फ्राँस
thumb|250px|fraans ke vibhinn drishy fraans ganarajy pashchim yoorop mean sthit ek desh hai. peris fraans ki rajadhani hai. yah yooropiy sangh ka sadasy hai. fraans kee kshetroan aur vibhagoan mean vibhajit hai. fraans yooropiy sangh ka ek sansthapak sadasy hai. fraans ka kshetraphal kisi bhi any sadasy desh se sabase zyada hai. fraans sanyukt rashtr sangh ka sansthapak sadasy hone ke sath-sath sanyukt rashtr suraksha parishad ke paanch sthaee sadasyoan mean se ek hai. isaki sima beljiyam, laksembar, jarmani, svitajaralaiand, itali, monako, aandora aur spen se milati hai. fraans ki sima se lagi huee do parvat shrriankhalaean haian, poorv mean alps aur dakshin mean prenis. fraans se pravahit hone vali kee nadiyoan mean se do nadiyaan pramukh haian, sin aur loyar. fraans ke uttar aur pashchim mean nichali paha diyaan aur nadi ghatiyaan haian.
itihas
fraans shabd latini bhasha ke phrainkiya se aya hai, jisaka arth phraanks ki bhoomi ya phraankalaiand hai. adhunik fraans ki sima prachin gaul ki sima ke saman hi hai. prachin gaul mean seltik g aaul nivas karate the. gaul par pahali shatabdi mean rom ke joolias sizar ne jit hasil ki thi. tadoparaant gaul ne roman bhasha aur roman sanskriti ko apanaya. eesaiyat doosari shatabdi aur tisari shatabdi mean pahuanchi aur chauthi aur paanchavian shatabdi tak sthapit ho gee. chauthi sadi mean jarmanik janajati, mukhyatah phraianks ne gaul par kabza jamaya. is se fraansis nam dikhaee diya. adhunik nam "fraans" peris ke asapas ke fraans ke kapetiyan rajaoan ke nam se ata hai. phraianks yoorop ki pahali janajati thi, jisane roman samrajy ke patan ke bad ariyanijm ko apanane ki bajae kaitholik eesaee dharm ko svikar kiya. vardan sandhi (843) ke bad sharalemegne ka samrajy tin bhagoan mean vibhajit ho gaya. inamean sabase b da kshetr pashchimi fraansiya tha, jo aj ke fraans ke barabar tha. hyoog kapet ke fraans ke raja banane tak karoliangiyan rajavansh ne 987 tak fraans par raj kiya. unake vanshajoan ne anek yuddhoan aur poorvajoan ki virasat ke sath desh ko ekikrit kiya. 17 vian sadi aur luee chaudahavean ke shasanakal ke dauran fraans sabase adhik shaktishali tha. fraans ke doople ka dubhashiya anand rang pillee tha. fraans ka ek nausainik adhikari kauant di ek tha. yah fraans ke us jahaji be de ka kamandar tha, jis par savar hokar karnatak mean aangrezoan aur fraansisiyoan ke bich ho rahe yuddh ke akhiri charan mean 1758 ee. mean kauant di lali aur fraansisi sena bharat aee thi. thumb|250px|left|fraans ka dhvaj
paryatan sthal
peris
peris fraans desh ka sabase b da shahar aur usaki rajadhani hai . ise duniya ke sabase khoobasoorat shaharoan mean se ek aur duniya ki faishan aur glaimar rajadhani mana jata hai . yahian par duniya ki sabase mashahoor minar aifil tavar sthit hai .
efil t aauvar
efil t aauvar fraans ki rajadhani pairis mean sthit ek lauh tavar hai. isaka nirman 1887-1889 mean shaimp-de-mars mean sin nadi ke tat par pairis mean hua tha. yah tavar vishv mean ullekhaniy nirmanoan mean se ek aur fraans ki sanskriti ka pratik hai.
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efil t aauvar ke bare mean do shabd kahana avashyak hai. maian nahian janata ki aj efil t aauvar ka kya upayog ho raha hai. pradarshani mean jane ke bad pradarshani sambandhi bate to padhane mean ati hi thi. usamean usaki stuti bhi padhi aur ninda bhi. mujhe yad haian ki ninda karane valo mean t aaulst aauy mukhy the. unhoanne likha tha ki efil t aauvar manushy ki moorkhata ka chihn haian, usake jnan ka parinam nahian. apane lekh mean unhoanne bataya tha ki duniya mean prachalit kee tarah ke nashoan mean tambakoo ka vyasan ek prakar se sabase jyada kharab haian. kukarm karane ki jo himmat manushy mean sharab pine se nahian ati, vah bi di pine se ati hai. sharab pine vala pagal ho jata haian, jab ki bidi pine vale ki akl par dhuana chha jata haian, aur is karan vah havaee qile banane lagata hai. t aaulst aauy ne apani yah sammati prakat ki thi ki efil t aauvar aise hi vyasan ka parinam hai. efil t aauvar mean saundary to kuchh hai hi nahian. aisa nahian kar sakate ki usake karan pradarshani ki shobha mean koee vriddhi huee. ek nee chij hai badi chij hai, is lie hajaroan log dekhane ke lie us par chadhe. yah t aauvar pradarshani ka ek khilauna tha. aur jab ham mohavash haian tab tak ham bhi balak haian, yah chij is t aauvar se bhalibhaanti siddh hoti haian. manana chahe to itani upayogita usaki mani ja sakati haian.[1] ---mahatma gaandhi |
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ mahatma gaandhi jivani saty ke prayog se sangrahit
sanbandhit lekh
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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