अलंकार
kavy mean bhasha ko shabdarth se susajjit tatha sundar banane vale chamatkarapoorn manoranjan dhang ko alankar kahate haian. alankar ka shabdik arth hai, 'abhooshan'. jis prakar suvarn adi ke abhooshanoan se sharir ki shobha badhati hai usi prakar kavy alankaroan se kavy ki.
- sanskrit ke alankar sanpraday ke pratishthapak achary dandi ke shabdoan mean 'kavy' shobhakaran dharman alankaran prachakshate' - kavy ke shobhakarak dharm (gun) alankar kahalate haian.
- hindi ke kavi keshavadas ek alankaravadi haian.
bhed
alankar ko do bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai:-
- shabdalankar
- arthalankar
shabdalankar
jahaan shabdoan ke prayog se sauandary mean vriddhi hoti hai aur kavy mean chamatkar a jata hai, vahaan shabdalankar mana jata hai. isake nimn bhed haian:-
anupras
jis rachana mean vyanjan varnoan ki avritti ek ya do se adhik bar hoti hai, vahaan anupras alankar hota hai. jaise -
mudit mahipati mandir ae. sevak sumantr bulae.
yahaan pahale pad mean 'm' varn ki aur doosare varn mean 's' varn ki avritti huee hai, atah yahaan anupras alankar hai.
- chhekanupras
jahaan svaroop aur kram se anek vyanjanoan ki avritti ek bar ho, vahaan chhekanupras hota hai. jaise :
rijhi rijhi rahasi rahasi hansi hansi uthai
saansaian bhari aansoo bhari kahat dee dee.
yahaan 'rijhi-rijhi', 'rahasi-rahasi', 'hansi-hansi', aur 'dee-dee' mean chhekanupras hai, kyoanki vyanjan varnoan ki avritti usi kram aur svaroop mean huee hai.
- vrittyanupras
jahaan ek vyanjan ki avritti ek ya anek bar ho, vahaan vrittyanupras hota hai. jaise :
sapane sunahale man bhaye.
yahaan 's' varn ki avritti ek bar huee hai.
- latanupras
jab ek shabd ya vakyakhand ki avritti usi arth mean ho, par tatpary ya anvay mean bhed ho, to vahaan 'latanupras' hota hai. jaise :
tegabahadur, haan, ve hi the guru-padavi ke patr samarth,
tegababadur, haan, ve hi the guru-padavi thi jinake arth.
in do panktiyoan mean shabd prayah ek se haian aur arth bhi ek hi haian. atah yahaan latanupras alankar hai.
yamak
jab kavita mean ek hi shabd do ya do se adhik bar ae aur usaka arth har bar bhinn ho vahaan yamak alankar hota hai. jaise :
kali ghata ka ghamand ghata.
yahaan 'ghata' shabd ki avritti bhinn-bhinn arth mean huee hai. pahale 'ghata' shabd 'varshakal' mean u dane vali 'meghamala' ke arth mean prayukt hua hai aur doosari bar 'ghata' ka arth hai 'kam hua'. atah yahaan yamak alankar hai.
shlesh
jahaan kisi shabd ka anek arthoan mean ek hi bar prayog ho, vahaan shlesh alankar hota hai. jaise :
madhuvan ki chhati ko dekho, sookhi kitani isaki kaliyaan.
yahaan 'kaliyaan' shabd ka prayog ek bar hua hai, kintu isamean arth ki bhinnata hai.
- khilane se poorv phool ki dasha
- yauvan poorv ki avastha
arthalankar
jahaan shabdoan ke arth se chamatkar spasht ho, vahaan arthalankar mana jata hai. isake nimn bhed haian:-
upama
jahaan ek vastu ya prani ki tulana atyant sadrishy ke karan prasiddh vastu ya prani se ki jae, vahaan upama alankar hota hai. apama alankar ke char tatv hote haian :-
upamey - jisaki apama di jae arthat jisaka varnan ho raha hai.
upaman - jisase upama di jae.
sadharan dharm - upamey tatha upaman mean paya jane vala parampar saman gun.
vachak shabd - upamey aur upaman mean samanata prakat karane vala shabd jaise - jyoan, sam, sa, si, tuly, naee. udaharan:-
naval sundar shyam-sharir ki, sajal nirad-si kal kanti thi.
is udaharan ka vishleshan is prakar hoga. kanti - upamey, nirad - upaman, kal - sadharan dharm, si - vachak shabd
roopak
jahaan gun ki atyant samanata ke karan upamey mean upaman ka abhed aropan ho, vahaan roopak alankar hota hai. jaise :
maiya maian to chandr khilauna laihoan.
yahaan chandrama (upamey) mean khilauna (upaman) ka arop hone se roopak alankar hota hai.
utpreksha
jahaan samanata ke karan upamey mean sanbhavana ya kalpana ki jae vahaan utpreksha alankar hota hai. mano, manu, manahu, jano, janu, janahu adi isake bodhak shabd haian. jaise :
kahati huee yoan uttara ke netr jal se bhar ge.
him ke karnoan se poorn mano ho ge pankaj ne॥
yahaan uttara ke ashrupoorn netroan (upamey) mean os-kan yukt pankaj (upaman) ki sanbhavana ki gee hai.
upameyopama
upamey aur upaman ko paraspar upaman aur upamey banane ki prakriya ko upameyopama kahate haian.
atishayokti
jahaan upamey ka varnan lok sima se badhakar kiya jae vahaan atishayokti alankar hota hai. jaise :
age nadiya p di apar, gho da kaise utare par.
rana ne socha is par, tab tak chetak tha us par.
yahaan sochane ki kriya ki poorti hone se pahale hi gh di ka nadi ke par pahuanchana lok-sima ka atikraman hai, atah atoshayokti alankar hai.
ullekh
jahaan ek vastu ka varnan anek prakar se kiya jae, vahaan ullekh alankar hota hai. jaise :
too roop hai kiran mean, saundary hai suman mean,
too pran hai kiran mean, vistar hai gagan mean.
virodhabhas
jahaan virodh n hote hue bhi virodh ka abhas diya jae, vahaan virodhabhas alankar hota hai. jaise :
bain suny jabatean madhur, tabatean sunat n bain.
yahaan 'bain suny' aur 'sunat n bain' mean virodh dikhaee p data hai jabaki donoan mean vastavik virodh nahian hai.
drishtant
jahaan upamey aur upaman tatha unake sadharan dharmoan mean bimb-pratibimb bhav ho, drishtant alankar hota hai. jaise :
sukh-dukh ke madhur milan se yah jivan ho paripooran.
phir ghan mean ojhal ho shashi, phir shashi mean ojhal ho ghan.
yahaan sukh-dukh aur shashi tatha ghan mean bimb-pratibimb bhav hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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