आधुनिक काल

bharat ka itihas

pashan yug- 70000 se 3300 ee.poo
meharagadh sanskriti	7000-3300 ee.poo
sindhu ghati sabhyata- 3300-1700 ee.poo
h dappa sanskriti	1700-1300 ee.poo
vaidik kal- 1500–500 ee.poo
prachin bharat - 1200 ee.poo–240 ee.
mahajanapad	700–300 ee.poo
magadh samrajy	545–320 ee.poo
satavahan samrajy	230 ee.poo-199 ee.
maury samrajy	321–184 ee.poo
shuang samrajy	184–123 ee.poo
shak samrajy	123 ee.poo–200 ee.
kushan samrajy	60–240 ee.
poorv madhyakalin bharat- 240 ee.poo– 800 ee.
chol samrajy	250 ee.poo- 1070 ee.
gupt samrajy	280–550 ee.
pal samrajy	750–1174 ee.
pratihar samrajy	830–963 ee.
rajapoot kal	900–1162 ee.
madhyakalin bharat- 500 ee.– 1761 ee.
dilli saltanat gulam vansh khilaji vansh tugalaq vansh saiyyad vansh lodi vansh mugal samrajy	1206–1526 ee. 1206-1290 ee. 1290-1320 ee. 1320-1414 ee. 1414-1451 ee. 1451-1526 ee. 1526–1857 ee.
dakkan saltanat bahamani vansh nizamashahi vansh	1490–1596 ee. 1358-1518 ee. 1490-1565 ee.
dakshini samrajy rashtrakoot vansh hoyasal samrajy kakatiya samrajy vijayanagar samrajy	1040-1565 ee. 736-973 ee. 1040–1346 ee. 1083-1323 ee. 1326-1565 ee.
adhunik bharat- 1762–1947 ee.
maratha samrajy	1674-1818 ee.
sikh rajyasangh	1716-1849 ee.
aupanivesh kal	1760-1947 ee.

aurangazeb ki mrityukal se lekar plasi ki l daee ke poorvakal tak bangal, bihar aur u disa ki rajaniti mugal prashasan se aprabhavit rahane lagi thi. 'sukumar bhattachary' ne likha hai ki 'yah saty hai ki, aurangazeb ki mrityu se poorv hi shadyantrakari shaktiyoan ne sir uthana prarambh kar diya tha. yahaan tak ki jis rajy ki j dean itani shaktishali thian, unhean dhool-dhoosarit kar diya gaya aur ab aurangazeb ke vansh mean koee bhi aisa nahian rah gaya, jo in shadyantroan ko kuchal sakata. isaka karan yah tha ki, mugaloan ka vishal samrajy kee prantoan mean vibhajit tha, jo soobedaroan ke sanrakshan mean the. pratyaksh hai ki aisa shasan prabandh shaktishali kendriy sarakar ki upasthiti mean hi chal sakata tha. lekin mugaloan ka kendriy shasan-prabandh aurangazeb ki anupasthiti mean nitant shaktihin aur adridh ho gaya tha.'

mugal samrajy ka patan

vah mugal samrajy, jo apani vistrit sainik shakti, vaibhav tatha saanskritik upalabdhiyoan ke lie vikhyat tha, aurangazeb ki mrityu ke sath hi chhinn-bhinn ho gaya. lagabhag 50 varshoan ki ek chhoti-si avadhi mean ek ke bad ek kee mugal badashah sianhasan par baithe, lekin in shasakoan mean koee bhi itana prabhavashali nahian tha, jo apane poorvavartiyoan ki virasat ko sanbhal sake. stainalean lenapool ne likha hai ki aurangazeb ke shasan kal ke ant se pahale hi hindustan mean g dab di thi tatha bhavi samapti ke sankat prakat ho ge the. jaise koee sashastr evan mukutadhari lash dhool mean mil jati hai, vaise hi mugaloan ke rajy ka patan us samay hua, jab usaki raksha karane vala koee mahanh shesh n raha. yadi aurangazeb apani yogyata tatha sainik star ka koee varis bhi chho dakar jata, tab bhi vighatan ki prakriya ko shayad hi roka ja sakata tha, kyoanki bimari is had tak badh chuki thi ki usaka ilaj sambhav nahian tha.

20 faravari, 1707 ee. ko aurangazeb ki mrityu ke samay mugal samrajy mean 21 soobe the, jinamean afaganistan mean ek qabul, uttar bharat mean 14 aur dakshin mean 6- aurangabad, barar, bidar, telangana, haidarabad aur khanadesh the. akabar se lekar aurangazeb tak char mahanh mugal shasakoan ne 151 varsh tak shasan kiya, lekin inake kamazor uttaradhikariyoan mean bahadurashah pratham se lekar bahadurashah dvitiy tak kul 13 paravarti shasak hue, jisamean ek bhi shaktishali nahian hua aur ye sabhi sharmanak tarike se gaddi se utar die ge. aurangazeb apane jivan ke antim samay mean apane betoan ke bich sanbhavit uttaradhikar ke yuddh se ashankit tha. isalie usane ek vasiyat ke dvara rajy ka bantavara kar diya tha. is vasiyat ke anusar-

1. b de bete muajjam, bahadurashah athava shahalam ko 12 soobe; jisaki rajadhani dilli tatha qabul thi, ki soobedari pradan ki gee thi.
2. muhammd ajam ko gujarat, agara, malava tatha dakkan ki soobedari mili.
3. kamabakhsh ko bijapur aur haidarabad ki soobedari mili.

shaktihin mugal uttaradhikari

badashah aurangazeb ke sare uttaradhikari jahaandarashah, farrukhasiyar, muhammadashah adi ayogy the, jo girate samrajy ko sanbhal nahian sakate the. aisi sthiti mean mugal soobedar apane prantoan ke svami svayan ban baithe. is karan mugal samrajy mean charoan taraf ashanti, upadrav shadayantr adi ke bazar garm ho gaye. dakshin bharat ke rajy bhi ashant ho uthe. dakshin mean nizamulamulk, asifajan aur avadh mean sadat ali khaan ne svatantr rajasatta ka prayog kiya. isi marg ka anushilan roohelakhand ke afagan pathanoan ne bhi kiya. marathoan ne bhi maharashtr, madhy pradesh, malava aur gujarat par adhikar karake poona ko apane rajanitik kary-kalapoan ka kendr bana liya.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

maratha shakti ka uday

mugal shasan ki shaktihinata ke karan bharat mean ane vali videshi jatiyoan aur unaki kampaniyoan ko prabhav jamane ka mauqa to mila hi, bharat ki ek any shakti maratha bhi apana vikas karati gee aur mugal prashasan ki sanprabhuta ko chunauti dekar apani pradhanata qayam kar li. unnisavian shatabdi ka ek aangrez itihasakar likhata hai ki, "aurangazeb ki mrityu ke sath hi mugal samrajy ka patan arambh ho gaya. jahaandarashah laparavah, lampat aur pagalapan ki had tak nashebaz tha. usane duracharapoorn aur strain darabari jivan ka ek dusht namoona samane rakha aur shasak varg ki naitikata ko kalankit kiya. is kathaputali badashah ke kal mean sari satta vazir tatha any darabariyoan ke hathoan mean chali gee. uttaradayitv bant jane se prashasan mean laparavahi ayi aur arajakata phail gee. apane gyarah mahine ke prashasan kal mean jahaandarashah ne apane poorvajoan dvara sanchit khazane ko adhikaanshat: loota diya. sona, chaandi aur babar ke samay se ikatthi ki gee any moolyavan chizean u da di geean. yuvak muhammadashah ko prashasan mean koee ruchi nahian thi. vah nimn koti ke logoan se ghira rahata tha aur tuchchh kamoan mean apana samay bitata tha. isi ke shasan kal mean dilli par nadirashah ka akraman hua tha. is samay bharat ki shakti adhikaanshat: marathoan ke hathoan mean a chuki thi, aur vahi nadirashah ke akraman ka mukabala bhi kar sakate the. mugal samrajy ke mukabale is samay marathe hi ek mazaboot sthiti mean the.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

any shaktiyoan ka utkarsh

uttar mugalakalin shasakoan ke shasanakal mean marathoan ke atirikt bharat mean sikkhoan, rajapootoan, jatoan tatha ruheloan ke roop mean any shaktiyaan bhi uchhal-kood kar rahi thian. sikkhoan ne panjab mean apani shakti mean vriddh kar li thi. panjab mean unhoanne apani svatantr satta sthapit kar li aur mugaloan ki sanprabhoota ki avahelana kar di. isi prakar rajapootoan ne rajapootana mean, jatoan ne dilli ke as-pas aur ruheloan ne roohelakhand mean apani-apani shakti ka vistar kar liya. marathoan tatha sikkhoan ki tarah unhoanne bhi apani svatantr satta ki sthapana kar dali. sampoorn desh ko vighatit karane vali in tamam shaktiyoan par niyantran rakhana mugal shasakoan ke lie sambhav nahian rah gaya aur desh vighatit hone laga.[[chitr:Guru Gobind Singh.jpg|thumb|150px|guru govind sianh]]

