अनुवाद

anuvad shabd ka arth samanyat: vyakhya ya vishleshan hai. isaka arth poorvakathit bat ka vishleshan ya ullekh ya ek bhasha se doosari bhasha mean roopaantaran karana mana jata hai. sanskrit sahity mean vishesh roop se brahman granthoan ka vah bhag anuvad mana jata hai jisamean poorvokt nirdeansh ya vidhi vyakhya, chitran ya tika nihit hoti thi aur jo svayan koee vidhi ya nidesh nahian hota tha. kisi kathan ke pashchath‌ kiya gaya 'vad' hi anuvad tha. kabhi achary anuvad karate the, kabhi koee daksh shishy.

prachin kal mean anuvad

adhunik sahity mean anuvad shabd ke arth ka vikas ya parivartann ho jane ke karan prachin arth many nahian rah gaya haian. ab ek bhasha mean likhe ya kahe hue vishay ko doosari bhasha mean roopaanrit karana anuvad kaha jata hai. yah kala sirph likhit bhasha ke saman hi prachin nahian hai, balki manav bhasha ke saman atiprachin kal se isaka astitv sanbhav mana ja sakata hai; tab se kisi chatur dubhashie ne uchcharit bhasha ya sanket bhasha ki sahayata se ek bhashabhashi ke kathy ko doosare bhashabhashi tak pahuanchana hoga. pashchimi jagath‌ mean prachinatam likhit sahity ke anuvad roop mean sumeriyan gilgamish namak prachin kavy ke aanshoan ka ee.poo. doosari shati ki char paanch eshiyaee bhashaoan mean anuvad upalabdh hota hai. pashchimi jagath‌ mean sarvadhik mahatvapoorn anuvad saptuajiant (Septuagint) granth ka hai, jo yahoodiyoan ke arshagranth ka grik bhasha mean anuvad hai. sikandar ke samay mean yoonan aur bharat ka saanskritik sanbandh sthapit hone se (ee.poo. 327 ee.) anek bharatiy granthoan evan vijnanoan ki grik bhasha mean anuvad hua. isi samay se bharatiy ganit ka shoony yoorop mean lokapriy hua. isase bhi poorv bauddh sahity ka pali mean pranayan hone se sanskrit pali mean paraspar anuvad kriya ka aranbh hua. bauddhoan ke prabhav evan prayas se anek bharatiy granthoan ka anuvadakary chini, tibbati bhashaoan mean sanpann hua. araboan ke siandh mean agaman se ganit aur ayurved ke katipay aanshoan ka arabi bhasha mean anuvad hua. jab araboan ne yoorop vijay kiya to arabi se purtagij, italiyan, laitin, grik adi mean anek likhit sahity ki upayogi batoan ka anuvadakary praranbh hua aur isamean vriddhi huee. madhyakal mean jab samantoan aur shasakoan ne paandulipiyoan ko kharidana shuru kiya to anuvadakary ko protsahan mila. isase shaikshanik kary ko bhi arthik protsahan mila.

adhunik kal mean anuvad

anuvad ki drishti se adhunik kal atyant upayogi raha hai. yooropiy samrajyavad ke vistar ne anek sabhyataoan aur sahityoan ko ek doosare se jo d diya, jisake phalasvaroop anek bhashaoan ke granthoan ka anuvad aangrezi, phreanch, speni, purtagij aur jarman mean tatha inase any bhashaoan mean hua. roos aur chin ki samyavadi kraanti ne marks, eangels, lenin, stalin aur mao tse tuang ke anek granthoan ka anuvad vishv ki pray: sabhi pramukh bhashaoan mean upalabdh kara diya hai. vijnan ki achchhi aur upayogi pustakoan ka anuvad bhi rashtriy madhyam bhashaoan mean hone lag gaya hai. ajakal vijnan ki sahayata se anuvad ki kanpyootar jaisi mashinoan ka avishkar ho gaya hai. bahubhashi deshoan ki sansadoan, sanyukt rashtrasangh tatha any aantarashtriy sammelanoan mean mashinoan dvara ek bhasha se doosari bhasha mean anuvadakary avilanb sanpann hone lag gaya hai. mashinean ab ek bhasha se doosari bhasha mean pustakoan ka bhi anuvad karane lagi haian.

anuvad kala

anuvad kala ki kuchh kathinaiyaan bhi hoti haian. vijnan, arthashastr, itihas jaise vishayoan ka anuvad apekshakrit sugam hai kyoanki isamean shabd ki abhidhashakti ki aur vachyarth ki hi avashyakata p dati hai; sanketarth, guhmarth athava shailigat vishishtata ki kathinaee nahian rahati. kiantu darshan evan sahity ke granthoan ka anuvadakary utana sugam nahian hota. inamean shabd ki vyanjanashakti, rachanakar ki manasik sthiti, arthagat sanket evan sandarbh ki jatilata bahut b di badhaean hoti haian. keval shabdarth ya shabdakosh ki sahayata se in granthoan ka do bhashaoan mean paraspar anuvad kathin hota hai. mashin bhi in samasyaoan ka sahi samadhan nahian de pati.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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