भारत में हरित क्रान्ति

bharat mean harit kraannti ka prarambh 1966-1967 mean hua. 'harit kranti' ko bharat mean prarambh karane ka samman 'nobel puraskar' vijeta profesar 'naraman boral aaug' ko hai. harit kranti bharatiy krishi mean lagoo ki gee us vikas vidhi ka parinam hai, jo 1960 ke dashak mean paramparik krishi ko adhunik takaniki dvara pratisthapit kie jane ke roop mean samane aee. kyoanki krishi kshetr mean yah takaniki ekaek aee, tezise isaka vikas hua aur tho de hi samay mean isase itane ashcharyajanak parinam nikale ki desh ke yojanakaroan, krishi visheshajnoan tatha rajanitijnoan ne is apratyashit pragati ko hi 'harit kranti' ki sanjna pradan kar di. harit kranti ki sanjna isaliye bhi di gee, kyoanki isake phalasvaroop bharatiy krishi nirvah star se oopar uthakar adhiky star par a chuki thi.

upalabdhiyaan

harit kranti ke phalasvaroop desh ke krishi kshetr mean mahattvapoorn pragati huee. krishi agatoan mean hue gunatmak sudhar ke phalasvaroop desh mean krishi utpadan badha hai. khadyannoan me atmanirbharata aee hai. vyavasayik krishi ko badhava mila hai. krishakoan ke drishtikon mean parivartan hua hai. krishi adhiky mean vriddhi huee hai. harit kranti ke phalasvaroop gehooan, ganna, makka tatha bajara adi fasaloan ke prati hektear utpadan evan kul utpadakata mean kafi vriddhi huee hai. harit kranti ki upalabdhiyoan ko krishi mean takaniki evan sansthagat parivartan evan utpadan mean hue sudhar ke roop mean nimnavat dekha ja sakata hai-

(a) krishi mean takaniki evan sansthagat sudhar

rasayanik urvarakoan ka prayog

navin krishi niti ke parinamasvaroop rasayanik urvarakoan ke upabhog ki matra mean tezise vriddhi huee hai. 1960-1961 mean rasayanik urvarakoan ka upayog prati hektear do kilogram hota tha, jo 2008-2009 mean badhakar 128.6 kigra prati hektear ho gaya hai. isi prakar, 1960-1961 mean desh mean rasayanik khadoan ki kul khapat 2.92 lakh tan thi, jo badhakar 2008-2009 mean 249.09 lakh tan ho gee.

unnatashil bijoan ke prayog mean vriddhi

desh mean adhik upaj dene vale unnatashil bijoan ka prayog badha hai tatha bijoan ki nee nee kismoan ki khoj ki gee hai. abhi tak adhik upaj dene vala karyakram gehooan, dhan, bajara, makka v jvar jaisi fasaloan par lagoo kiya gaya hai, parantu gehooan mean sabase adhik saphalata prapt huee hai. varsh 2008-2009 mean 1,00,000 kviantal prajanak bij tatha 9.69 lakh kviantal adhar bijoan ka utpadan hua tatha 190 lakh pramanit bij vitarit kiye gaye.

sianchaee suvidhaoan ka vikas

nee vikas vidhi ke antargat desh mean sianchaee suvidhaoan ka tezike sath vistar kiya gaya hai. 1951 mean desh mean kul sianchaee kshamata 223 lakh hektear thi, jo badhakar 2008-2009 mean 1,073 lakh hektear ho gee. desh mean varsh 1951 mean kul sanchit kshetr 210 lakh hektear tha, jo badhakar 2008-2009 mean 673 lakh hektear ho gaya.

paudh sanrakshan

navin krishi vikas vidhi ke antargat paudh sanrakshan par bhi dhyan diya ja raha hai. isake antargat kharapatavar evan kitoan ka nash karane ke liye dava chhi dakane ka kary kiya jata hai tatha tiddi dal par niyantran karane ka prayas kiya jata hai. vartaman mean samekit krishi prabandh ke antargat paristhitiki anukool krimi niyantran karyakram lagoo kiya gaya hai.

bahufasali karyakram

bahufasali karyakram ka uddeshy ek hi bhoomi par varsh mean ek se adhik fasal ugakar utpadan ko badhana hai. any shabdoan mean bhoomi ki urvarata shakti ko nasht kiye bina, bhoomi ke ek ikaee kshetr se adhikatam utpadan prapt karana hi bahufasali karyakram kahalata hai. 1966-1967 mean 36 lakh hektear bhoomi mean bahufasali karyakram lagoo kiya gaya. vartaman samay mean bharat ki kul sanchit bhoomi ke 71 pratishat bhag par yah karyakram lagoo hai.

adhunik krishi yantroan ka prayog

nee krishi vikas vidhi evan harit kranti mean adhunik krishi upakaranoan, jaise- traiktar, thresar, harvestar, buladojar tatha dijal evan bijali ke pampasetoan adi ne mahattvapoorn yogadan diya hai. is prakar krishi mean pashuoan tatha manav shakti ka pratisthapan sanchalan shakti dvara kiya gaya hai, jisase krishi kshetr ke upayog evan utpadakata mean vriddhi huee hai.

krishi seva kendroan ki sthapana

krishakoan mean vyavasayik sahas ki kshamata ko vikasit karane ke uddeshy se desh mean krishi seva kendr sthapit karane ki yojana lagoo ki gee hai. is yojana mean pahale vyaktiyoan ko takaniki prashikshan diya jata hai, phir inase seva keandr sthapit karane ko kaha jata hai. isake liye unhean rashtriyakrit baiankoan se sahayata dilaee jati hai. ab tak desh mean kul 1,314 krishi seva kendr sthapit kiye ja chuke haian.

krishi udyog nigam

sarakari niti ke antargat 17 rajyoan mean krishi udyog nigamoan ki sthapana ki gee hai. in nigamoan ka kary krishi upakaranoan v mashinari ki poorti tatha upaj prasanskaran evan bhandaran ko protsahan dena hai. isake liye yah nigam kiraya kray paddhati ke adhar par traiktar, pampaset evan any mashinari ko vitarit karata hai.

vibhinn nigamoan ki sthapana

harit kranti ki pragati mukhyatah adhik upaj dene vali kismoan evan uttam sudhare huye bijoan par nirbhar karati hai. isake liye desh mean 400 krishi pharm sthapit kiye gaye haian. 1963 mean rashtriy bij nigam ki sthapana ki gee hai. 1963 mean rashtriy sahakari vikas nigam ki sthapana ki gee, jisaka mukhy uddeshy krishi upaj ka vipanan, prasanskaran evan bhandaran karana hai. vishv baiank ki sahayata se rashtriy bij pariyojana bhi prarambh ki gee, jisake antargat kee bij nigam banaye gaye haian. bharatiy rashtriy krishi sahakarita vipanan sangh (nephed) ek shirsh vipanan sangathan hai, jo prabandhan, vipanan evan krishi sambandhit chuninda vastuoan ke ayat niryat ka kary karata hai. isake atirikt rashtriy krishi evan gramin vikas baiank ki sthapana krishi vitt ke kary hetu ki gee hai. krishi ke liye khady nigam evan urvarak sakh garanti nigam, gramin vidyutikaran nigam adi bhi sthapit kie ge haian.

mrida parikshan

mrida parikshan karyakram ke anatargat vibhinn kshetroan ki mitti ka parikshan sarakari prayogashalaoan mean kiya jata hai. isaka uddeshy bhoomi ki urvara shakti ka pata lagakar krishakoan ko tadunaroop rasayanik khadoan evan uttam bijoan ke prayog ki salah dena hai. vartaman samay mean in sarakari prayoshalaoan mean prativarsh sat lakh namoonoan ka parikshan kiya jata hai. kuchh chalati phirati prayogashalaean bhi sthapit ki geean haian, jo gaanv-gaanv jakar mauke par mitti ka parikshan karake kisanoan ko salah detian haian.

bhoomi sanrakshan

bhoomi sanrakshan karyakram ke antargat krishi yogy bhoomi ko ksharan se rokane tatha oob d-khab d bhoomi ko samatal banakar krishi yogy banaya jata hai. yah karyakram uttar pradesh, rajasthan, gujarat tatha madhy pradesh mean tezise lagoo hai.

krishi shiksha evan anusandhan

sarakar ki krishi niti ke antargat krishi shiksha ka vistar karane ke liye pantanagar mean pahala krishi vishvavidyalay sthapit kiya gaya hai. aj krishi aur isase sambandhit kshetroan mean uchch shiksha ke liye 4 krishi vishvavidyalay, 39 rajy krishi vishvavidyalay aur imphal mean ek kendriy vishvavidyalay hai. krishi anusandhan hetu 'bharatiy krishi anusandhan parishad' hai, jisake antargat 53 kendriy sansthan, 32 rashtriy anusandhan kendr, 12 pariyojana nidashal 64 akhil bharatiy samanvay anusandhan pariyojanayean hai.

isake atirikt desh mean 527 krishi vijnan kendr haian, jo shikshan evan prashikshan ka kary kar rahe haian. krishi shiksha evan prashikshan ki gunavatta banaye rakhane ke liye vibhinn sansthaoan ke kampyootarikaran aur intaranet ki suvidha pradan ki gee hai.

(b) krishi utpadan mean sudhar

utpadan tatha utpadakata mean vriddhi

harit kranti athava bharatiy krishi mean lagoo ki gee nee vikas vidhi ka sabase b da labh yah hua ki desh mean fasaloan ke kshetraphal mean vriddhi, krishi utpadan tatha utpadakata mean vriddhi ho gee. visheshakar gehooan, bajara, dhan, makka tatha jvar ke utpadan mean ashatit vriddhi huee. jisake parinam svaroop khadyannoan mean bharat atmanirbhar-sa ho gaya. 1951-1952 mean desh mean khadyannoan ka kul utpadan 5.09 karo d tan tha, jo kramashah badhakar 2008-2009 mean badhakar 23.38 karo d tan ho gaya. isi tarah prati hektear utpadakata mean bhi paryapt sudhar hua hai. varsh 1950-1951 mean khadyannoan ka utpadan 522 kigra prati hektear tha, jo badhakar 2008-2009 mean 1,893 kigra prati hektear ho gaya. haan, bharat me khadyann utpadanoan mean kuchh uchchavachan bhi hua hai, jo bure mausam adi ke karan raha jo yah siddh karata hai ki desh mean krishi utpadan abhi bhi mausam par nirbhar karata hai.

krishi ke paramparagat svaroop mean parivartan

harit kranti ke phalasvaroop kheti ke paramparagat svaroop mean parivartan hua hai aur kheti vyavasayik drishti se ki jane lagi hai. jabaki pahale sirph pet bharane ke liye ki jati thi. desh mean ganna, kapas, patasan tatha tilahanoan ke utpadan mean vriddhi huee hai. kapas ka utpadan 1960-1961 mean 5.6 miliyan gaanth tha, jo badhakar 2008-2009 mean 27 miliyan gaanth ho gaya. isi tarah tilahanoan ka utpadan 1960-1961 mean 7 miliyan tan tha, jo badhakar 2008-2009 mean 28.2 miliyan tan ho gaya. isi tarah patasan, ganna, aloo tatha mooangaphali adi vyavasayik fasaloan ke utpadan mean bhi vriddhi huee hai. vartaman samay mean desh mean bagabani fasaloan, phaloan, sabjiyoan tatha phooloan ki kheti ko bhi badhava diya ja raha hai.

krishi bachatoan mean vriddhi

unnatashil bijoan, rasayanik khadoan, uttam sianchaee tatha mashinoan ke prayog se utpadan badha hai. jisase krishakoan ke pas bachatoan ki ullekhaniy matra mean vriddhi huee hai. jisako desh ke vikas ke kam mean laya ja saka hai.

agragami tatha pratigami sanbandhoan mean majabooti

navin praudyogiki tatha krishi ke adhunikaran ne krishi tatha udyog ke paraspar sambandh ko aur bhi majaboot bana diya hai. paramparik roop mean yadyapi krishi aur udyog ka agragami sambandh pahale se hi pragaandh tha, kyoanki krishi kshetr dvara udyogoan ko anek agat upalabdh karaye jate haian. parantu in donoan mean pratigami sambandh bahut hi kamazor tha, kyoanki udyog nirmit vastuoan ka krishi mean bahut hi kam upayog hota tha. parantu krishi ke adhunikaran ke phalasvaroop ab krishi mean udyog nirmit agatoan, jaise- krishi yantr evan rasayanik urvarak adi, ki maang me bhari vriddhi huee hai, jisase krishi ka pratigami sambandh bhi sudridh hua hai. any shabdoan mean krishi evan audyogik kshetr ke sambandhoan me adhik majabooti aee hai.

is tarah spasht hai ki harit kranti ke phalasvaroop desh mean krishi agatoan evan utpadan mean paryapt sudhar hua hai. isake phalasvaroop krishak, sarakar tatha janata sabhi mean yah vishvas jagrat ho gaya hai ki bharat krishi padarthoan ke utpadan ke kshetr mean atmanirbhar hi nahian ho sakata, balki niryat bhi kar sakata hai.

vishleshan

desh mean yojana kal mean krishi ke kshetr mean paryapt vikas hua hai. kul krishi kshetr badha hai, fasal ke svaroop mean parivartan hua hai, sianchit kshetr badha hai, rasayanik khadoan ke upayog mean vriddhi huee hai tatha adhunik krishi yantroan ka upayog hone laga hai. in sab batoan ke hote huye bhi abhi tak desh mean krishi ka vikas uchit star tak nahian pahuanch paya hai, kyoanki yahaan prati hektear krishi utpadan any vikasit deshoan ki tulana mean kam hai. abhi anek krishi utpadoan ka ayat karana padhata hai. kyoanki unaka utpadan maang ki tulana mean kam hai. krishi kshetr ka abhi bhi ek badha bhag asianchit hai. krishi mean yantrikaran ka star abhi bhi kam hai, jisase utpadan lagat adhik ati hai. krishakoan ko vibhagiy suvidhaean paryapt matra mean nahian milati haian, jisase krishi vikas mean badha utpann hoti hai. atah is bat ki avashyakata hai ki krishi mean takaniki evan sansthagat sudharoan ko adhik karagar dhang se lagoo kar krishi kshetr ka aur adhik vikas kiya jaye.

harit kranti ka vistar

kendriy bajat 2010-2011 mean krishi kshetr ke vikas ke liye banaee gayi kary yojana ke pahale ghatak mean gram sabhaoan tatha kisan parivaroan ke sakriy sahayog se desh ke poorvi kshetr bihar, chhattisagadh, poorvi uttar pradesh, pashchim bangal tatha u disa mean harit kranti ke vistar ke liye 400 karo d rupaye ka pravadhan kiya gaya hai.

kamiyaan tatha samasyaean

desh mean harit kranti ke phalasvaroop kuchh fasaloan ke utpadan mean paryapt vriddhi huee hai, khadyanno ke ayat me kami aee hai, krishi ke paramparagat svaroop me parivartan aya hai, phir bhi is karyakram mean kuchh kamiyaan parilakshit hoti haian. harit kranti ki pramukh kamiyoan evan samansyaoan ko nimn roop me pranstut kiya ja sakata hai-

1. prabhav - harit kranti ka prabhav kuchh vishesh fasaloan tak hi simit raha, jaise- gehooan, jvar, bajara. any fasalo par isaka koee prabhav nahian p da hai. yahaan tak ki chaval bhi isase bahut hi kam prabhavit hua hai. vyaparik fasalean bhi isase aprabhavit hi haian.
2. pooanjivadi krishi ko badhava - adhik upajaoo kism ke bij ek pooanji-gahan karyakram haian, jisamean urvarakoan, sianchaee, krishi yantroan adi agatoan par bhari matra me nivesh karana p data hai. bhari nivesh karana chhote tatha madhyam shreni ke kisanoan ki kshamata se bahar haian. is tarah, harit kranti se labh unhian kisanoan ko ho raha hai, jinake pas niji pampiang set, traiktar, nalakoop tatha any krishi yantr haian. yah suvidha desh ke b de kisanoan ko hi upalabdh hai. samany kisan in suvidhaoan se vanchit haian.
3. sansthagat sudharoan ki avashyakata par bal nahian - nee vikas vidhi me sansthagat sudharoan ki avashyakata ki sarvatha avahelana ki gayi hai. sansthagat parivartano ke antargat sabase mahattvapoorn ghatak bhoo-dharan ki vyavastha hai. isaki sahayata se hi takaniki parivartan dvara adhikatam utpadan prapt kiya ja sakata hai. desh mean bhoomi sudhar karyakram saphal nahian rahe haian tatha lakhoan krishakoan ko aj bhi bhoo-dharan ki nishchitata nahian pradan ki ja saki hai.
4. shram-visthapan ki samasya - harit kranti ke antargat prayukt krishi yantrikaran ke phalasvaroop shram-visthapan ko badhava mila hai. gramin janasankhya ka rozagar ki talash me shaharoan ki or palayan karane ka yah bhi ek karan hai.
5. ay ki badhati asamanata - krishi mean takaniki parivartanoan ka gramin kshetroan mean ay-vitaran par viparit prabhav p da hai. d aau. vi. ke. ar. vi. rav ke anusar, "yah bat ab sarvavidit hai ki tathakathit harit kranti, jisane desh me khadyannoan ka utpadan badhane me sahayata di hai, ke sath gramin ay me asamanata badhi hai, bahut se chhote kisanoan ko apane kashtakari adhikar chho dane p de haian aur gramin kshetroan me samajik aur arthik tanav badhe haian."
6. avashyak suvidhaoan ka abhav - harit kranti ki saphalata ke lie avashyak suvidhaoan yatha- sianchaee vyavastha, krishi sakh, arthik jot tatha saste agatoan adi ke abhav me krishi-vikas ke kshetr me vaanchhit saphalata nahian prapt ho pa rahi hai.
7. kshetriy asantulan - harit kranti ka prabhav panjab, hariyana, uttar pradesh, maharashtr tatha tamilanadu adi rajyoan tak hi simit hai. isaka prabhav sampoorn desh par na phail pane ke karan desh ka santulit roop se vikas nahian ho paya. is tarah, harit kranti simit roop se hi saphal rahi hai.

harit kranti ki saphalata ke liye sujhav

1. sansthagat parivartanoan ko protsahan - harit kranti ki saphalata ke lie bhoomi sudhar karyakramoan ko prabhavi aur vistrit roop se lagoo kiya jana chahie. bataeedaroan ko svamitv ka adhikar dilaya jana chahie. sima nirdharan se prapt atirikt bhoomi ko bhoomihin krishakoan mean vitarit kiya jana chahie. chakabandi ka prabhavi banakar jotoan ke vibhajan par prabhavi rok lagayi jani chahie.
2. krishi vitt ki suvidha - krishi vitt ki suvidhaean badhate samay chhote kisanoan ko riyayati dar par sakh ki suvidha upalabdh karayi jani chahie, taki ve avashyak unnat bij, rasayanik khad tatha krishi upakaran kray kar sakean.
3. rozagar ke avasaroan mean vriddhi - shram pradhan takanikoan ko apanaya jana chahie tatha gramin kshetroan mean bekari ki samasya ke samadhan ke lie kutir evan gram udyogoan ka tezise vistar kiya jana chahie.
4. sianchaee ke sadhanoan ka vikas - desh mean sianchaee ki suvidhaoan ka paryapt vikas kiya jana chahie, taki krishak adhik upaj dene vali kismoan ka poora labh utha sakean. is sandarbh mean laghu sianchaee pariyojanaoan ke vistar par dhyan diya jana chahie.
5. any sanrachanatmak sudharoan ka vistar - krishi ke vikas ke liye avashyak bijali, parivahan sahit any sanrachanatmak suvidhaoan ka vikas kiya jana chahie. tabhi harit kranti any fasaloan tatha kshetroan tak phail sakegi.
6. harit kranti ka any phasaloan tak phailav - harit kranti ki saphalata ke liye yah avashyak hai ki isaka vistar chaval tatha any phasaloan ki kheti tak kiya jaye. chaval ke sath dalean, kapas, ganna, tilahan, joot adi vyaparik phasaloan ke sambandh mean bhi utpadan vriddhi santoshajanak nahian rahi hai. atah in phasaloan ko bhi harit kranti ke prabhav kshetr mean shamil kiya jana chahie.
7. chhote khet aur chhote kisanoan ko sambaddh karana - chhote khetoan tatha chhote kisanoan ko bhi harit kranti se sambaddh karana chahie. isake liye avashyak hai ki- (a) bhoomi sudhar karyakramoan ko shighrata aur prabhavi dhang se lagoo kiya jana chahie, (b) chhote-chhote kisanoan ko unnat bij, khad adi avashyak chijoan ko kharidane ke liye udar shartoan evan daroan par sakh suvidhaean upalabdh karayi jani chahie, (s) sadharan krishi upakaranoan ki kharid ke sambandh me di gayi suvidhaoan ke atirikt b di-b di pharm mashinari yatha-traiktar, harvestar adi ko sarakar ki or se kirae par diya jana chahie, (d) bahut chhoti-chhoti jotoan vale kisanoan ko sahakari kheti ko apanane ke liye prerit kiya jana chahie.
8. samanvit pharm niti - harit kranti ki saphalata ke liye samanvit pharm niti apanayi jani chahie, taki pharm takaniki v agatoan ke moolyoan ke sambandh mean ek uchit niti apanaee ja sake tatha krishakoan ko unntashil bij, khad, kitanashak tatha krishi yantr evan upakaran uchit mooly par samay par upalabdh ho sakean. isake atirikt sarakar ko samast krishi upajoan ki bikri ka prabandh kiya jana chahie tatha uchit mooly par krishi utpadoan ko kharidane ki garanti bhi deni chahie.

nayi rashtriy krishi niti

kendr sarakar ne 'nayi rashtriy krishi niti' ki ghoshana 28 julaee, 2000 ko ki thi. is niti mean sarakar ne 2020 tak krishi ke kshetr mean prativarsh 4 pratishat vriddhi ka lakshy rakha hai. nayi krishi niti ka varnan 'indradhanush kranti' ke roop mean kiya gaya hai, jisamean sabhi pratyaksh ya apratyaksh roop se desh ke krishi kshetr mean vibhinn krantiyoan jaise- 'harit kranti' (khadyann utpadan), 'shvet kraanti' (dugdh utpadan), 'pili kraanti' (tilahan utpadan), 'nili kraanti' (matsy utpadan), 'lal kraanti' (maans/tamatar utpadan), 'sunahari kraanti' (seb utpadan), 'bhoori kraanti' (urvarak utpadan), 'braun kraanti' (gair paramparagat oorja srot), 'rajat kraanti' (ande/murgi) evan 'khadyann shrankhala kranti' (khadyann/sabji/phaloan ko s dane se bachana) ko ek sath lekar chalana hoga, isi ko 'indradhanushi kranti' kaha gaya hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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