sikkh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

sikkh jati ko ek l dakoo jati ke roop mean parivartit karane ka mahattvapooran kary guru haragovind sianh ne kiya. sikkhoan ke dasavean guru govind sianh ke netritv mean sikkh ek rajanitik evan fauji shakti banakar ubhare. guru govind sianh ki mrityu ke bad 'guru' ki parampara samapt ho gee. unake shishy banda sianh, jise 'banda bahadur' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai, usane apane guru ki mrityu ke bad sikkhoan ka netritv sanbhala. usake shishy use 'sachcha padashah' kahakar sambodhit karate the. 1715 ee. mean banda sianh ko pak dakar usaki hatya kar di gee. 1748 ee. mean navab 'karpoor sianh' ne sikkhoan ke alag-alag dal ko 'khalasa dal' mean shamil kiya, jisaka netritv 'jassa sianh' ne kiya. sikkhoan ka vibhajan 12 misaloan mean hua tha. 1760 ee. tak sikkhoan ka panjab par poorn adhikar ho gaya tha. sikkhoan ne 1763 se 1773 ee. ke bich sikkh shakti ka vistar poorv mean saharanapur, pashchim mean atak, dakshin mean multan aur uttar mean jammoo-kashmir tak kar liya.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

jat

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

mugal saltanat ke akhari samay mean jo shaktiyaan ubhari, jinhoanne brajamandal ke itihas mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee, un jat saradaroan ke nam itihas mean bahut mashahoor haian. jatoan ka itihas purana hai. jat mukhyatah kheti karane vali jati hai; lekin aurangazeb ke atyacharoan aur nirankush pravritti ne unhean ek b di sainy shakti ka roop de diya.[[chitr:Jawahar-Singh.jpg|thumb|150px|javahar sianh]] mugaliya saltanat ke ant se aangrezoan ke shasan tak brajaman dal mean jatoan ka prabhutv raha. inhoanne braj ke rajanitik aur samajik jivan ko bahut prabhavit kiya. yah samay braj ke itihas mean 'jat kal' ke nam se jana jata hai. is kal ka vishesh mahattv hai. jat netaoan ne is samay mean braj mean anek jagahoan par, jaise sinasini, dig, bharatapur, murasan aur hatharas jaise kee rajyoan ko sthapit kiya. in rajaoan mean dig−bharatapur ke raja mahattvapoorn haian. in rajaoan ne braj ka gaurav badhaya, inhean 'brajendr' athava 'brajaraj' bhi kaha gaya. braj ke itihas mean krishna (alaberooni ne krishna ko jat hi bataya hai) ke pashchath jin kuchh hindoo rajaoan ne shasan kiya , unamean dig aur bharatapur ke raja vishesh the. in rajaoan ne lagabhag sau saloan tak brajamandal ke ek b de bhag par rajy kiya. in jat shasakoan mean maharaja soorajamal (shasanakal sanh 1755 se sanh 1763 tak) aur unake putr javahar sianh (shasan kal sanh 1763 se sanh 1768 tak) braj ke itihas mean bahut prasiddh haian.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

aangrez

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bangal ke sadhanoan se balashali hokar aangrezoan ne 1760 ee. mean vadivash ki l daee mean phraansisiyoan ko hara diya aur 1762 ee. mean unase paandecheri le liya. is prakar unhoanne bharat mean phraansisiyoan ki rajanitik shakti samapt kar di. 1764 ee. mean aangrezoan ne baksar ki l daee mean badashah bahadur shah aur avadh ke navab ki sammilit sena ko hara diya aur 1765 ee. mean badashah se bangal, bihar tatha u disa ki divani prapt kar li. isake phalasvaroop eest iandiya kampani ko pahali bar bangal, u disa tatha bihar ke prashasan ka qanooni adhikar mil gaya. kuchh itihasakar ise bharat mean british rajy ka prarambh manate haian.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

rajapoot

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

rajapootoan ne muslim akramaniyoan se shatabdiyoan tak viratapoorvak yuddh kiya. yadyapi unamean paraspar ekata ke abhav ke karan bharat par antat: muslimoan ka rajy sthapit ho gaya tha, tathapi unake tivr virodh ke phalasvaroop is kary mean muslimoan ko bahut samay laga. dirghakal tak muslimoan ka virodh aur unase yuddh karate rahane ke karan rajapoot shithil ho ge aur unaki deshabhakti, virata tatha atm-balidan ki bhavanaean kuanthit ho geean. yahi karan hai ki bharat mean aangrezi rajy ki sthapana ke viruddh kisi bhi mahattvapoorn rajapoot rajy athava shasak ne koee yuddh nahian kiya. isake viparit 1817 aur 1820 ee. ke bich sabhi rajapoot rajaoan ne svechchha se aangrezoan ki sarvopari satta svikar karake apani tatha apane rajy ki suraksha ka bhar un par chho d diya.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

adhunik kal ki pramukh l daeeyaan

bharatiy itihas mean samay-samay par kee yuddh hue haian. in yuddhoan ke dvara bharat ki rajaniti ne n jane kitani hi bar ek alag hi disha prapt ki. bharatiy riyasatoan mean apas mean hi kee itihas prasiddh yuddh l de ge. in deshi riyasatoan ki apasi phoot bhi is had tak badh chuki thi, ki aangrezoan ne usaka poora labh uthaya. rajapootoan, marathoan aur musalamanoan mean bhi kee sandhiyaan hueean. bharat ke itihas mean adhikaansh yuddhoan ka lakshy sirf ek hi tha, dilli saltanat par hukoomat. adhunik kal mean aangrezoan ne hi apani soojhaboojh aur chalaki v kootaniti se dilli ki hukoomat prapt ki thi. halaanki unhean bharat mean apane paanv jamane ke lie kafi pareshaniyoan ka samana karana p da tha, phir bhi unhoanne bharatiyoan ki apasi phoot ka labh uthate hue ise ek lambe samay tak gulam banaye rakha.

aangl-maratha yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

[[chitr:Tipu-Sultan.jpg|thumb|150px|right|tipoo sultan]] bharat ke itihas mean tin aangl-maratha yuddh hue haian. ye tinoan yuddh 1775 ee. se 1818 ee. tak chale. ye yuddh british senaoan aur maratha mahasangh ke bich hue the. in yuddhoan ka parinam yah hua ki, maratha mahasangh ka poori tarah se vinash ho gaya. marathoan mean pahale se hi apas mean kafi bhedabhav the, jis karan vah aangrezoan ke viruddh ekajut nahian ho sake. jahaan raghunatharav ne eest indiya kampani se mitrata karake peshava banane ka sapana dekha, aur aangrezoan ke sath soorat ki sandhi ki, vahian qayar bajirav dvitiy ne basin bhagakar aangrezoan ke sath basin ki sandhi ki aur marathoan ki svatantrata ko bech diya. pahala yuddh(1775-1782 ee.) raghunatharav dvara mahasangh ke peshava (mukhyamantri) ke dave ko lekar british samarthan se prarambh hua. janavari 1779 ee. mean b dagaanv mean aangrez parajit ho ge, lekin unhoanne marathoan ke sath salabaee ki sandhi (mee 1782 ee.) hone tak yuddh jari rakha.

gorakha yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gorakha yuddh 1816 ee. mean british bharatiy sarakar aur nepal ke bich hua. us samay bharat ka gavarnar-janaral l aaurd hestiangs tha. eest indiya kampani ke rajy ka prasar nepal ki taraf bhi hone laga tha, jabaki nepal apane rajy ka vistar uttar ki or chin ke hone ke karan nahian kar sakata tha. gorakhoan ne pulis thanoan par hamala kar diya aur kee aangrezoan ko apana nishana banaya. in sab paristhitiyoan mean kampani ne gorakha logoan ke viruddh yuddh ki ghoshana kar di.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

aangl-sikkh yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bharat ke itihas mean do sikkh yuddh hue haian. in donoan hi yuddhoan mean sikkh aangrezoan se parajit hue aur unhean aangrezoan se unaki manamani shartoan ke anusar sandhi karani p di. pratham yuddh mean parajay ke karan sikkhoan ko aangrezoan ke sath 9 march, 1846 ee. ko 'lahaur ki sandhi' aur isake uparant ek aur sandhi, 'bhairoval ki sandhi' 22 disambar, 1846 ee. ko karani p di. in sandhiyoan ke dvara 'lal sianh' ko vazir ke roop mean aangrezoan ne manyata pradan kar di aur apani ek rejident ko lahaur mean rakh diya. maharani zinda kaur ko dalip sianh se alag kar diya gaya, jo ki dalip sianh ki sanrakshika thian. unhean 'shekhapura' bhej diya gaya. dvitiy yuddh mean sikkhoan ne aangrezoan ke age atm samarpan kar diya. dalip sianh ko penshan pradan kar di gee. use v rani zinda kaur ko 5 lakh rupaye varshik penshan par ianglaind bhej diya gaya. jahaan par kuchh samay bad hi rani zinda kaur ki mrityu ho gee.

gavarnar-janaral

thumb|150px|l aaurd karzan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

eest indiya kampani ke shasan kal mean bharat ka prashasan ek ke bad ek baees gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan mean raha. is kal ke bharatiy itihas ki sabase ullekhaniy ghatana yah hai ki kampani yuddh tatha kootaniti ke dvara bharat mean apane samrajy ka uttarottar vistar karati rahi. maisoor ke sath char l daiyaan, marathoan ke sath tin, barma (myaanmar) tatha sikhoan ke sath do-do l daiyaan tatha siandh ke amiroan, gorakhoan tatha afaganistan ke sath ek-ek l daee chhe di gayi. pratyek l daee mean kampani ko ek ya doosare deshi raja ki madad mili. usane jin faujoan se l daee ki unamean se adhikaansh bharatiy sipahi the aur l daee ka kharch poori tarah bharatiy karadata ko uthana p da. in l daiyoan ke phalasvaroop 1857 ee. tak sare bharat par sidhe kampani ka prabhutv sthapit ho gaya. do-tihaee bharat par deshi rajyoan ka shasan bana raha. parantu unhoanne kampani ka sarvabhaum prabhutv svikar kar liya aur adhinasth tatha ashrit mitr raja ke roop mean apani riyasat ka shasan chalate rahe.

pratham svatantrata sangram

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

l aaurd kainiang ke gavarnar-janaral ke roop mean shasan karane ke dauran hi 1857 ee. ki mahanh kranti huee. is kranti ka arambh 10 mee, 1857 ee. ko merath se hua, jo dhire-dhire kanapur, bareli, jhaansi, dilli, avadh adi sthanoan par phail gaya. is kranti ki shuruat to ek sainy vidroh ke roop mean huee, parantu kalantar mean usaka svaroop badal kar british satta ke viruddh ek janavyapi vidroh ke roop mean ho gaya, jise bharat ka pratham svatantrata sangram kaha gaya.[[chitr:Mangal Panday.jpg|thumb|mangal pande]] 1857 ee. ki is mahanh kranti ke svaroop ko lekar viddhan ek mat nahian hai. is bare mean vidvanoan ne apane alag-alag mat pratipadit kiye haian, jo is prakar haian-'sipahi vidroh', 'svatantrata sangram', 'samantavadi pratikriya', 'janakranti', 'rashtriy vidroh', 'muslim shadayantr', 'eesaee dharm ke viruddh ek dharm yuddh' aur 'sabhyata evan barbarata ka sangharsh' adi.

mangal pande

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

29 march, 1857 ee. ko mangal pande namak ek sainik ne 'bairakapur chhavani' mean apane afasaroan ke viruddh vidroh kar diya, lekin british sainy adhikariyoan ne is sainik vidroh ko saralata se niyantrit kar liya aur sath hi usaki bataliyam '34 en.aee.' ko bhang kar diya. 24 aprail ko 3 el.si. pared merath mean 90 ghu dasavaroan mean se 85 sainikoan ne naye karatoos lene se iankar kar diya. ajna ki avahelana ke karan in 85 ghudasavaroan ko kort marshal dvara 5 varsh ka karavas diya gaya. 'khula vidroh' 10 mee, din ravivar ko saanyakal 5 v 6 baje ke madhy prarambh hua. sarvapratham paidal tuk di '20 en.aee.' mean vidroh ki shuruat huee, tatpashchath '3 el.si.' mean bhi vidroh phail gaya. in vidrohiyoan ne apane adhikariyoan ke oopar goliyaan chalaee. mangal pande ne 'hiyarase' ko goli mari thi, jabaki 'afasar bag' ki hatya kar di gee thi.[[chitr:Rani-Laxmibai-2.jpg|thumb|150px|rani lakshmibaee]]

jhaansi ki rani

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee ka janm 19 navanbar, 1828 ko kashi ke puny v pavitr kshetr asighat, varanasi mean hua tha. inake pita ka nam 'moropant taanbe' aur mata ka nam 'bhagirathi baee' tha. inaka bachapan ka nam 'manikarnika' rakha gaya, parantu pyar se manikarnika ko 'manu' pukara jata tha. manu ki avastha abhi char-paanch varsh hi thi ki usaki maan ka dehant ho gaya. pita moropant taanbe ek sadharan brahman aur aantim peshava bajirav dvitiy ke sevak the. mata bhagirathi baee sushil, chatur aur roopavati mahila thian. apani maan ki mrityu ho jane par vah pita ke sath bithoor (kanapur) a gee thian. yahian par unhoanne mallavidya, ghu dasavari aur shastravidyaean sikhian. chooanki ghar mean manu ki dekhabhal ke lie koee nahian tha, isalie unake pita moropant manu ko apane sath bajirav dvitiy ke darabar mean le jate the, jahaan chanchal evan sundar manu ne sabaka man moh liya tha. bajirav manu ko pyar se 'chhabili' bulane the.

tatya tope

[[chitr:Tatya-Tope.jpg|thumb|150px|tatya tope]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

san 1857 ee. ke pratham svatantrata sangram ke agraniy viroan mean tatya tope ko b da uchch sthan prapt hai. is vir ne kee sthanoan par apane sainik abhiyanoan mean uttar pradesh, rajasthan, madhy pradesh, gujarat mean aangrezi senaoan se takkar li thi aur unhean pareshan kar diya tha. gorilla yuddh pranali ko apanate hue tatya tope ne aangrezi senaoan ke kee sthanoan par chhakke chhu da diye the. tatya tope jo 'taantiya topi' ke nam se vikhyat haian, 1857 ee. ke svatantrata sangram ke un mahanh sainik netaoan mean se ek the, jo prakash mean ae. 1857 ee. tak log inake nam se aparichit the. lekin 1857 ee. ki natakiy ghatanaoan ne unhean achanak aandhakar se prakash mean la kh da kiya. is mahanh vidroh ke praranbh hone se poorv vah rajyachyut peshava bajirav dvitiy ke sabase b de putr bithoor ke raja, nana sahab ke ek prakar se sathi-musahib matr the, kiantu svatantrata sangram mean kanapur ke sammilit hone ke pashchath tatya peshava ki sena ke senadhyaksh ki sthiti tak pahuanch ge.

bahadur shah

[[chitr:Bahadur-Shah-II.jpg|thumb|140px|bahadur shah zafar]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bahadur shah zafar akabar dvitiy aur lalabaee ke doosare putr the. apane shasanakal ke adhikaansh samay unake pas vastavik satta nahian rahi aur vah aangrezoan par ashrit rahe. 1857 ee. mean svatantrata sangram shuroo hone ke samay bahadur shah 82 varsh ke boodhe the, aur svayan nirnay lene ki kshamata ko kho chuke the. vidrohiyoan ne unako azad hindustan ka badashah banaya. is karan aangrez unase kupit ho gaye aur unhoanne unase shatruvath vyavahar kiya. sitambar 1857 ee. mean aangrezoan ne dubara dilli par qabza jama liya aur bahadur shah zafar ko giraftar karake un par muqadama chalaya gaya tatha unhean rangoon (vartaman yaangoon) nirvasit kar diya gaya.

antim mugal shasak bahadurashah zafar, jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee, taantya tope (ramachanndr paandurang), bihar ke baboo kuanvarasianh, maharashtr se nana sahab, is pratham kranti ke prayas ke nayak the, kintu prayas viphal ho gaya. adhikaansh deshi rajaoan ne apane ko kraanti se alag rakha. kampani ko balapoorvak kraanti ko kuchal dene mean saphalata mili, parantu kraanti ke bad british parliyameant ne bharat par kampani ka shasan samapt kar diya. bharat ka shasan ab sidhe briten ke dvara kiya jane laga.

mahatma gaandhi

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-1.jpg|thumb|150px|mahatma gaandhi]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

mahatma gaandhi ne bharat ko azadi dilane ke lie apana sampoorn jivan hi samarpit kar diya tha. vishvakavi ravindranath taigor ne unhean 'mahatma' ki upadhi di thi, jisase vah mahatma gaandhi ke nam se pukare jane lage the. mahatma gaandhi ka janm 2 aktoobar 1869 ee. ko gujarat ke porabandar namak sthan par hua tha. unake mata-pita kattar hindoo the. inake pita ka nam karamachand gaandhi tha. mohanadas ki mata ka nam putalibaee tha, jo karamachand gaandhi ji ki chauthi patni thian. mohanadas apane pita ki chauthi patni ki antim santan the. unake pita karamachand (kaba gaandhi) pahale british shasan ke tahat pashchimi bharat ke gujarat rajy mean ek chhoti-si riyasat ki rajadhani porabandar ke divan the aur bad mean kramashah rajakot (kathiyava d) aur vaankaner mean divan rahe. karamachand gaandhi ne bahut adhik aupacharik shiksha to prapt nahian ki thi, lekin vah ek kushal prashasak the aur unhean sanaki rajakumaroan, unaki duahkhi praja tatha sattasin kattar british rajanitik adhikariyoan ke bich apana rasta nikalana ata tha.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy[[chitr:Congress-Flag-1931.jpg|thumb|150px|bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ka dhvaj]]

is prakar bharat mean british shasan ka doosara kal (1858-1947 ee.) arambh hua. is kal ka shasan ek ke bad ikattis gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan mean raha. gavarnar-janaral ko ab vaisaray (british samrat ka pratinidhi) kaha jane laga. l aaurd kainiang pahala vaisaray tatha gavarnar-janaral niyukt hua. 1885 ee. mean bambee mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana huee, jisamean desh ke samast bhagoan se 71 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. kaangres ka doosara adhiveshan 1883 ee. mean kalakatta mean hua, jisamean sare desh se nirvachit 434 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. is adhiveshan mean maang ki gayi ki bharat mean kendriy tatha praantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kiya jaye aur usake adhe sadasy nirvachit bharatiy hoan. kaangres har sal apane adhiveshanoan mean apani maangean doharati rahi. l aaurd dafarin ne kaangres par vyangy karate hue use aise alpasankhyak varg ka pratinidhitv karane vali sanstha bataya, jise sirf khurdabin se dekha ja sakata hai. l aaurd lainsadaun ne usake prati poorn upeksha ki niti barati, l aaurd karzan ne usaka khuleam mazak u daya tatha l aaurd minto dvitiy ne 1909 ke iandiyan k aauuansil ekt dvara sthapit vidhanamandaloan mean musalamanoan ko anuchit riti se anupat se adhik pratinidhitv dekar unhean pho dane tatha kaangres ko to dane ki koshish ki, phir bhi kaangres zinda rahi.

