ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य
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ashrit rajyoan, upaniveshoan, sanrakshit rajyoan aur any pradeshoan ki ek vishvavyapi vyavastha, jo tin shatabdi tak gret briten ki prabhusatta aur british sarakar ke prashasan ke adhin rahi. samrajy ke bahut vistrit hone ke karan adhinasth rajyoan ko paryapt matra mean svashasan ka adhikar ya manyata dene ki niti se 20vian sadi mean ‘british rashtramandal’ (k aaumanavelth) ki avadharana vikasit huee, jisamean mukhyat: svashasit adhinasth rajy ate the, jinhoanne pratikatmak taur par nirantar badhati british prabhusatta ko svikar kiya. is sanjna ko 1931 ke adhyadesh mean sthan mila. aj rashtramandal british samrajy ke bhootapoorv bhookshetroan ka prabhusattatmak rajyoan ke roop mean svatantr sangh hai.
bastiyoan ki sthapana
gret briten ne sabase pahale 16vian shatabdi mean sagar par deshoan mean apani bastiyaan banane ki azamaish ki. vyavasayik mahattvakakshaanoan aur fraans se pratidvandvita ke chalate, 17vian shatabdi mean samudravarti vistar mean tezi aee aur parinamasvaroop uttari amerika aur vest iandiz mean bastiyoan ki sthapana huee. 1670 tak nyoo ianglaiand, varjiniya aur mairilaiand mean upaniveshoan ki aur baramooda, hoandooras, eantigua, barabados aur nova skotiya mean british ameriki bastiyoan ki sthapana ho chuki thi. 1655 mean jamaika ko yuddh dvara jita gaya aur 1670 ke bad se hadasan be kanpani ne khud ko poorvottar kanada kahe jane vale kshetr mean sthapit kar liya. 1600 mean eest iandiya kanpani ne bharat mean vyaparik chaukiyaan qayam karani shuroo kar di thi aur is kanpani ki gatividhiyoan ke prasar ke falasvaroop jaladamaroomadhy bastiyoan (strets seantalameants (panaang, siangapur, malakka aur labuan)) par briten ka qabza ho gaya. afriki upamahadvip mean pahali sthayi british basti gaanbiya nadi ke jems dvip par sthapit huee. gulamoan ka vyapar siyara lion mean pahale hi shuroo ho chuka tha, lekin yah shretr 1787 mean hi british adhikar mean aya. briten ne kep aph gud hop (ab dakshin afrika mean) 1806 mean hasil kiya aur british niyantran mean boar aur british agragamiyoan ne dakshin afrika ke aantarik pradesh khol die. lagabhag sabhi shuruati bastiyaan british taj ke bajay kinhian khas kanpaniyoan aur b de vyavasayiyoan ke prayas ke phalasvaroop banian. british taj ne niyukti aur nirikshan ke kuchh adhikaroan ka prayog zaroor kiya lekin ye upanivesh moolat: sv-prabandhit udyam hi the. at: samrajy ka gathan tuk doan- tuk doan mean hasil ek avyavasthit prakriya thi. kabhi-kabhi to british sarakar is prakriya mean sabase kam utsahi bhagidar hoti thi.
