मक्का

thumb|250px|makka ki fasal makka, 'gramini' kul ki lanbi ugane vali ekavarshi ghas hai. isaki j dean tantuvat prakar ki hoti haian. tana mota, gol tatha jatiyoan ke anusar 4 se 10 fut tak lanba hota hai. paudhe mean shakhaean nahian hotian. tane mean parvasandhi moti evan parv thos hote haian. pattiyaan lanbi, rekhiy tatha chau di hoti haian. yah ekaliang pushpi paudha hai, jisake nar-mada pushp ek hi paudhe ke vibhinn bhagoan par hote haian. nar pushp sire par ek guchchhe mean hote haian, jinhean 'jhabba' kahate haian. tane ke ek or se pattiyoan ke kaksh se baliyaan ya bhutte nikalate haian, jo ek se char tak prati paudhe mean ho sakate haian. in baliyoan mean mada koshikaean paee jati haian, jinhean 'rajakan' kahate haian. ye ek lanbi kukshinal dvara ju di hoti haian. yah vayu dvara nishechit paudha hai. makke ki kheti uttari amarika mean sab deshoan se adhik hoti hai. vahaan lagabhag ath karo d ek d bhoomi mean ath karo d tan makka paida hoti hai, jabaki bharat ke 87,62,000 ek d mean 30,64,000 tan hi makka paida hoti hai.

bhaugolik visheshataean

bharat mean apekshakrit shushk bhagoan mean makka ka upayog pramukh khadyann ke roop mean kiya jata hai. isake lie lamba garmi ka mausam, khula, akash tatha achchhi varsha avashyak hoti hai. 250 sean. se 300 sean. tapaman aur 50 semi. se 80 semi. tak varsha vale kshetr tatha naitrojan yukt gahari domat mitti mean isaki achchhi krishi ki jati hai.

utpadak kshetr

aitihasik sakshyoan se pata chalata hai ki aj se das hazar varshoan poorv sarvapratham, maiksiko mean bharatiyoan dvara hi isaki upaj paida ki gee thi. bharat mean gehooan ke bad makke ka utpadan sarvadhik hota hai. makka bharat ke arddh athava sianchit bhagoan ka mukhy khadyann hai. arddh-shushk v asianchit bhagoan mean yah varsha kal mean hi paida kiya ja sakata hai. ise kee fasaloan ke sath milakar boya jata haian. vishv ka keval 1.5 pratishat makka bharat mean paida hota hai. yah desh ke kul krishi kshetr ke 4 pratishat bhag par ugaya jata hai. amerika makka ka sarvadhik niryat karane vala desh hai. makka ka dana gol, chapata, tashtari ki bhaanti tatha kee rang ka, jaise pila, lal, narangi, baiangani tatha makkhan sadrish safed hota hai. bharat mean varsha ke praranbh hone ke sath sath khariph mean adhikatar 'sphat makka' boya jata hai. makka adhikatar ushn katibandh ke pradeshoan mean hi boya jata hai, parantu shit katibandh mean bhi ugane vali jatiyaan hoti haian. makka ke liye adhik upajaoo, bhali prakar jalotsarit tatha halki domat bhoomi ki avashyakata hoti hai. makka ki niraee tatha gu daee ati avashyak haian. isaki ropaee nahian ki ja sakati. paudhoan tatha panktiyoan ki doori vibhinn jatiyoan par nirbhar hai.

bharat mean utpadak rajy

thumb|250px|bhutte bharat mean makka mukhyatah uttar bharat mean paida kiya jata hai. oopari ganga ki ghati, uttar poorvi panjab, dakshin-pashchim kashmir, dakshin rajasthan mean yah ugaya jata hai. makka utpadak mukhy rajy andhr pradesh, bihar, gujarat, madhy pradesh, panjab, hariyana, rajasthan, jammoo kashmir, uttar pradesh arai himachal pradesh haian. yahaan makka kul kshetraphal ka 95 pratishat paya jata haian. shesh makka u disa aur pashchim bangal me paida hota hai. vibhinn rajyoan mean makka ka utpadan is prakar hai-

1. uttar pradesh - bulandashahar, merath, farrookhabad, baharaich, goanda, jaunapur, kanapur, gajiyabad, eta aur mainapuri, uttar pradesh ke pramukh zile haian, jahaan makka paida hota hai.
2. panjab - panjab mean ludhiyana, jalandhar, sangaroor, hoshiyarapur, amritasar, rop d, firojapur, aur patiyala zile makka ke pramukh utpadak zile haian.
3. bihar - bihar ke muanger, mujaphpharapur zila, bhagalapur, darabhanga, saran, champaran aur palamoo ziloan mean makka ugaya jata hai.
4. rajasthan - udayapur, dooangarapur, baansava da, bhilava da, rajasamand, bharatapur, dhaulapur aur chittau dagadh, rajasthan ke khas zile haian, jinamean makka ki kheti ki jati hai.
5. madhy pradesh - madhy pradesh ke ujjain, mandasaur, chhiandava da, dhar, guna, rajagadh, ratalam aur indaur zile makka utpadan ke mahattvapoorn kendr haian.
6. andhr pradesh - vishakhapattanam, varangal, karimanagar, adilabad tatha poorvi aur pashchimi-poorvi godavari aur khambh ziloan mean bhi makka boya jata hai.
7. jammoo kashmir - oodhamapur, jammoo aur kathua zile tatha himachal pradesh mean mandi aur mahasoo zile makka utpadan mean pramukh haian.
8. telangana - nizamabad

desh mean varsh 2008-2009 mean 82 lakh hektear mean makka boya gaya, jisamean kul 193 lakh tan makka ka utpadan hua. desh mean varsh 2007-2008 mean makka ke utpadan mean andhr pradesh ka sthan pratham, karnatak ka doosara sthan tatha rajasthan ka tisara sthan hai. bharat mean isaka upayog visheshatah khane mean kiya jata hai. isase pashu ahar, starch, aur glookoz bhi banaya jata hai. isaka niryat vyapar bahut hi tho da hota hai.

poshak tattv

gariboan ka bhojan makka ab apane paushtik gunoan ke karan amiroan ke mej ki shan badhane laga hai. pahale bharat mean yah keval nimn varg dvara hi khaya jata tha. ab k aaurnaphlaik ke roop mean amiroan ke nashte aur madhyam varg dvara soop, daliya, roti aur n jane kin-kin roopoan mean upayog kiya jane laga hai. protin aur vitaminoan se bharapoor makka jahaan sharir ko oorja pradan karata hai, vahian yah behad supachy bhi hai. isaki khasiyat yah hai ki har roop mean isamean poshak tatv vidyaman rahate haian. kachche aur pake roop mean to yah fayademand hota hi hai. jab isamean vidyaman tel nikal liya jata hai aur yah sookhe roop mean rah jata hai, tab bhi isake avashisht mean vasa ko chho dakar shesh poshak tatv vitamin, protin ityadi vidyaman rahate haian. bachchoan ke sarvaangin vikas mean makke ka prayog sahayak hota hai.

upayog

makka vibhinn roopoan mean prayog mean laya jata hai. sardiyoan mean makke ke ate se roti banaee jati hai. panjab ki makke ki roti aur sarasoan ka sag keval uttar bharatiyoan dvara hi nahian, balki poore bharatavasiyoan dvara shauq se khaya jata hai. b de-b de hotaloan aur restaraan mean yah sardiyoan ki khas dish ban jati hai. makke ke ate mean mooli ya methi gooandhakar banaee gee roti makkhan aur dahi ke sath atyant svadisht lagati hai. makke ke ate se pavaroti, biskut tatha tost bhi banae jate haian. kachche makke ko sukhakar use daradara pisakar daliya banaya jata hai. yah daliya doodh mean pakakar khane se susvadu hone ke sath paushtik bhi hota hai. thumb|250px|left|makka ke dane