saphalata ki shuruat

kaangres ko pahali mamooli saphalata 1909 ee. mean mili, jab ianglaind mean bharatamantri ke nirdeshan mean kam karane vali 'bharat parishad' mean do bharatiy sadasyoan ki niyukti pahali bar ki gayi. vaisaray ki 'ekjikyootiv kauansil' mean pahali bar ek bharatiy sadasy ki niyukti ki gayi tatha 'iandiyan kauansil ekt' ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya tatha unamean nirvachit bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ka anupat pahale se adhik badha diya gaya. in sudharoan ke prastav l aaurd marle ne halaanki bharat mean sansadiy sansthaoan ki sthapana karane ka koee irada hone se inkar kiya, phir bhi ekt mean jo vyavasthaean ki gayian thi, unaka uddeshy usi disha mean age badhane ke siva aur kuchh nahian ho sakata tha. 1911 ee. mean l aaurd karzan ke dvara 1905 ee. mean kiya bangal ka vibhajan radd kar diya gaya aur bharat ne briten ka poora sath diya. bharat ne yuddh ko jitane ke lie briten ki faujoan se, dhan se tatha samagri se madad ki. bharat asha karata tha ki is rajabhakti pradarshan ke badale yuddh se hone vale labhoan mean use bhi hissa milega.

saradar bhagat sianh

[[chitr:Bhagat-Singh.gif|thumb|150px|bhagat sianh]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

1919 ee. mean raulat ekt ke virodh mean sanpoorn bharat mean pradarshan ho rahe the aur isi varsh 13 aprail ko jaliyaanvala bag kand hua. is kand ka samachar sunakar bhagat sianh lahaur se amritasar pahuanche. desh par mar-mitane vale shahidoan ke prati shradhdaanjali di tatha rakt se bhigi mitti ko unhoanne ek botal mean rakh liya, jisase sadaiv yah yad rahe ki unhean apane desh aur deshavasiyoan ke apaman ka badala lena hai. 1920 ee. ke mahatma gaandhi ke asahayog aandolan se prabhavit hokar 1921 ee. mean bhagat sianh ne skool chho d diya. asahayog aandolan se prabhavit chhatroan ke lie lala lajapat ray ne lahaur mean 'neshanal k aaulej' ki sthapana ki thi. isi k aaulej mean bhagat sianh ne bhi pravesh liya. 'panjab neshanal k aaulej' mean unaki deshabhakti ki bhavana phalane-phoolane lagi. isi k aaulej mean hi yashapal, bhagavaticharan, sukhadev, tirtharam, jhandasianh adi kraantikariyoan se sanpark hua. k aaulej mean ek neshanal natak klab bhi tha. isi klab ke madhyam se bhagat sianh ne deshabhaktipoorn natakoan mean abhinay bhi kiya.

chandrashekhar azad

[[chitr:Chandrashekhar-Azad.jpg|thumb|right|150px|chandrashekhar azad]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

chandrashekhar azad ke saphal netritv mean bhagat sianh aur batukeshvar datt ne 8 aprail, 1929 ee. ko dilli ki 'kendriy aseanbali' mean bam visphot kie. ye visphot sarakar dvara banae ge kale qanoonoan ke virodh mean kie ge the. is kand ke phalasvaroop bhi krantikari bahut janapriy ho ge. kendriy aseanbali mean bam visphot karane ke pashchath bhagat sianh aur batukeshvar datt ne svayan ko giraphtar kara liya. ve nyayalay ko apana prachar–manch banana chahate the. chandrashekhar azad ghoom–ghoomakar kranti prayasoan ko gati dene mean lage hue the. akhir vah din bhi a gaya, jab kisi mukhabir ne pulis ko vah soochana di, ki chandrashekhar azad 'alfred park' mean apane ek sathi ke sath baithe hue haian. chandrashekhar azad ne park mean kafi der tak aangrezoan se mukabala kiya. unake pas sari goliyaan samapt ho chuki thian, sirf ek goli hi shesh thi. ve aangrezoan ke hathoan mean ana nahian chahate the. svayan ko giraphtari se bachane ke lie unhoanne vah ek shesh goli apane mastishk se satakar chali di. is prakar ek aise deshabhakt ka ant ho gaya, jisane azadi ki prapti ke liye pranoan ka moh nahian kiya. desh ka har ek nagarik is vir ke rrin ko sadaiv yad rakhe, yahi us vir ke liye ek sachchi shrriddhajanli hogi.

netaji bos

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

[[chitr:Subhash-Chandra-Bose-2.jpg|thumb|150px|subhash chandr bos]] subhash chandr bos ek mahanh neta the. kahate haian n, ki neta apane siddhaantoan se kabhi samajhauta nahian karate, par unamean virodhiyoan ko sath lekar chalane ka mahanh gun hota hai. so neta ji mean yah gun koot-koot kar bhara tha. darasal, bharatiy svatantrata sangram mean alag-alag vicharoan ke dal the. zahir taur par mahatma gaandhi ko udar vicharoan vale dal ka pratinidhi mana jata tha. vahian netaji apane joshile svabhav ke karan kraantikari vicharoan vale dal mean the. yahi karan tha ki mahatma gaandhi aur subhash chandr bos ke vichar bhinn-bhinn the. lekin ve yah achchhi tarah janate the ki, mahatma gaandhi aur unaka maqasad ek hai, yani desh ki azadi. ve yah bhi janate the ki mahatma gaandhi hi desh ke rashtrapita kahalane ke sachamuch haqadar haian. sabase pahale gaandhi ji ko rashtrapita kahane vale netaji hi the.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

sampradayik dange

kuchh british afasaroan ne bharat ko svadhin hone se rokane ke lie aantim durrabh sandhi ki aur musalamanoan ki bharat vibhajan karake pakistan ki sthapana ki maang ka samarthan karana shuroo kar diya. isake phalasvaroop agast 1946 ee. mean sare desh mean bhayanak sampradayik dange shuroo ho gaye, jinhean vaisaray l aaurd vevel apane samast fauji anubhavoan tatha sadhanoan bavajood rokan mean asaphal raha. yah anubhav kiya gaya ki bharat ka prashasan aisi sarakar ke dvara chalana sambhav nahian hai, jisaka niyantran mudhy roop se aangrezoan ke hathoan mean ho. atev sitambar 1946 ee. mean l aaurd vevel ne pandit javahar lal neharoo ke netritv mean bharatiy netaoan ki ek aantarim sarakar gathit ki. british adhikariyoan ki kripapatr hone ke karan muslim lig ke dimag kafi ooanche ho gaye the. usane pahale to ek mahine tak aantarim sarakar se apane ko alag rakha, isake bad vah bhi usamean sammilit ho gayi.

svatantrata prapti

bharat ka sanvidhan banane ke lie ek bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ka ayojan kiya gaya. 1947 ee. ke shuroo mean l aaurd vevel ke sthan par l aaurd mauantabeten vaisaray niyukt hua. use panjab mean bhayanak sampradayik dangoan ka samana karana p da. jinako bh dakane mean vahaan ke kuchh british afasaroan ka hath tha. vah pradhanamantri etali ke netritv mean briten ki sarakar ko yah samajhane mean saphal ho gaya ki bharat ka bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan karane se shanti ki sthapana sambhav ho sakegi aur briten bharat mean apane vyaparik hitoan ko surakshit rakh sakega. 3 joon, 1947 ee. ko british sarakar ki or se yah ghoshana kar di gayi ki bharat ka; bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan kar di jayagi. british parliyameant ne 15 agast, 1947 ee. ko 'iandipedans aauf iandiya ekt' pas kar diya. is tarah bharat uttar pashchimi sima prant, baloochistan, siandh, pashchimi panjab, poorvi bangal tatha pashchim bangal ke muslim bahul bhagoan se rahit ho jane ke bad, sat shatabdiyoan ki videshi paradhinata ke bad svadhinata ke ek naye path par agrasar hua.

riyasatoan ka vilay

adhikaansh deshi riyasatoan ne, jinake samane bharat athava pakistan mean vilay ka prastav rakha gaya tha, bharat mean vilay ke paksh mean nirnay liya, parantu, do riyasatoan-kashmir tatha haidarabad ne koee nirnay nahian kiya. pakistan ne balapoorvak kashmir ki riyasat par adhikar karane ka prayas kiya, parantu aktoobar 1947 ee. mean kashmir ke maharaj ne bharat mean vilay ki ghoshana kar di aur bharatiy senaoan ko vayuyanoan se bhejakar shrinagar sahit kashmiri ghati tak jammoo ki raksha kar li gayi. pakistani akramanakariyoan ne riyasat ke uttari bhag par apana qabza banaye rakha aur isake phalasvaroop pakistan se yuddh chhi d gaya. bharat ne yah mamala sanyukt rashtr sangh mean uthaya aur sanyukt rashtr sangh ne jis kshetr par jisaka qabza tha, usi ke adhar par yuddh viram kar diya. vah aj tak is saval ka koee nipatara nahian kar saka hai. haidarabad ke nizam ne apani riyasat ko svatantrata ka darja dilane ka sh dayantr racha, parantu bharat sarakar ki pulis karravaee ke phalasvaroop vah 1948 ee. mean apani riyasat bharat mean vilayan karane ke lie majaboor ho gaye. riyasatoan ke vilay mean tatkalin grihamantri saradar ballabh bhaee patel ki mukhy bhoomika rahi.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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