जौहर

jauhar purane samay mean bharat mean rajapoot striyoan dvara ki jane vali kriya thi. jab yuddh mean har nishchit ho jati thi to purush mrityuparyant yuddh hetu taiyar hokar viragati prapt karane nikal jate the tatha striyaan jauhar kar leti thian arthat jauhar kuand mean ag lagakar khud bhi usamean kood jati thi. jauhar kar lene ka karan yuddh mean har hone par shatru raja dvara haran kiye jane ka bhay hota tha. jauhar kriya mean rajapoot striyaan jauhar kuand ko ag lagakar usamean svayan ka balidan kar deti thi.

itihas

jauhar kriya ki sabase adhik ghatanayean bharat par mugal adi bahari akramanakariyoan ke samay huee. ye muslim akramanakari hamala kar harane ke pashchat striyoan ko loot kar unaka shilabhang karate the. isaliye striyaan har nishchit hone par jauhar le leti thi. itihas mean jauhar ke anek udaharan milate haian. hindi ke ojasvi kavi shyamanarayan pandey ne apana prasiddh mahakavy jauhar chittaudh ki maharani padmini ke viraangana charitr ko chitrit karane ke uddeshy ko lekar hi likha tha. rajasthan ki jauhar parampara par adharit unaka yah mahakavy hindi jagat mean kaphi charchit raha.

rani baee ne kiya tha pahala jauhar

sati pratha ya balath jauhar ke samarthak nahi haian, parantu jis viraangana rani baee ne ise sarvapratham apanaya tha, usaki virata aur apane dharm ko bachane ke lie usake sahas ki parakashtha to dekhie ki usane atmotsarg ka yahi dhang dhooandh liya ki pati ke viragati pane ka samachar milate hi svayan ko agni ke samarpit kar diya. bharatiy nariyoan ko viraangana hone ki yah prerana ved se mili. hamane nari ke vishay mean ye pankityaan smaran kar li haian :-

abala jivan hay, tumhari yahi kahani.
aanchal mean hai doodh aur aankhoan mean pani..

vaidik nari ka rashtr ki rashtraniti (rajaniti) mean ye sthan tha. mano vah apane pati ke hatate hi turant dhvaja sanbhalane ko atur rahati thi. rashtr aur samaj ki shaanti vyavastha ke shatru atankiyoan ka vinash karane mean yadi pati ne atmotsarg kar liya hai, viragati prapt kar li hai, to patni bhi usi marg ka anukaran karana apana saubhagy manati thi. isi bhav aur bhavana ne raja dahir ki patni ko jauhar karane ka vikalp de diya. raja dahar ki rani ke jauhar se poorv kisi rani ke jauhar ka ullekh nahi hai. karan ye hai ki usase poorv bharat varsh mean nari ke prati purush ka b da prashansaniy dharm vyavahar tha. nari chahe kitani hi viraangana ho, parantu purush samaj usase shatruta nahian manata tha aur na kisi ki nari ke shilabhang ke lie yudgh kiye jate the, nari ka arth shatru nahian (n+ ari = nari) hota tha, isilie vah nari kahi jati thi. parantu ab videshi akramanakariyoan ka dharm unhean nari ke lie hi yudgh karane ki prerana deta tha aur nari ka shilabhang karana is yudgh ka ek pramukh uddeshy ban gaya tha, isalie rani baee ne jauhar ko apana liya. isi jauhar ko kalaantar mean any hiandoo viraanganaoan ne bhi apanaya. aisi hi hiandoo viraangana thi rani padmini, jisane apane pati ki raksharth vaidik adarsh ko apanaya aur videshiyoan ko ye bata diya ki vedoan ke adarsh keval kori kalpana hi nahi haian aur na hi ye itane purane p d gaye haian ki ab inhean koee apanane ya manane vala hi nahi raha hai. rani ki vivekashilata aur baudghik chatury ko dekhakar shatru bhi daantoan tale jibh dabakar rah gaya. shatru ne bharatiy nari se kabhi ye apeksha hi nahi ki hogi ki vah itani sahasi bhi ho sakati hai.

nari ki vedoan mean sthiti

bharat mean nari ko usake nari sulabh mamata, karoona, sneh adi gunoan ke karan abala bhi kaha gaya hai. parantu nari ka vedoan ne ekaviraangana ke roop mean bhi chitran kiya hai. use har sthiti mean pati ki rakshika dhvajavahika aur shatru sanharika ke roop mean bhi varnit kiya gaya hai. svechchha se jauhar karane vali raja dahir ki rani baee ek vaidik viraangana thi. jauhar ya sati pratha aparadh tab huee jab nari ko chita mean usake pati ke sath balath jalaya jane laga. isalie ek viraangana ka ati sarahaniy kary bhi kahian door ojhal ho gaya. hamane balath sati karane vale aparadhiyoan ke aparadh ki vibhishika mean balidani viraangana baee ko bhi bhula diya. ved ke un sandeshoan ko bhula diya jinamean nari ko abala, dinahin aur matihin n manakar use viraangana mana hai.

• paraskar grihay sootr mean aya hai ki ‘arohemamashmanamh ashvemev tvan sthira bhav.

abhitishth pritanyato abavadhasv pritanayat:..

arthat (sudridhata prapt karane ke lie) too is shila par arohan kar. jaise yah shila sthir tatha sudridh hai, aise hi too bhi sthir aur sudridh gatri ban. akramanakariyoan ko parast kar. sena dvara chadhaee karane valoan ko badhit kar.

• yajurved mean aya hai-‘‘he nari! too svayan ko pahachan. too sherani hai, too shatru roop mrigoan ka mardan karane vali hai, devajanoan ke hitarth apane bhitar, samarthy utpann kar. he nari! too avidya adi doshoan par sherani ki bhaanti hai. too dushkarmoan evan durvyasanoan ko sherani ke saman vidhvansit karane vali hai, dharmik janoan ke hitarth svayan ko divy gunoan se alankrit kar.’’
• yajurved mean kaha gaya hai-‘‘he nari too sherani hai, too adity brahmachariyoan ki janmadatri hai. ham teri pooja karate haian. he nari! too sherani hai, too brahmanoan ki janmadatri hai, too kshatriyoan ki janmadatri hai, ham tera yashogan karate haian.’’
• yajurved mean nari ko kshatrabal ki bhandar kaha gaya hai. jabaki yaju mean usake lie kaha gaya hai ki-‘‘he nari! too dhuhrav hai, atal nishchay vali hai, sudridh hai, anyoan ko dharan karane vali hai. vishvakarma parameshvar ne tujhe vidya, virata adi gunoan se achchhadit kiya hai. dhyan rakh, samudr ke saman um dane vala ripu dal tujhe hani n pahuancha sake, garoo d ke saman akraanta tujhe hani n pahuancha sake. kisi se pidi़t hoti huee too rashtrabhoomi ko samridgh kar.’’
• yajurved mean kaha gaya hai-‘‘he nari! too vighn badhaoan se parajit hone yogy nahi hai, pratyut vighn badhaoan ko parajit kar sakane vali hai. too shatruoan ko parast kar, sainy dal ko parast kar, too sahasravirya hai, apani virata pradarshit karake too mujhe prasannata pradan kar.’’
• rrigved mean aya hai ki-‘‘he nari! jaise too shatru se khandit n hone vali, sada adin rahane vali viraangana hai, vaise hi tere putr bhi advitiy vir haian.’’
• rrigved mean nari ke lie kaha gaya hai ki vah avashyakata p dane par balidan ke sthal sangram mean jane se bhi nahian hichakati. yahaan se saty ki vidhatri vir putroan ki mata vir ki patni kahakar use mahimanvit kiya gaya hai.
• yajurved mean nari ko kaha gaya hai ki too shatruoan ke prati prayan kar, unake hridayoan ko shok se dagdh kar de. tere shatru nirasharoop ghor aandhakar se grast ho jaean.
• rrigved mean aya hai ki jo viraangana vish lipt ban ke saman ran sanhar karane vali hai jo raksharth sir par mrig ke siangoan ka bana shirastran dharan karati hai, jisaka samane ka bhag loh kavach se achchhadit hai, jo parjany virya hai, arthat badal ke saman shastrastroan ki varsha karane vali hai us ban ke saman gatishil, karmakushal, shooravir devi ko ham bhoori-bhoori namaskar karate haian.’’
• rrigved mean nari apane vishay mean kahati hai-‘‘maian rashtr ki dhvaja hooan, maian samaj ka sir hooan. maian ugr hooan, meri vani mean bal hai. shatru senaoan ko parajay karane vali maian yudgh mean vir karm dikhane ke pashchat hi pati ka prem pane ki adhikarini hooan.’’
• rrigved ka kahana hai ki-‘‘jis atmosarg ki chhavi se mera vir pati krit krity yashasvi tatha sarvottam sidgh hua hai, vah chhavi aj maianne bhi de di hai. aj maian nishchay hi shatru rahit ho gayi hooan.’’ isase agale mantr mean vah kahati hai ki-‘‘ maianne shatruoan ka vadh kar diya hai, maianne vijay pa li hai, vairiyoan ko parajit kar diya hai.’’

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh