हिमालय का मानचित्र
thumb|himalay ka manachitr himalay ka kuchh had tak satik manachitr mugal badashah akabar ke darabar ke speni doot eantoniyoan maunaseret ne 1590 mean taiyar kiya tha. fraansisi bhoo-vaijnanik jyaan baipatist b aauragueegnon di aauravile ne vyavasthit paryavekshan ke adhar par tibbat aur himalay parvatashreni ka pahala manachitr taiyar kiya. 19vian sadi ke madhy mean sarve aauf iandiya ne himalay ki chotiyoan ki ooanchaee ke sahi akalan ke lie vyavasthit karyakram ka ayojan kiya. 1849 se 1855 ke bich nepal aur uttarakhand ki chotiyoan ka sarvekshan kar unaka manachitr banaya gaya. nanga parvat aur uttar mean karakoram shreni ki chotiyoan ko 1855 se 1859 ke bich sarvekshan kiya gaya. sarvekshakoan ne in khoee gee asankhy chotiyoan ko alag-alag nam nahian diya, balki aankoan aur roman sankhyaoan se unaki pahachan ki. is prakar, mauant evarest ko sarvapratham sirf ech nam diya gaya. 1849 s 1850 mean ise shikhar x.v kar diya gaya. 1865 mean shikhar x.v. ka nam bharat ke mahasarvekshak rahe sar jarj evarest (1830 se 1843 tak) ke nam par rakha gaya. 1852 mean ganana ka is had tak vikas nahian hua tha ki shikhar x.v. duniya ke any kisi bhi shikhar se ooancha hai, isaki janakari ho sake. 1862 tak, 5,486 mitar se adhik ooanchaee vale 40 shikharoan par sarvekshan kary ke lie arohan ho chuka tha.
vaijnanik shodh
sarvekshan abhiyanoan ke alava 19vian shatabdi mean himalay mean kee vaijnanik adhyayan bhi kie ge. 1848 se 1849 ke bich aangrez vanaspatishastri jozef daltan hookar ne sikkim himalay kshetr ke vanaspati jivan ka sarvapratham adhyayan kiya. usake bad kee logoan ne unaka anusaran kiya, jisamean himalay ki ooanchaiyoan mean rahane vale jantuoan ke prakritik itihas ke mahattvapoorn vivaran ke lekhak, british prakritividh richard dablyoo. ji. hiangstan (aranbhik 20vian shatabdi) bhi shamil the. dvitiy vishvayuddh ke bad se sarve aauf iandiya ne havaee chitroan ki madad se himalay ke kuchh vyapak paimane ke manachitr banae haian. jarman bhoogolavidoan aur manachitrakaroan ne bhoo-fotogrametri ki madad se himalay ke kuchh hissoan ka manachitr taiyar kiya hai. sath hi, upagrahiy sarvekshan ka istemal zyada satik aur byorevar manachitroan ke nirman mean kiya ja raha hai.
briten ke dablyoo.dablyoo. graham dvara 1883 mean kee shikharoan par chadhane ke dave ke sath hi 1880 ke dashak mean himalay parvatarohan ki shuruat huee. halaanki unaki riport ko sanshay ki drishti se dekha gaya, lekin isase any yooropiy parvatarohiyoan mean bhi ruchi utpann huee. 20vian sadi ke aranbh mean karakoram shrriankhala par aur himalay ke kumaooan tatha sikkim kshetr mean parvatiy abhiyanoan ki sankhya mean ullekhaniy vriddhi huee. pratham aur dvitiy vishv yuddh ke bich ke kal mean vibhinn chotiyoan ke prati vibhinn deshoan ki prathamikata ka vikas hua. jarmanoan ne nanga parvat aur kanchanajanga, amerikiyoan ne ke-2[1] aur british logoan ne mauant evarest ko chuna. 1921 tak mauant evarest par chadhane ke darjanoan prayas ho chuke the. mee, 1953 mean nyoozilaiand ke parvatarohi edamand hileri aur unake sahayogi sherapa tenaziang norge dvara saphalata prapt karane se pahale lagabhag darjan bhar prayas ho chuke the. isi varsh karl-mariya heraligakofar ke netritv vali aaustro-jarman tim ne nanga parvat ke shikhar tak pahuanchane mean saphalata paee. jaise-jaise ooanche shikharoan par saphalata milane lagi, parvatarohi apani nipunata aur upakaranoan ki jaanch ke lie b di chunautiyaan dhooandhane lage tatha unhoanne apekshakrit zyada khataranak rastoan se shikhar par chadhane ka prayas kiya. 20 vian shatabdi ke aant tak himalay par salana parvatarohan abhiyanoan aur paryatan yatraoan ki sankhya itani badh gee thi ki kuchh kshetroan mean logoan dvara chho de ge kachare ke badhate dher tatha vanaspati aur jantu jivan ke vinash se parvatiy paryavaran ke nazuk santulan ke khatara utpann ho gaya.
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ ise mauant g aaudavin aaustin bhi kahate haian
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh