean kabhi van mean ooant-bakari charate tatha kabhi sathiyoan ke sath khelate-koodate apane l dakapan ko sanand bitaya. jab vah 12 varsh ke the aur unake chacha vyapar ke lie bahar jane vale the, tab unhoanne sath chalane ke lie bahut agrah kiya. chacha ne marg ke kasht ka khyal kar ise svikar n kiya. jab chacha ooant lekar ghar se nikalane lagean, to bhatije ne ooant ki nakel pak d kar rote hue kaha- “chachaji, n mere pita haian, n maan. mujhe akele chho d kar kahaan jate ho. mujhe bhi sath le chalo.“ is bat se abootalib ka chitt itana dravit hua ki vah asvikar n kar sake aur sath hi muhammas ko bhi lekar ‘sham’ ki or prasthit hue. isi yatra mean balak ne svrishth-tapodhan ‘bahera’ ka pratham darshan paya.

vivah

jan-pravad hai ki ashadharan pratibhashali mahatma muhammad ajivan akshar-jnan se rahit rahe. vyavahar-chaturata, eemanadari adi anek sadgunoan ke karan kuraish-vansh ki ek samriddhishalini stri ‘khadija’ ne apana gumashta banakar 25 varsh ki avastha mean navayuvak muhammad se ‘sham’ jane ke lie kaha. unhoanne ise svikar kar b di yogyatapoorvak apane kartavy ka nirvah kiya. isake kuchh dinoan bad ‘khadija’ ne unake sath byah karane ki ichchha prakat ki. yadyapi ‘khadija’ ki avastha 40 varsh ki thi ; usake do pati pahale bhi mar chuke the ; kintu usake anek sadgunoan ke karan mahatma muhammad ne is prarthana ko svikar kar liya.

tatkalin moortiyaan

‘hubl’, ‘lath’, ‘manath’ ‘ujj’ adi bhinn-bhinn anek dev-pratimaean us samay arab ke pratyek kabil mean logoan ki isht thian. bahut purane samay mean vahaan moortipooja n thi. ‘amaroo’ namak kaba ke ek pradhan pujari ne ‘sham’ desh mean suna ki isaki aradhana se dushkal se raksha aur shatru par vijay prapt hoti hai. usi ne pahale-pahal ‘sham’ se lakar kuchh moortiyaan kaba ke mandir mean sthapit kian. dekhadekhi isaka prachar itana badha ki sara desh moortipooja mean nimagn ho gaya. akele ‘kaba’ mandir mean 360 devamoortiyaan thian, jinamean hubl-jo chhat par sthapit tha - kuresh - vanshiyoan ka isht tha. ‘jay hubl’ unaka jatiy ghosh tha. log manate the ki ye moortiyaan eeshvar ko prapt karati haian, isilie ve unhean poojate the. arabi mean ‘ilah’ shabd devata aur unaki moortiyoan ke lie prayukt hote hai; kintu ‘alah’ shabd ‘islam’ kal se pahale us samay bhi ek hi eeshvar ke lie prayukt hota tha.

shrimati ‘khadija’ aur unake bhaee ‘naufal’ moortipooja - virodhi yahoodi dharm ke anuyayi the. unake aur apani yatraoan mean anek shisht mahatmaoan ke satsang evan logoan ke pakhand ne unhean moortipooja se vimukh bana diya. vah eesaee bhikshuoan ki bhaanti bahudha ‘hira’ ki gupha mean ekant-sevan aur eeshvar - pranidhan ke lie jaya karate the. ‘ika bi-ismi rabbik’ (padh apane prabhu ke nam ke sath) yah pratham quran vaky pahale vahian par devadoot ‘jibrail’ dvara mahatma muhammad ke hriday mean utara gaya. us samay devadoot ke bhayankar sharir ko dekhakar kshan bhar ke lie vah moorchchhit ho gaye the. jab unhoanne is vrittant ko shrimati ‘khadija’ aur ‘naufal’ ko sunaya to unhoanne kaha- avashy vah devadoot tha jo is bhagavatvaky ko lekar tumhare pas aya tha. is samay mahatma muhammad ki ayu 40 varsh ki thi. yahian se unaki paigambari (bhagavatata) ka samay prasmbh hota hai.

islam ka prachar aur kasht

eeshvar ke divy adesh ko prapt kar unhoanne makka ke dambhik aur samagat yatriyoan ko quran ka upadesh sunana arambh kiya. mela ke khas dinoan (‘ihram’ ke mahinoan) mean door se ayean hue tirth-yatriyoan ke samooh ko chhal-pakhandayukt lokachar aur anek devataoan ki apasana ka khandan karake, vah ek eeshvar (allah) ki upasana aur shuddh tatha saral dharm ke anushthan ka upadesh karate the. ‘quraishi’ log apane isht, achar aur amadani ki is prakar ninda aur us par is prakar ka kutharaghat dekhakar bhi ‘hashim’- parivar ki chirashatruta ke bhay se unhean marane ki himman n kar sakate the. kintu is navin dharm-anuyayi, das-dasiyoan ko tapt baloo par litate, ko de marate tatha bahut kasht dete the; to bhi dharm ke matavale pranapan se apane dharm ko n chho dane ke lie taiyar the. is amanushik asahy atyachar ko din par din badhate dekh kar ant mean mahatma ne anuyaniyoan ko ‘aphrika’ khand ke ‘habs’ namak rajy mean- jahaan ka raja b da nyayaparayan tha- chale jane ki anumati de di. jaise-jaise musalamanoan ki sankhya badhati jati thi, ‘quraishi’ ka dvesh bhi vaise-vaise badhata jata tha; kintu ‘abootalib’ ke jivan-paryant khulakar upadrav karane ki unaki himmat n hoti thi. jab ‘abootalib’ ka dehant ho gaya to unhoanne khule taur par virodh karane par kamar baandhi.

madina-pravas

ab mahatma muhammad ki avastha 53 varsh ki thi. unaki stri shrimati ‘khadija’ ka dehant ho chuka tha. ek din ‘quraishiyoan’ ne hatya ke abhipray se unake ghar ko charoan or se gher liya, kintu mahatma ko isaka pata pahale se hi mil chuka tha. unhoanne poorv hi vahaan se ‘yasrib’ (madina) nagar ko prasthan kar diya tha. vahaan ke shishy-varg ne ati shraddha se guru sushrusha karane ki prarthana ki thi. pahuanchane par unhoanne mahatma ke bhojan, vasagrih adi ka prabandh kar diya. jab se unaka nivas ‘yasrib’ mean hua, tab se nagar ka nam ‘maditunnabi’ ya nabi ka nagar prakhyat hua. usi ko chhota karake ajakal keval ‘madina’ kahate hai. ‘quran’ mean tis khand haian aur vah 114 ‘sooratoan’ (adhyayoan) mean bhi vibhakt hai. nivas-kram se pratyek soorat ‘makki’ ya ‘madni’ nam se pukari jati hai, arthat makka mean utari ‘sooratean’ ‘makki’ aur madina mean utari ‘madni’ kahi jati hai.

muhammad antim paigambar

"jo koee parameshvar aur usake prerit ki ajna n mane, usako sarvada ke lie narak ki agni hai." mahatma muhammad ke acharan ko adarsh manakar use doosaroan ke lie anukaraniy kaha gaya hai. "tumhare lie prabhu–prerit ka sundar acharan anukaraniy hai." yah kah hi ae haian ki arab ke log us samay ekadam asabhy the. unhean chhote–chhote se lekar b de–b de achar aur sabhyata–sambandhi vyavaharoan ko bhi batalana p data tha. unako guru-shishy, pita-putr, b de-chhote ke sambandh ka bhi vishesh vichar nahian tha. mahatma muhammad ko guru aur prerit svikar karane par unaka yahi mukhy sambandh musalamanoan ke sath hai, n ki bhaeebandi, chacha-bhatija vala pahala sambandh; yatha- "muhammad tum purushoan mean se kisi ka bap nahian, vah prabhu-prerit aur sab preritoan par muhar (antim) hai." 'musalamanoan ka us (muhammad) ke sath pran se bhi adhik sambandh hai aur usaki striyaan tumhari (musalamanoan) ki mataean haian.'

mahatma muhammad aur unake sambandhi

quran mean anek vaky mahatma muhammad ke parivar, islam dharm mean unaki sthiti adi ke sambandh mean bhi kahe ge haian. apane dharm pravarttakoan ko allah ya usaka avatar bana dalana dharmanuyayiyoan ka svabhav hai. isilie quran mean "(muhammad) prerit ke atirikt kuchh nahian" vaky bar–bar duharaya gaya hai. mahatma muhammad ke prabhu–prerit hone ke vishay mean nimnalikhit quran ke udagar haian— "jisake pas 'taurat' aur 'ianjil' mean se uddharan hai, jisaka upadesh puny karm ke lie hai aur nishedh pap karm ke lie. jo pavitr (vastu) ko bhakshy (halal) aur apavitr ko abhakshy (haram) karata hai. jo un (dharmanuyayiyoan) se unake oopar bhar aur phandoan ko alag karata hai, us nirakshar prerit rrishi ke jo anuyayi, vishvasi tatha sahayak haian, aur usake sath utare prakash (quran) ka anusaran karate haian, vahi puny ke bhagi haian." (7:19:6)

mahatma ka samman

"maian muhammad tumhare sab ke pas us allah ka bheja hua (prerit) hooan, jisaka shasan prithvi aur akash donoan mean hai."

"kah, maian naya prerit nahian hooan...jo kuchh allah mere pas bhejata hai, maian usi ka anusaran karata hooan. mangal aur amangal ka sunane vala chho d maian kuchh nahian hooan."

islam mean yadyapi mahatma muhammad allah ke avatar nahian mane ge, kintu isaka yah arth nahian hai ki unaki pratishtha aur samman kam hai. kaha hai—

"tere (muhammad ke) sath–sath hath milane vale allah ke sath hath milate haian. (muhammad ka hath nahian) allah ka hath unake hathoan mean haian."

mrityu

madina mean abhi vah adhik din tak shantipoorvak vishram n kar sake the ki vahaan bhi quraish unhean kasht pahuanchane lage. ant mean atmaraksha ka koee any upay n dekh quraish aur unaki kumantrana mean p de hue ‘madina’- nivasi yahoodiyoan ke sath unhean anek yuddh karane p de, jinaki samapti ‘makka-vijay’ aur ‘kaba’ ko moortirahit karane ke sath huee. janm –nagari ke vijay karane par bhi madina-nivasiyoan ke snehapash mean baddh ho mahatma ne apane shesh jivan ko madina mean hi vyatit kiya. unake jivan mean hi sara arab ek rashtr aur ek dharm ke sootr mean abaddh ho islam-dharm mean pravisht ho gaya. 63 varsh ki avastha mean is prakar mahatma muhammad apane mahanh jivanoddeshy ko poorn kar shishy janoan ko apane viyog se duahkhasagar mean magn karate mrityu ko prapt hue. ‘quran’ ke bhav samajhane mean pad-pad par us samay ki paristhiti aur ghatana apekshit hai. use spasht karane ke lie tatkalin aur prachin arab ki dasha ke sath mahatma ki sankshipt jivani bhi avashyak hai, jaisa ki agale prishthoan se pata lagega. isalie yahaan isake vishay se kuchh karana p da. 40vean varsh mean ‘ikra bi ismi rabbik’ se lekar marane ke 17 din (kisi-kisi ke mat se 12 din) poorv ‘rabbikalh akram’ (prabhu too ati mahanh hai) das vaky ke utarane tak, jo kuchh divyopadesh mahatma muhammad dvara pracharit hua, usi ka sangrah quran ke nam se prasiddh, musalamani dharm ka svatah praman granth hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh