भारत सरकार अधिनियम- 1919

bharat sarakar adhiniyam- 1919 ko 'maantegyoo-chemsaford sudhar' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. bharatamantri l aaurd maantegyoo ne 20 agast, 1917 ko british sansad mean yah ghoshana ki ki british sarakar ka uddeshy bharat mean uttaradayi shasan ki sthapana karana hai. navambar, 1917 mean bharatamantri maantegyoo ne bharat akar tatkalin vayasaray chemsaford evan any asainik adhikariyoan evan bharatiy netaoan se prastav ke bare mean vichar-vimarsh kiya. ek samiti sar viliyam dyook, bhoopendranath basu, charls r aaubart ki sadasyata mean banaee gayi, jisane bharatamantri evan vayasaray ko prastavoan ko antim roop dene mean sahayog diya. 1918 ee. mean is prastav ko prakashit kiya gaya. yah adhiniyam antim roop se 1921 ee. mean lagoo kiya gaya. maantegyoo-chemsaford riport ke pravartanoan ko bharat ke rang birange itihas mean "sabase mahattvapoorn ghoshana" ki sanjna di gayi aur ise ek yug ka ant aur ek navin yug ka praranbh mana gaya. is ghoshana ne kuchh samay ke lie bharat mean tanavapoorn vatavaran ko samapt kar diya. pahali bar 'uttaradayi shasan' shabdoan ka prayog isi ghoshana mean kiya gaya.

visheshataean

1919 ke is adhiniyam ki mukhy visheshataean nimnalikhit thi-

1. prantoan ke hastantarit vishayoan par bharat sachiv ka niyantran kam ho gaya, jabaki kendriy niyantran bana raha.
2. bharatiy kary ki dekhabhal ke lie ek naya adhikari 'bharatiy uchchayukt' niyukt kiya gaya. ise bharatiy rajakosh se vetan dene ki vyavastha ki gayi.
3. gavarnar-janaral ki karyakarini mean 8 sadasyoan mean se 3 bharatiy niyukt kiye gaye tatha inhean vidhi, shram, shiksha, svasth v udyog vibhag sauanpe gaye.
4. vishayoan ko pahali bar kendriy v prantiy bhagoan mean baanta gaya. rashtriy mahatv ke vishayoan ko kendriy soochi mean shamil kiya gaya tha, jis par gavarnar-janaral saparishad qanoon bana sakata tha. videshi mamale raksha, rajanitik sanbandh, dak aur tar, sarvajanik rrin, sanchar vyavastha, divani tatha faujadari qanoon tatha kary pranali ityadi sabhi mamale kendriy soochi me the. prantiy mahatv ke vishayoan par gavarnar karyakarini tatha vidhanamandal ki sahamati se qanoon banata tha. prantiy mahatv ke vishay the- svasthy, sthaniy svashasan, bhoomikar prashasan, shiksha, chikatsa, jalasanbharan, akal sahayata, shanti vyavastha, krishi ityadi. jo vishay spashtataya hastantarit nahian kiye gaye the, ve sabhi kendriy mane gaye.
5. kendr mean dvisadani vidhan sabha rajy parishad mean striyaan sadasyata ke lie upayukt nahian samajhi gayi thi, kendriy vidhanasabha ka karyakal 3 varshoan ka tha, jise gavarnar-janaral badha sakata tha. sampradayik nirvachan ka dayara badhakar sikkhoan tak vistrit kar diya gaya.
6. kendriy vidhan mandal sampoorn bharat ke lie qanoon bana sakata tha. gavarnar-janaral adhyadesh jari kar sakata tha tatha usaki prabhavita 6 mahine tak rahati thi.
7. bajat par bahas ho to sakati thi, par matadan ka adhikar nahian diya gaya tha.
8. prantoan mean vaidh shasan lagoo kiya gaya, prantiy vishayoan ko do bhago mean vibhajit kiya gaya, arakshit evan hastantarit. arakshit vishayoan ka prashasan un mantriyo ki sahayata se gavarnar karata tha, jo vidhanamandal ke nirvachit sadasy the, parantu unaki pad sthapana v padachyuti gavarnar ki ichchha par adharit thi. hastantarit v arakshit vishayoan ka vibhajan bhi doshapoorn tha. udaharanarth- sianchaee to arakshit vishay tha aur krishi hastantarit, parantu spasht hai ki dono ek doosare se avibhedy haian. isi prakar udyog hastantarit tha, jabaki jalashakti, kal karakhane adi arakshit vishay the, jinhean ek doosare se prithakh karana avyavaharik tha.

dvaidh shasan paddhati 1 aprail, 1921 ko lagoo ki gayi, jo 1 aprail, 1937 tak chalati rahi, parantu bangal mean 1924 se 1927 ee. tak aur madhy prant mean 1924 se 1926 ee. tak yah kary nahian kar saki. is adhiniyam ka mahattvapoorn dosh tha- prantoan me 'dvaidh shasan ki sthapana' evan 'sampradayik nirvachan paddhati ka vistar'.

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