upaniveshoan par niyantran
17vian aur 18vian sadi mean british taj upaniveshoan par apana niyantran mukhyat: vyapar aur jahajarani ke kshetroan mean rakhata tha. us samay ki vanijyik soch ke anuroop upaniveshoan ko ianglaiand ke lie avashyak kachche mal ke srot ke roop mean rakha jata tha aur british bazaroan mean tanbakoo aur chini jaise unake niji utpadoan par unhean ekadhikar de diya gaya tha. badale mean unase asha ki jati thi ki ve apana samast vyapar british jahajoan ke dvara hi kareange aur briten nirmit utpadoan ke lie bazar baneange. 1651 ke jahajarani adhiniyam aur isake bad ke adhiniyamoan ne briten aur usake upaniveshoan ke madhy ek band arthavyavastha sthapit ki, sabhi aupaniveshik niryat aangrezi bazaroan se british bazaroan mean jate the aur sabhi aupaniveshik ayat ianglaiand ke raste ate the. yah vyavastha tab tak chali, jab tak sk aauti arthashastri aidam smith ki 'velth aauf neshans' ke prakashan (1776) aur ameriki upaniveshoan ko kho baithane v briten mean mukt vyapar aandolan badhane ke sammilit prabhavoan se 19vian sadi ke poorvarddh mean yah dhire-dhire samapt n ho gee. amerika mean briten ki aupaniveshik arthavyavastha ke lie gulamoan ka vyapar mahattvapoorn ho utha tha aur kairebiyaee upaniveshoan v bhavi sanyukt rajy (amerika) ke dakshini bhagoan ke lie ek arthik avashyakata ban gaya. briten ke upaniveshoan mean das-pratha mean mukti ke lie chalane vala aandolan, ameriki aandolan se bahut pahale saphal ho chuka tha. vahaan par 1807 mean gulamoan ka vyapar samapt kar diya gaya tha aur 1833 mean briten adhikrit kshetroan mean bhi gulam-pratha ka aant ho gaya tha.
r aaubart klaiv, jems vulf aur ayar koot jaise vyaktiyoan ke netritv mean briten ki thal v nau-sainy shakti ne british samrajy ke lie kanada aur bharat jaise do mahattvapoorn hisse hasil kie. 18vian shatabdi ke poorvarddh mean amerika mean british aur fraansisi upaniveshoan ke bich chalane vala yuddh sthaniy hi tha. lekin 1763 ki peris ki sandhi, jisase satavarshiy yuddh (uttari amerika mean phreanch aur iandiyan v aaur ke nam se prasiddh) samapt hua, kanada mean briten ka varchasv sthapit kar diya. bharat mean eest iandiya kanpani ko fraans ki koanpeni d iand se muqabala karana p da, lekin 1750 mean fraansisiyoan aur bangal ke shasakoan par klaiv ki sainik vijay ne briten dvara b de paimane par bharatiy kshetroan ke adhigrahan aur bharat mean unake bhavi varchasv ka rasta saf kar diya.
1776-1783 mean briten ke hath se 13 ameriki upaniveshoan ke nikal jane ki kshatipoorti, 1788 se astreliya mean nee bastiyoan aur ab ke amerika se british satta ke vafadar logoan ke utpravas ke bad oopari kanada (ab oantariyo) ke abhootapoorv vikas se huee. nepoliyan se hue yuddhoan ne samrajy ko atirikt labh pradan kiya. aimiean ki sandhi (1802) ne trinidad aur silon (vartaman shrilanka) ko adhikarik roop se british satta ke adhin kar diya aur peris ki sandhi (1814) se fraans ne tobaigo, m aaurishas, seant looshiya aur malta sauanp die. 1795 mean malakka samrajy mean shamil hua aur sar staimaphord raiphals ne 1819 mean siangapur hasil kiya. alabarta, mainitoba aur british kolanbiya ki kanadaee bastiyoan ne british prabhav ko prashaant mahasagar tak pahuancha diya, jabaki bharat mean british vijay dvara agara aur avadh ke sanyukt rajyoan, madhy praantoan, poorvi bangal aur asam ko bhi mila liya gaya.
poorn pallavan ka kal
19vian shatabdi ko british samrajy ke poorn pallavan ka kal mana jata hai. prashasan aur niti mean badalav isi shatabdi ke dauran hue aur 17vian v 18vian shatabdi ki jas-tas vyavastha ki jagah, aupaniveshik karyalay mean joseph chaianbaralen ke karyakal (1895- 1900) ki vishisht vivekapoorn vyavastha a gee. 1801 mean shuroo hua yah karyalay, pahale grih karyalay aur vyapar bord ke sath sanlagn tha, lekin 1850 mean yah ek alag vibhag ban gaya, jisake karmikoan ki sankhya badh rahi thi aur jisaki apani ek satat niti thi. isake madhyam se zaroorat p dane par aupaniveshik sarakaroan par dabav dala jata tha aur unhean anushasit kiya jata tha.
aupaniveshikaran
1840 mean nyoojilaiand adhikarik taur par british samrajy ka hissa ban gaya. isake bad yahaan ka aupaniveshikaran tezi se hua. british mishanariyoan ki or se p dane vale tho de-bahut dabav ke karan british adhipaty phiji, toanga, papua aur prashaant mahasagar ke doosare dvipoan tak phail gaya. aur 1877 mean pashchimi prashaant mahasagar ke dvipoan ke lie british uchchayog ki sthapana ki gee. bharatiy vidroh (1857) ke bad british taj ne bharat mean eest iandiya kanpani ki sarakari satta sanbhal li. 1886 mean briten dvara barma (vartaman myaanmar) ka adhigrahan poora ho gaya, jabaki panjab (1849) aur baloochistan (1854-76) ki vijay se svayan bharatiy upamahadvip mean use mahattvapoorn ne pradesh upalabdh ho ge. fraansisiyoan dvara svej nahar ka kam poora (1869) kar lie jane ke bad briten ko bharat ke lie pahale se kahian chhota marg sulabh ho gaya. briten ne isaka labh adan mean apane bandaragah ke vistar, somalilaiand (vartaman somaliya) mean ek sarankshit sarajy aur dakshini arab ki riyasatoan mean apane prabhav-kshetr mean vriddhi ke roop mean uthaya. saipras, jo jibraltar aur malta hi ki tarah bhoomadhy sagar se hota hua bharat ke sath sanpark-shrriankhala ki ek k di tha, par 1878 mean qabza kar liya gaya. anyatr, jaladamaroomadhy bastiyoan aur malay rajy parisangh ke vikas ke sath british prabhav sudoor poorv tak phaila aur 1880 ke dashak mean broonee aur saravak sanrakshit rajy bana lie ge. 1841 mean haangakaang dvip british adhikar mean a gaya. chin mean british-sandhi-bandaragahoan aur vyapar ke keandr, shanghaee, ke madhyam se ek ‘anaupacharik samrajy’ chal raha tha.
vistar
british satta ka sabase b da vistar afrika mean hua. briten ko 1882 se misr mean aur 1899 se soodan mean sattadhari shakti ke roop mean jana jata tha. is shatabdi ke uttarardh mean, r aauyal naijar kanpani ne british prabhav ko naeejiriya aur gold kost (vartaman ghana) mean badhana shuroo kar diya tha aur jaanbiya bhi british adhikar mean a gaya. kenya aur yugaanda kahe jane vale kshetroan mean 'ianpiriyal british eest afrika kanpani kam karati thi aur british sauth afrika kanpani jianbabve,[1] jaanbiya[2] aur malavi mean sakriy thi. dakshin aphrika se uttar mean misr tak phaili british pradeshoan ki shrriankhala ne aangrez janata ke ‘kep se kahira’ tak vistrit afriki samrajy ke sapane ko poora kar diya. 19vian sadi ke aant tak sansar ki ek-chauthaee bhoomi aur usaki chauthaee se bhi adhik janasankhya british samrajy ka hissa thi.
briten ke kuchh upaniveshoan ke lie simit svashasan ke vichar ki sifarish sabase pahale kanada ke lie 1839 mean l aaurd daraham ne ki thi. is riport mean ‘uttaradayi svashasan’ ka prastav rakha gaya tha, taki british sarakar dvara chune ge adhikariyoan ke bajay kanada ke nagarikoan dvara chuni gee mantriparishad karyakari adhikaroan ka prayog kar sake. apane karyakal ke lie mantriparishad prathamik taur par aupaniveshik vidhan sabha ke samarthan par nirbhar rahane vali thi.
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