सांख्य दर्शन

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prachinata aur parampara

mahabharat<balloon title="mahabharat shaanti parv, adhyay 301" style=color:blue>*</balloon> mean shantiparv ke antargat srishti, utpatti, sthiti, pralay aur moksh vishayak adhikaansh mat saankhy jnan v shastr ke hi haian jisase yah siddh hota hai ki us kal tak (mahabharat ki rachana tak) vah ek supratishthit, suvyavasthit aur lokapriy ekamatr darshan ke roop mean sthapit ho chuka tha. ek susthapit darshan ki hi adhikadhik vivechanaean hoti haian, jisake parinamasvaroop vyakhya-niroopan-bhed se usake alag-alag bhed dikhaee p dane lagate haian. isilie mahabharat mean tattvaganana, svaroop varnan adi par matoan ki vividhata drishtigochar hoti hai. yadi is vividhata ke prati savadhani n barati jay to koee bhi vyakti praiankalin edagartan ki tarah yahi man lega ki mahakavy mean saankhy sanjna kisi darshan vishesh ke lie nahian varan moksh hetu 'jnanamarg' matr ke lie hi prayukt hua hai.<balloon title="ensa. prishth 5 par uddhrit" style=color:blue>*</balloon> is prakar ki bhranti se bachane ke lie saankhy darshan ki vivechana se poorv 'saankhy' sanjna ke ardh par vichar karana apekshit hai.

'saankhy' shabd ka arth

saankhy shabd ki nishpatti sankhya shabd se huee hai. sankhya shabd 'khya' dhatu mean samh upasarg lagakar vyutpann kiya gaya hai jisaka arth hai 'samyakh khyati'. sansar mean pranimatr du:kh se nivritti chahata hai. du:kh kyoan hota hai, ise kis tarah sada ke lie door kiya ja sakata hai- ye hi manushy ke lie shashvat jvalant prashn haian. in prashnoan ka uttar dhooandhana hi jnan prapt karana hai. 'kapil darshan' mean prakriti-purush-vivek-khyati (jnan) 'sattvapurushanyathakhyati' is jnan ko hi kaha jata hai. yah jnanavardhak khyati hi 'sankhya' mean nihit 'jnan' roop hai. at: sankhya shabd 'samyakh jnan' ke ardh mean bhi grihit hota hai. is jnan ko prastut karane ya niroopan karane vale darshan ko saankhy darshan kaha jata hai.

• 'saankhy' shabd ki nishpatti gananarthak 'sankhya' se bhi mani jati hai. aisa manane mean koee visangati bhi nahian hai.
• d aau0 adyaprasad mishr likhate haian-'aisa pratit hota hai ki jab tattvoan ki sankhya nishchit nahian ho paee thi tab saankhy ne sarvapratham is drishyaman bhautik jagat ki sookshm mimaansa ka prayas kiya tha jisake phalasvaroop usake mool mean vartaman tattvoan ki sankhya samanyat: chaubis nirdharit ki gee.<balloon title="ensa. prishth 5 par uddhrit" style=color:blue>*</balloon>' lekin achary 'udayavir shastri' gananarthak nishpatti ko yuktisangat nahian manate 'kyoanki any darshanoan mean bhi padarthoan ki niyat ganana karake unaka vivechan kiya gaya hai. saankhy pad ka mool jnanarthak 'sankhya' pad hai gananarthak nahian.<balloon title="saan. d.ai.p." style=color:blue>*</balloon>'hamare vichar mean gananarthak aur jnanarthak- dono roopoan mean saankhy ki sarthakata hai. uddeshy-prapti mean vividh roop mean 'ganana' ke arth mean 'saankhy' ko svikar kiya ja sakata hai. shantiparv mean donoan hi arth ek sath svikar kiye gaye haian.<balloon title="saan. si. prishth 20" style=color:blue>*</balloon>

sankhyaan prakurvate chaiv prakritian ch prachakshate.
tattvani ch chaturvianshath ten saankhya: prakirtita:॥<balloon title="shaanti parv 306/42-43" style=color:blue>*</balloon>

• prakriti purush ke vivek-jnan ka upadesh dene, prakriti ka pratipadan karane tatha tattvoan ki sankhya chaubis nirdharit karane ke karan ye darshanik 'saankhy' kahe gaye haian.
  
• 'sankhya' ka arth samajhate hue shaanti parv mean kaha gaya hai-
  

doshanaan ch gunanaan ch pramanan pravibhagat:.
kanchidardhamamiprety sa sankhyetyupadharyatamh॥<balloon title="shaanti parv 306/42-43" style=color:blue>*</balloon>

arthat jahaan kisi vishesh arth ko abhisht manakar usake doshoan aur gunoan ka pramanayukt vibhajan (ganana) kiya jata hai, use sankhya samajhana chahie. spasht hai ki tattv-vibhajan ya ganana bhi pramanapoorvak hi hoti hai. at: 'saankhy' ko gananarthak bhi mana jay to usamean jnanarthak bhav hi pradhan hota hai. nishkarshat: ham kah sakate haian ki 'saankhy' shabd mean sankhya jnanarthak aur gananarthak donoan hi hai. ab prashn uthata hai ki sanskrit vanamay mean 'saankhy' shabd kisi bhi prakar ke mokshonmukh jnan ke lie prayukt hua hai ya kapil pranit saankhy darshan ke lie prayukt hua hai? isake uttar ke lie katipay prasangoan par charcha apekshit hai.

• shri pulin bihari chakravarti ne charak sanhita ke do prasangoan ko uddhrit karate hue unake arth ke sambandh mean apana nishkarsh prastut kiya. ve uddharan haian-

saankhyai: sankhyat-sankhyeyai: sahasinan punarvasumh.
jagadvitarth paprachchh vahnivansh: svasanshayamh॥
yatha va adityaprakashakastatha saankhyavachanan prakashamiti
ayanan punarakhyatametadh yogasyayogibhi:.
sankhyatadharmai: saankhyaishch muktaurmokshasy chayanamh॥
sarvabhavasvabhavajno yatha bhavati nisprih:.
yogan yatha sadhayate saankhy sampadyate yatha॥

• pratham prasang mean shri chakravarti sankhya ko samyak-jnan v jnata ke roop mean prayukt manate haian aur
• dvitiy prasang mean spashtat: saankhy darshanabodhak. yahaan yah vicharaniy hai ki charak sanhitakar ke samay tak ek vyavasthit darshan ke roop mean kapilokt darshan saankhy ke 'p mean supratishthit tha aur charak sanhitakar is tathy se parichit the. tab pratham prasang mean 'saankhy' shabd ke upayog ke samay ek darshan sampraday ka dhyan rakhate hue hi ukt shabd ka upayog kiya gaya hoga. sanbhav hai kapilaprokt darshan mool mean chikitsakiy shastr mean bhi apani bhoomika nibhata raha ho aur us drishti se chikitsakiy shastr ko bhi saankhy kaha gaya ho.<balloon title="ode saan/si." style=color:blue>*</balloon> isase to saankhy darshan ki vyapakata ka hi sanket milata hai<balloon title="ode saan/si." style=color:blue>*</balloon> at: donoan prasangoan mean vidvan, jnan adi shabd 'saankhy jnan' ke roop mean grahy ho sakata hai.
• ahirbudhnyasanhita ke barahavean adhyay mean kaha gaya hai-

saankhyaroopen sankalpo vaishnav: kapiladrishe:.
udito yadrish: poorvan tadrishan shrrinu meadhuna॥18॥
shashtibhedan smritan tantran saankhyan nam mahamune:॥19॥

yahaan 'saankhy' shabd ko samyak jnan v kapil darshan 'saankhy' donoan hi arthoan mean grahan kiya ja sakata hai. saankhy roop mean (samyak jnan roop mean) poorv mean kapil dvara sankalp jis roop mean prastut kiya gaya hai- 'mujhase suno. mahamuni ka sath padarthoan ke vivechan se yukt shastr 'saankhy' nam se kaha jata hai. 'saankhyaroopen' usako samyak jnan v 'saankhy darshan' donoan hi arthoan mean samajha ja sakata hai. yahaan mahabharat shaantiparv ka yah kathan ki 'amoort paramatma ka akar saankhy shastr hai'- se paryapt samy smaran ho ata hai.

• shvetashvatar upanishad mean prayukt 'saankhyayogadhigamyamh<balloon title="shvetashvataropanishad (6/13)" style=color:blue>*</balloon>' ki vyakhya tatsthane n kar sharirak bhashy<balloon title="(2/1/3)" style=color:blue>*</balloon> mean shankar ne 'saankhy' shabd ko kapilaprokt shastr se anyatha vyakhyayit karane ka prayas kiya. shankar kahate haian- 'yattu darshanamuktan tatkaranan saankhy- yogabhipannamh iti, vaidikamev tatr jnanamh dhyanan ch saankhyayogashabdabhyamabhilapyate' sanbhavat: yah svikar kar lene mean koee visangati nahian hogi ki yahaan saankhy pad vaidik jnan ke lie prayukt hua hai. lekin kis prakar ke vaidik jnan ka lakshy kiya gaya hai, yah vicharaniy hai. shvetashvatar upanishad mean jis darshan ko prastut kiya gaya hai vah 'bhokta bhogyan preritaran' ke trait ka darshan hai. rrigved ke 'dva suparna'- mantraansh se bhi trividh aj tattvoan ka darshan prapt hota hi hai. mahabharat mean upalabdh saankhy darshan bhi prayash: traitavadi hi hai.
• d aau0 adyaprasad mishr ne thik hi kaha hai- 'trait maulik saankhy ki apani vishishtata thi, isase spasht hota hai ki maulik saankhy darshan ke isi traitavad ki prishthabhoomi mean shvetashvatar ki rachana huee.<balloon title="saan. d. ai. p." style=color:blue>*</balloon>' at: is arth mean saankhy shabd 'vaidikajnan' ke arth mean grahan kiya jaye tab bhi nishkarsh mean isaka lakshyarth kapilokt darshan hi grihit hota hai.
• bhagavadgita mean saankhy-yog shabdoan ka prayog bhi vicharaniy hai kyoanki vidvanoan mean yahaan bhi kuchh matabhed hai. dvitiy adhyay ke unchalisavean shlok mean kaha gaya hai- 'esha teabhihita saankhye buddhiryoge tvimaan shrrinu'.
• anima senagupta ka mat hai ki yahaan yah 'saankhy' saty jnan ki prapti ke atirikt any kisi roop mean vyakhyayit nahian kiya ja sakata.<balloon title="i.sa.dha." style=color:blue>*</balloon> jabaki achary udayavir shastri ne b de vistar se ise kapilaprokt 'saankhy' ke arth mean niroopit kiya. ukt shlok mean shrikrishna kah rahe haian ki yah sab saankhy buddhi (jnan) kaha hai ab yog buddhi (jnan) suno. yahaan vicharaniy yah hai ki yadi 'saankhy' shabd jnanarthak hai, sampraday-vishesh nahian, tav saankhy 'buddhi' kahakar punarookti ki avashyakata kya thi? buddhi shabd se kathaniy 'jnan' ka bhav to saankhy ke 'khyati' mean a hi jata hai. 'saankhy' buddhi mean yah dhvanit hota hai ki 'saankhy' mano koee pranali ya marg hai, usaki buddhi ya 'jnan' ki bat kahi gee hai. vah chintan ki pranali ya marg gita mean prastut mean jnan ya darshan hi hoga. gita mean jis mukt bhav se saankhy darshan ke paribhashik shabdoan ya avadharanaoan ka prayog kiya gaya hai usase yahi spasht hota hai ki vah 'saankhy' jnan hi hai. at: saankhy shabd ko gita ka ek paribhashik shabd man lene par bhi usaka lakshyarth kapil ka saankhy shastr hi niroopit hota hai.
• bhagavadgita ke hi tisare adhyay ke tisare shlok mean 'saankhy' shabd ka prayog hua hai. kaha gaya hai-

lokeasmindvividha nishtha pura prokta mayanagh.
jnanayogen saankhyanaan karmayogen yoginamh॥ gita 3.3॥

yahaan bhi do prakar ke margoan ya nishtha ki charcha ki gee haian-

1. jnanamarg
2. karm-marg. vicharaniy yah hai ki jab 'karmayogen yoginaan' kaha ja sakata hai tab 'jnanayogen jnanina' n kahakar 'saankhyanaan' kyoan kaha gaya? nishchay hi 'jnanayogiyoan' ke 'jnan' ke vishesh svaroop ka ullekh abhisht tha. vah vishesh jnan kapilokt shastr hi hai, yah gita tatha mahabharat ke shanti parv se spasht ho jata hai. 'yadev yoga: pashyanti saankhyaistadanugamyate<balloon title="mahabharat shaanti parv, gita" style=color:blue>*</balloon>' isilie shanti parv mean vasishth ki hi tarah gita mean shrikrishna bhi kahate haian- 'saankhyayogau prithagbala: pravadanti n pandita:.<balloon title="gita" style=color:blue>*</balloon>'

• shaantiparv tatha gita mean to saman vaky se ek hi bat kahi gee hai- 'ekan sakhyan ch yogan ch y: pashyati s pashyati.<balloon title="shanti parv mean 'sapashyati' ke sthan par 's buddhiman' hai." style=color:blue>*</balloon>'
• gita mahabharat ka hi aansh hai. at: prachalit shabdavali ko saman roop mean hi grahan kiya jana uchit hai. gita mean prayukt 'saankhy' shabd bhi chahe vah jnanarthak matr kyoan n pratit hota ho, kapilaprokt shastr ke roop mean grahan karana chahie.
• mahabharat ke shaantiparv mean prayukt 'saankhy' shabd ka lakshyarth to itana spasht hai ki us par kuchh kahane ki avashyakata hi nahian. itana hi ullekhaniy hai ki kapil aur saankhy ka sambandh, aur saankhy darshan ki shabdavali ka puratan vyapak prachar-prasar is bat ka dyotak hai ki yah ek atyant yuktisangat darshan raha hai. aise darshan ki or vidvanoan ka akrisht hona, us par vichar karana aur apane vicharoan ko ukt darshan se samarthit ya sanyukt batana bahut svabhavik hai. jis tarah vedant darshan ki prasthanatrayi mean gita ka itana mahattv hai ki pray: sabhi acharyoan ne is par bhashy rache aur apane mat ko gitanusar batane ka prayas kiya. isi tarah jnan ke vibhinn pakshoan mean ruchi rakhane vale vidvanoan ne apane vicharoan ko saankhy roop hi de diya ho to kya ashchary? aise vikas ki prakriya mean mool darshan ke vyakhya-bhed se anek sampradayoan ka janm bhi ho jana svabhavik hai. apani ruchi, uddeshy aur avashyakata ke anusar vidvan vibhinn pakshoan mean se kisi ko gaun, kisi ko mahattvapoorn manate haian aur tadanuroop granth rachana bhi karate haian. at: kisi ek mat ko mool kahakar shesh ko anyatha ghoshit kar dena uchit pratit nahian hota. samast vaidik sahity vedoan ki mahatta, upayogita aur avashyakatanusar vibhinn kaloan mean prastuti hi hai. kabhi karm yajn adi ko mahattvapoorn manakar to kabhi jivant jijnasa ko mahattvapoorn manakar vedoan ki mool bhavana ko prastut kiya gaya. isase kisi ek paksh ko avaidik kahane ka to koee auchity nahian. paramarshi kapil ne bhi vedoan ko darshanik jnan ko tark buddhi par adharit karake prastut karane ka saphal prayas kiya. isamean tarkabuddhi ki pahuanch se pare kisi vishay ko chho d diya 'pratit' ho to itane matr se kapil darshan ko avaidik nahian kaha ja sakata.

saankhy darshan ki vedamoolakata

• saankhy darshan ki vaidikata par vichar karane se poorv vaidik ka abhipray spasht karana abhisht hai. ek ardh vaidik kahane ka to yah hai ki jo darshan vedoan mean hai vahi saankhy darshan mean bhi ho. vedoan mean bataye gaye manavadarsh ko svikar karake use prapt karane ke lie svatantr roop se vichar kiya gaya ho, to yah bhi vaidik hi kaha jayega. ab vedoan mean kis prakar ka darshan hai, is vishay mean matabhed to sanbhav hai lekin paraspar virodhi matavaibhinny ho, to nishchay hi unamean se avaidik darshan ki khoj ki ja sakati hai. vedoan mean srishtikarta paramatma ki svaroop charcha mean, jagat jiv ke sath paramatma ke sambandhoan ke bare mean matabhed hai. tab bhi ye sabhi darshan vaidik kahe ja sakate haian, yadi ve vedoan ko apana darshan-mool svikar karate hoan. lekin yadi koee darshan paramatma ki satta ko hi asvikar kare to use paramatma ki satta ko n manane vale darshan ke roop mean svikar karake hi kiya jata hai. is mat mean kitani satyata ya pramanikata hai yah saankhy darshan ke svaroop ko spasht karane par svat: spasht ho javega.
• mahabharat shantiparv mean kaha gaya hai ki vedoan mean, saankhy mean tatha yog shastr mean jo kuchh bhi jnan is lok mean hai vah sab saankhy se hi agat hai. ise atiranjit kathan bhi mana jaye to bhi, itana to spasht hai ki mahabharat ke rachanakar ke anusar tab tak vedoan ke atirikt saankhy shastr aur yog shastr bhi pratishthit ho chuke the aur unamean vichar samy bhi hai. at: isase yah svikar karane mean sahayata to milati hi hai ki ved aur saankhy paraspar virodhi nahian haian.
• shanti parv mean hi kapil-syoomarashmi ka sanvad<balloon title="(adhyay 268-270)" style=color:blue>*</balloon> prachin itihas ke roop mean bhishm ne prastut kiya. isamean kapil ko sattvagun mean sthit jnanavan kahakar parichit karaya gaya. mahabharatakar ne kapil ka saankhy-pravartak ke roop mean ullekh kiya, saankhyacharyoan ki soochi mean bhi ek hi kapil ka ullekh kiya aur 'syoomarashmi-sanvad' mean ullikhit kapil ka saankhy-praneta kapil se parthaky dikhane ka koee sanket nahian diya, tab yah manane mean koee anauchity nahian hai ki yah kapil saankhy-praneta kapil hi haian.
• uparyukt sanvad mean syoomarashmi dvara kapil par vedoan ki pramanikata par sandeh ka akshep lagane par kapil kahate haian- 'nahan vedanh vinindami<balloon title="shanti parv. 268.12" style=color:blue>*</balloon>'
• isi sanvad kram mean kapil pun: kahate haian 'veda: pramanan lokanaan n veda: prishthat: krita:<balloon title="shanti parv adhyay 268-70" style=color:blue>*</balloon>' phir vedoan ki mahima ka varnan karate hue kahate haian.<balloon title="shanti parv adhyay 268-70" style=color:blue>*</balloon>

vedaanshch veditavyan ch viditva ch yathasthitimh.
evan ved vidityahuratoany vatarechak:॥
sarve vidurvedavido vede sarvan pratishthitamh.
vede hi nishtha sarvasy yadh yadasti ch nasti ch॥

• ukt vicharayukt kapil ko avaidik kahana kadapi uchit pratit nahian hota. phir, kapil pranit sootr dvara ved ke svat:pramany ko svikar kiya gaya hai- 'nijashakyabhivyakte svat:pramanyamh<balloon title="(5/51)" style=color:blue>*</balloon>' is sootr mean aniruddh, vijnanabhikshu adi bhashyakaroan ne svat:pramany ko spasht kiya hai.

• saankhyakarika mean 'aptashrutiraptavachanamh<balloon title="(karika 5)" style=color:blue>*</balloon>' kahakar ved pramany ko svikar kiya gaya hai. 5vian karika ke bhashy mean vachaspati mishr kahate haian- 'tachch svat:pramanyamh, apaurusheyavedavakyajanitatven sakaladoshashankavinirmutven yuktan bhavati.' itana hi nahian, 'vedamoolasmrititihasapuranavakyajanitamapi jnanan yuktan bhavati' kaha hai.
• vedashrit smriti, itihas, puran vaky se utpann jnan bhi jab nirdosh mana jata hai, tab ved ki to bat hi kya? isi karika ki vritti mean mathar kahate hai- 'at: brahmaday: acharya:, shrutirvedastadetadubhayamaptavachanamh.' is tarah saankhy shastr ke granthoan mean vedoan ka svat: pramany svikar karake use bhi 'praman' roop mean svikar karate haian. tab saankhy shastr ko avaidik ya ved viruddh kahana kathamapi samichin nahian jan p data.
• saankhy darshan mean prachalit paribhashik shabdavali bhi ise vaidik niroopit karane mean ek mahattvapoorn sakshy hai. 'purush' shabd ka upayog manushy, atma, chetana adi ke ardh mean vaidik vanamay mean anek sthaloan par upalabdh hai. lekin 'purush' shabd ka darshan shastriy prayog karate hi jis darshan ka smaran tatkal ho uthata hai vah saankhy darshan hai. isi tarah avyakt, mahat, tanmatr, trigun, sattv, rajash, tamas adi shabd bhi saankhy darshan mean darshan ki sanrachana inhian shabdoan mean prastut kiya gaya hai. at: chahe vaidik sahity se ye shabd saankhy mean ae hoan ya saankhy parampara se inamean ge hoan, itana nishkarsh to nikala hi ja sakata hai ki saankhy darshan vaidik hai. shaddarshan mean saankhy darshan ko rakhana aur bharatiy darshan ki sudirdh parampara mean ise astik darshan manana bhi saankhy ki vaidikata ka spasht udghosh hi hai.