पंचतंत्र

panchatantr
sanskrit mean rachit panchatantr|150px|center
lekhak	achary vishnu sharma
kathanak	isamean janavaroan ko patr banakar shikshaprad batean likhi gee haian.
desh	bharat
bhasha	sanskrit
shaili	kahani
bhag	is granth mean pratipadit rajaniti ke paanch tantr (bhag) haian. isi karan se ise 'panchatantr' nam prapt hua hai.
vishesh	yoorop mean is pustak ko 'd febals aauf bidapaee' ke nam se jana jata hai.

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panchatantr ek vishvavikhyat katha granth hai, jisake rachayita achary vishnu sharma hai. is granth mean pratipadit rajaniti ke paanch tantr (bhag) haian. isi karan se ise 'panchatantr' nam prapt hua hai. bharatiy sahity ki niti kathaoan ka vishv mean mahattvapoorn sthan hai. panchatantr unamean pramukh hai. panchatantr ko sanskrit bhasha mean 'paanch nibandh' ya 'adhyay' bhi kaha jata hai. upadeshaprad bharatiy pashukathaoan ka sangrah, jo apane mool desh tatha poore vishv mean vyapak roop se prasarit hua. yoorop mean is pustak ko 'd febals aauf bidapaee' ke nam se jana jata hai. isaka ek sanskaran vahaan 11vian shatabdi mean hi pahuanch gaya tha.

sanskrit mean rachit panchatantr

siddhaant roop mean panchatantr niti ki pathy pustak ke roop mean racha gaya hai; isaki sooktiyaan paropakar ki jagah chaturaee aur ghaghapan ko mahimamandit karati jan p dati hai. isake mool granth sanskrit gady aur chhand padoan ka mishran hai, jisake paanch bhagoan mean se ek mean kathaean hai. isaki bhoomika mean samoochi pustak ke sar ko sameanta gaya hai. pan॰ vishnu sharma namak ek vidvanh brahman ko in kahaniyoan ka rachayita bataya gaya hai, jisane upadeshaprad pashukathaoan ke madhyam se ek raja ke tin mandabuddhi betoan ko shikshit karane ke lie is pustak ki rachana ki thi. pramanoan ke adhar par is granth ki rachana ke samay unaki umr 80 varsh ke qarib thi.

panchatantr nam

paanch adhyay mean likhe jane ke karan is pustak ka nam panchatantr rakha gaya. is kitab mean janavaroan ko patr banakar shikshaprad batean likhi gee haian. isamean mukhyat: piangalak namak sianh ke siyar mantri ke do betoan damanak aur karatak ke bich ke sanvadoan aur kathaoan ke jarie vyavaharik jnan ki shiksha di gee hai. sabhi kahaniyaan pray: karatak aur damanak ke muanh se sunaee gee haian. panchatantr ke paanch adhyay (tantr/bhag) hai.

1. mitrabhed (mitroan mean manamutav evan alagav)
2. mitralabh ya mitrasanprapti (mitr prapti evan usake labh)
3. kakolukiyamh (kauve evan ulluoan ki katha)
4. labdhapranash (mrityu ya vinash ke ane par; yadi jan par a bane to kya?)
5. aparikshit karak (jisako parakha nahian gaya ho use karane se pahale savadhan rahean; h dab di mean qadam n uthayean)

is pustak ki mahatta isi se pratipadit hoti hai ki isaka anuvad vishv ki lagabhag har bhasha mean ho chuka hai. mool roop mean sanskrit mean rachit is granth ka hiandi bhasha mean prakashan kee videshi bhashaoan mean prakashan ke bad hua. ab vilupt ho chuki panchatantr ki mool sanskrit kriti sanbhavat: 100 ee.poo. se 500 ee. ke bich kisi samay astitv mean aee thi.

prabhavapoorn kathaean

paanch tantroan ki ye paanch pramukh kathaean haian. inake sandarbh mean bhi anek upakathaean pratyek tantr mean yathasar ati haian. pratyek tantr is prakar kathaoan ki l di-sa hi hai. panchatantr mean kul 87 kathaean haian, jinamean adhikaansh haian, prani kathaean. prani kathaoan ka udagam sarvapratham mahabharat mean hua. vishnu sharma ne apane panchatantr ki rachana mahabharat se hi prerana lekar ki hai. unhoanne apane granth mean mahabharat ke kuchh sandarbh bhi liye haian. isi prakar se ramayan, mahabharat, manusmriti tatha chanaky ke arthashastr se bhi shri vishnu sharma ne anek vichar aur shlokoan ko grahan kiya hai. isase mana jata hai ki shri vishnu sharma chandragupt maury ke pashchath eesa poorv pahali shatabdi mean hue hoange. panchatantr ki kathaoan ki shaili sarvatha svatantr hai. us ka gady jitana saral aur spasht hai, utane hi usake shlok bhi samayochit, arthapoorn, marmik aur pathan sulabh haian. parinamasvaroop is granth ki sabhi kathaean saras, akarshak evan prabhavapoorn bani haian. shri vishnu sharma ne anek kathaoan ka samarop shlok se kiya hai aur usi se kiya hai agami katha ka sootrapat.

prachinata

panchatantr ki kahaniyaan atyant prachin haian. at: isake vibhinn shatabdiyoan mean, vibhinn prantoan mean, vibhinn sanskaran hue haian. isaka sarvadhik prachin sanskaran ‘tantrakhyayika’ ke nam se vikhyat hai tatha isaka mool sthan 'kashmir' hai. prasiddh jarman vidvanh d aauktar hartel ne atyant shram ke sath isake pramanik sanskaran ko khoj nikala tha. unake anusar ‘tantrakhyayika’ ya ‘tantrakhyan’ hi panchatantr ka mool roop hai. isamean katha ka roop bhi sankshipt hai tatha nitimay padyoan ke roop mean samaveshit padyatmak uddharan bhi kam haian. sanprati panchatantr ke 4 bhinn sanskaran upalabdh hote haian. panchatantr ki rachana ka kal anishchit hai, kintu isaka prachin roop d aauktar hartel ke anusar chhathi shatabdi mean eeran ki pahalavi bhasha mean hua tha. hartel ne 50 bhashaoan mean isake 200 anuvadoan ka ullekh kiya hai. panchatantr ka sarvapratham parishkar evan paribrianhan, prasiddh jain vidvanh poornabhadr soori ne sanvath 1255 mean kiya hai aur ajakal ka upalabdh sanskaran isi par adharit hai. poornabhadr ke nimn kathan se panchatantr ke poorn pirashkar ki pushti hoti hai-

pratyaksharan pratipadan prativakyan pratikathan pratishlokam!.
shripoornabhadrasoorirvisheshayamas shastramidamh..

panchatantr ka any bhashao mean anuvad

chhathi shatabdi (550 ee.) mean jab eeran samrat ‘khusaroo’ ke rajavaidy aur mantri ne ‘panchatantr’ ko amrit kaha. eerani rajavaidy burzoan ne kisi pustak mean yah padha tha ki bharat mean ek sanjivani booti hoti hai, jisase moorkh vyakti ko bhi niti-nipun kiya ja sakata hai. isi booti ki talash mean vah rajavaidy eeran se chalakar bharat aya aur usane sanjivani ki khoj shuroo kar di. us vaidy ko jab kahian sanjivani nahian mili to vah nirash hokar ek bharatiy vidvanh ke pas pahuancha aur apani sari pareshani bataee. tab us vidvanh ne kaha- ‘dekho mitr ! imasean nirash hone ki bat nahian, bharat mean ek sanjivani nahian, balki sanjivaniyoan ke paha d haian unamean apako anek sanjivaniyaan mileangi. hamare pas ‘panchatantr’ nam ka ek aisa granth hai jisake dvara moorkh ajnani log naya jivan prapt kar lete haian.’’ eerani rajavaidy yah sunakar ati prasann hua aur us vidvanh se panchatantr ki ek prati lekar vapas eeran chala gaya, us sanskrit kriti ka anuvad usane pahalavi mean karake apani praja ko ek amooly upahar diya. halaanki yah kriti bhi ab kho chuki hai.

leriyaee bhasha mean anuvad

yah tha panchatantr ka pahala anuvad jisane videshoan mean apani saphalata aur lokapriyata ki dhoom machani praranbh kar di. isaki lokapriyata ka yah parinam tha ki bahut jald hi panchatantr ka ‘leriyaee’ bhasha mean anuvad karake prakashit kiya gaya, yah sanskaran 570 ee. mean prakashit hua tha.

arabi mean anuvad

athavian shatabdi (mri.-760 ee.) mean panchatantr ki pahalavi anuvad ke adhar par ‘abdulaintachhuemurakka’ ne isaka arabi anuvad kiya jisaka arabi nam ‘molli v diman’ rakh gaya. ashchary aur khushi ki bat to yah hai ki yah granth aj bhi arabi bhasha ke sabase lokapriy granthoan mean ek mana jata hai.

yooropiy anuvad

isaka siriyaee anuvad, mean ise do siyaroan ki pahali kahani ke adhar par "kalilah va dimanah" ke nam se jana jata hai. "kalilah va dimanah" ka doosara siriyaee sanskaran aur 11 vian shatabdi ka yoonani sanskaran stefnaits kaee ichanelets samet kee any sanskaran prakashit hue, jinake laitin evan vibhinn slaviyaee bhashaoan mean isaka anuvad hua. lekin adhikaansh yooropiy sanskaranoan ka stro 12 vian shatabdi mean raibaee joel dvara anudin hibroo sanskaran hai.

panchatantr ki lokapriyata

panchatantr ka arabi anuvad hote hi panchatantr ki lokapriyata bahut tezise badhane lagi. arab deshoan se panchatantr ka saphar tezise badha aur gyarahavian sadi mean isaka anuvad yoonani bhasha mean hote hi ise roosi bhasha mean bhi prakashit kiya gaya. roosi anuvad ke sath panchatantr ne yoorop ki or apane qadam badhae, yoorop ki bhashaoan mean prakashit hokar panchatantr jab lokapriyata ke shikhar ko chhoo raha tha to 1251 ee. mean isaka anuvad spainish bhasha mean hua, yahi nahian vishv ki ek any bhasha hishri jo prachin bhashaoan mean ek mani jati haian, mean anuvad prakashit hote hi panchatantr ki lokapriyata aur bhi badh gee.

jarman bhasha mean

1260 mean ee. mean itali ke kapua nagar mean rahane vale ek yahoodi vidvanh ne jab panchatantr ko padha to laitin bhasha mean anuvad karake apane deshavasiyoan ko upahar svaroop yah rachana bheant karate hue usane kaha, ‘sahity mean jnanavardhan, manoranjak v rochak rachana isase achchhi koee aur ho hi nahian sakati. isi anuvad se prabhavit hokar 1480 mean panchatantr ka ‘jarman’ anuvad prakashit hua, jo itana adhik lokapriy hua ki ek varsh mean hi isake kee sanskaran bik ge. jarman bhasha mean isaki saphalata ko dekhate hue ‘chek’ aur ‘itali’ ke deshoan mean bhi panchatantr ke anuvad prakashit hone lage.

hitopadesh

isaka 15 vian shatabdi ka eerani sanskaran anavar e suheli par adharit hai. panchatantr ki kahaniyaan java ke purane likhit sahity aur sanbhavat: maukhik roop se bhi iandoneshiya tak pahuanchi. bharat mean 12 vian shatabdi mean narayan dvara rachit "hitopadesh", jo adhikaanshat: bangal mean prasarit hua, panchatantr ki samragi ki ek svatantr prastuti jan p data hai.

itailiyan, phreanch bhasha mean

1552 ee. mean panchatantr ka jo anuvad itailiyan bhasha mean hua, isi se 1570 ee. mean sar tamas narth ne isaka pahala anuvad taiyar kiya, jisaka pahala sanskaran bahut saphal hua aur 1601 ee. mean isaka doosara sanskaran prakashit hua. yah bat to b de-b de deshoan ki bhashaoan ki thi. phreanch bhasha mean to panchatantr ke prakashit hote hi vahaan ke logoan mean ek halachal si mach gee. kisi ko vishvas hi nahian ho raha tha ki koee lekhak pashu-pakshiyoan ke mukh se varnit itani manoranjak tatha jnanavardhak kahaniyaan bhi likh sakata hai.

saphalata aur sanskaran

isi prakar se panchatantr ne apana saphar jari rakha, nepali, chini, brahmi, japani, bhashaoan mean bhi jo sanskaran prakashit hue unhean bhi bahut saphalata mili. rah gee hindi bhasha, ise kahate haian ki apane hi ghar mean log paradesi ban kar ate haian. 1970 ee. ke lagabhag yah hindi mean prakashit hua aur hindi sahity jagath mean chha gaya. isaka prakash aj bhi jan-manas ko nee rah dikha raha hai aur shayad yugoan-yugoan tak dikhata hi rahe.

panchatantr ki prerak kahaniyaan

panchatantr ki prerak kahaniyaan

aklamand hans	apas ki phoot	ek aur ek gyarah	ekata ka bal
kaue aur ulloo	kharagosh ki chaturaee	gajaraj v mooshakaraj	gadha raha gadha hi
goloo-moloo aur bhaloo	ghantidhari ooant	chapaloos mandali	jhagadaloo medhak
jhoothi shan	dhoangi siyar	dhol ki pol	tin machhaliyaan
dushman ka svarth	dusht sarp	nakal karana bura hai	bandar ka kaleja
bagula bhagat	bade nam ka chamatkar	baharupiya gadha	billi ka nyay
buddhiman siyar	makkhichoos gidad	mitr ki salah	muftakhor mehaman
moorkh gadha	moorkh ko sikh	moorkh batooni kachhua	rang mean bhang
ranga siyar	shatru ki salah	shararati bandar	sangathan ki shakti
sachcha shasak	sachche mitr	saan d aur gid d	sianh aur siyar
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adhar

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