vibhinn vastuoan ka nirman

barasat ke mausam mean bhoona hua bhutta chhote-b de sabhi ke man ko bhata hai. log bhutte ke alava p aaupakarn, bhune hue makee ke pakke dane ke bhi divane hote haian, jo sadharan se bh dabhooje se lekar b di-b di kampaniyoan dvara beche jate haian. paka bhutta ubalakar imali ki chatani ke sath khane mean atyant svadisht lagata hai. makke ka garam-garam soop pina har mausam mean svasthyavardhak hota hai aur svit karn soop ka to javab nahian. makka sharbat, murabba mithaiyoan aur banavati makkhan banane mean prayukt hota hai aur isake reshe mitti ke bartan, davaiyaan, rangarogan, kagaz ki chizean aur kap de banane ke kam ate haian. pashuoan ke lie khali ke roop mean bhi yah prayukt hota hai. hriday rog visheshajn makke ke tel ko khady-padarthoan mean prayukt karane ki salah dete haian. ek kism ki sharab aur biyar banane mean bhi isaka prayog kiya jata hai.

audyogik upayog

ajakal makka ka unnatishil bij 'makka varnasankar' bij ke nam se utpann kiya jata hai. ise 'aant:prajat vanshakram' ke sankaran se taiyar kiya jata hai. ye bij bahut adhik paidavar dete haian. makka ka audyogik upayog bhi adhik hai. bahut si vastuean isase banaee jati haian, jaise mand, chasani ya sharabat, ailkoh aaul (spirit), siraka, glookoz, kagaz, reyan, plastik, kritrim rabar, rezin, pavar ailkoh aaul adi.

manav rog nivarak

yah pet ke alsar aur gaistrik alsar ke chhutakara dilane mean sahayak hai, sath hi yah vazan ghatane mean bhi sahayak hota hai. kamazori mean yah behatar oorja pradan karata hai aur bachchoan ke sookhe ke rog mean atyant fayademand hai. yah mootr pranali par niyantran rakhata hai, daant mazaboot rakhata hai, aur karnaphleks ke roop mean lene se hriday rog mean bhi labhadayak hota hai.

bhaugolik dashaean

thumb|250px|bhutte sadharanataya makka ke lie 4 se 6 mahine lambi garmi ka mausam, jisamean pala ya sardi na ho aur din evan rat mean samany roop se garmi rahe, hona avashyak hai. isake atirikt svachchh akash aur upaj kal mean 50 se 80 sentimitar varsha, jo ruk-ruk kar hoti hai, adarsh mani jati hai. 100 sentimitar se adhik varsha makka ki fasal ke lie hanikarak hai. isake lie 25° seantigret se 30° seantigret tapaman upayukt hai, kintu 12° seantigret se 25° seantigret tapaman vale kshetr mean bhi yah paida hota hai. 12° seantigret se kam tatha 35° seantigret se adhik tapaman mean yah bhali-bhaanti nahian ugati. samanyatah 50 se 100 sentimitar varsha vale bhagoan mean achchhi paida ki jati hai. 50 sentimitar ki varsha rekha isaki pashchimi sima aur 80 sentimitar ki varsha rekha poorvi sima nirdharit karati hai. isake lie natrajanayukt gahari domat mitti aur dhaloo bhoomi achchhi rahati hai, jisase jal ka pravah uchit roop se ho sakean.

makka mee se julaee tak boee jati hai aur navambar tak kat li jati hai. ab makka ki anek sudhari huee kismean boee jane lagi haian, jinaka prati hektear utpadan 4,500 se 7,000 ki.gra. hota hai. ye kismean 'ganga 101', 'ganga 3', 'ganga shvet 3', 'ranajit', 'dakkan 103', 'himalay-123', 'haee starch', 'javahar', 'sona', 'vijay basti', 'vikram' aur 'udayapur' chayanit haian. vishesh unnat kism ki shitakalin makka ka bhi vanijyik fasal ke roop mean bhi kahian-kahi utpadan hone laga hai.

kharapatavar niyantran

makke mean rabi ya khariph rritoo ke lagabhag sabhi kharapatavaroan ki samasya ati haian, jinhean samay-samay par niraee-gu daee karake nikalate rahana chahie. niraee gu daee dvara kharapatavar niyantran ke sath hi mrida mean aksijan ka sanchar hota hai , jisase vah door- r tak phailakar bhojy padarthoan ko ekatr kar paudhoan ko deti hai. pahali niraee jamav ke 15 din bad kar deni chahie aur doosari niraee 35-40 din bad karani chahie.

makke mean lagane vale pramukh kit

1. (kalama kit) bhoondali - is kit ki gidarean pattiyoan ko bahut tezi se khati hai aur fasal ko kafi hani pahuanchati haian. isake sharir par roean hote haian.
2. patti lapetak kit - is kit ki suandiyaan patti ke donoan kinaroan ko resham jaise soot se lapetakar andar se kha leti haian.
3. tana chhedak - is kit ki suandiyaan tanoan mean chhed karake andar hi andar khati rahati haian, jisase maratgob banata hai aur hava chalane par tana bich se toot jata hai.
4. tiddha - is kit ke shishu tatha praudh donoan hi pattiyoan ko khate haian aur hani pahuanchate haian.

kit niyantran

• 5 litar deshi gay ka matha lekar usame 15 chane ke barabar hiang pisakar ghol dean. is ghol ko bijoan par dalakar bij bhigo dean tatha 2 ghante tak rakha rahane dean. usake bad bovaee karean. yah ghol 1 ek d ke bij ki bovani ke lie paryapt hai.
• 5 litar deshi gay ke gomootr mean bij bhigokar unaki bovaee karean.isase ogara aur dimak se paudha surakshit rahega.

thumb|250px|left|makka ke khet

• ogara ya dimak se bachav hetu bovaee karane se pahale bijoan ko kerosin se bhi upacharit kar sakate haian.
• 250 mili nim pani ko 25 mili maikro jhaim ke sath prati pamp achchhi tarah milakar tar-batar kar chhidakav karean.
• 500 gram lahasun, 500 gram tikhi chatapati hari mirch lekar barik pisakar 150-200 litar pani mean gholakar fasaloan par chhidakav karean. isase illi jaise ras choosak ki de niyantrit hoange.

pramukh rog

1. pattiyoan ka jhulasa rog - is rog mean pattiyoan par b de lambe athava kuchh aandakar bhoore rang ke dhabbe p d jate haian, jisase rog ke ugr hone par pattiyaan jhulasakar sookh jati haian.
2. tulasita rog - is rog mean pattiyoan par pili dhariyaan p d jati haian, pattiyoan ke niche ki satah par safed ruee ke saman phaphooandi dikhaee deti haian. ye dhabbe bad mean gahare athava lal-bhoore p d jate haian. rogi paudhe mean bhutte kam p date haian ya banate hi nahian haian.
3. tana sadan rog - yah rog adhik varsha vale kshetroan mean lagata hai. isamean tane ki poriyoan par jaliy dhabbe dikhaee dete haian, jo shighr hi s dane lagate haian, aur unase durgandh ati hai. pattiyaan pili p dakar sookh jati haian.

rog se bachav

rog ane par upachar karane se achchha hai ki rog ane hi n diya jae. isalie kisan ko fasal mean 15 din bad nim pani maikro jhaim milakar chhi dakav karate rahana chahie. agar rog a hi gaya hai, to us fasal ko tatkal ukha dakar jala dena chahie, aur tatkal har haphte nim pani aur jhaim ka chhidakav karate rahana chahie. jab tak fasal rogamukt n ho jae. vishamukt, rogamukt aur tandurust bij ki bovaee karana chahie. agar kisan oragenik kheti kar raha hai, to uparokt bimariyaan ane ka avasar hi nahian hota hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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