आपातकाल (भारत)
apatakal (aangrezi: The Emergency) svatantr bharat ke itihas mean sabase vivadaspad aur alokataantrik kal tha. 26 joon, 1975 se 21 march, 1977 tak 21 mahine ki avadhi mean bharat mean apatakal ghoshit tha. tatkalin rashtrapati fakharuddin ali ahamad ne tatkalin bharatiy pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ke kahane par bharatiy sanvidhan ki dhara 352 ke adhin apatakal ki ghoshana kar di thi. apatakal mean chunav sthagit ho ge tatha nagarik adhikaroan ko samapt kar diya gaya. iandira gaandhi ke rajanitik virodhiyoan ko kaid kar liya gaya aur pres par pratibandhit laga diya gaya. jayaprakash narayan ne apatakal ke is samay ko "bharatiy itihas ki sarvadhik kali avadhi" kaha tha. apatakal lagoo hone ke bad jayaprakash narayan, moraraji desaee aur any saik doan chhote-b de netaoan ko giraftar karake jel mean dal diya gaya. aisa mana jata hai ki apatakal ke dauran ek lakh vyaktiyoan ko desh ki vibhinn jeloan mean band kiya gaya. inamean matr rajanitik vyakti hi nahian, aparadhik pravritti ke log bhi the jo aise aandolanoan ke samay lootapat karate the. sath hi bhrasht kalabazariyoan aur histrishitar aparadhiyoan ko band kar diya gaya.
aise laga apatakal
san 1971 ke yuddh mean soviyat sangh ne bharat ka sath diya tatha amarika ne pakistan ka. ghareloo morche par isaka asar yah hua ki arthik kshetr mean bharat ki nitiyaan adhikadhik samajavadi hoti gee tatha aantararashtriy vyapar mean bhi bharat kee tarah ki sandhiyoan adi ke madhyam se soviyat sangh ke nikat ata gaya . vyapar- karobar par rajy ka niyantran adhikadhik badhata gaya. ayakar ki darean apane 80-90 pratishat tak pahuanch rahi thian. arthik svatantrata simit se simit hoti ja rahi thi. durbhagy se 1971-1972 aur 1972-1973 bhari sookha ke varsh bhi rahe. isase ek taraph anaj utpadan gira to doosari taraph bijali utpadan par bhi nakaratmak asar hua. inhian varsho ke dauran kachche tel ke dam tin guna tak badhe, jisase 1971 ke bad ke varsho mean mahangaee dar 10 pratishat se bhi adhik rahi. samanvit asar yah hua ki garibi, berojagari tatha mahangaee apane charam par pahuanch rahe the. natija tha vyapak asantosh. par ekadhikaravad ki or badh rahi kaangres ek rajanitik dal ke roop mean is asantosh ko samayojit karane ke lie taiyar nahian thi.[1]
gujarat ke aansagathit navanirman aandolan se sabak lete hue jepi ne bihar ke chhatr aandolan ko ek sangathan, lakshy, netritv aur karishma pradan kiya. unhoanne chhatroan se agrah kiya ki ve ek sal ke lie apana k aaulej chho dakar ek vaikalpik rajanitik pranali ke nirman ke lie sangharsh karean. lagabhag sabhi rajanitik dal apane matabhed bhulakar jepi ke sath kh de ho ge. jaldi hi aandolan ka lakshy pradhanamantri iandira gaandhi ko hatana aur bhrashtachar tatha ekadhikaravadi shasan ka aant ho gaya. bataya jata hai ki jepi ke march, 1975 ke "sansad march" mean 4 lakh se bhi adhik log sammilit hue. 25 joon, 1975 ki ramalila maidan ki maharaili mean jepi ne pulis aur sainik baloan se asanvaidhanik aur anaitik adesho ko nahian manane ka agrah kiya. bad mean iandira gaandhi ne apatakal lagane ke lie "aantarik ashaanti" ki ashanka ko isi bhashan ke adhar par tarkasangat thaharaya.
nyayapalika ki bhoomika
is poori sthiti mean ilahabad haeekort ke nirnay ne ag mean ghi dalane ke lie kam kiya. 12 joon, 1975 ko ilahabad uchch nyayalay ke nyayadhish jagamohan lal sinha ne iandira gaandhi ka chunav nirast kar chhah sal tak chunav n l dane ka pratibandh lagaya. un par chunav mean sarakari mashinari ka duroopayog, adhik kharch karane ka arop rajanarayan ne lagaya tha. uchch nyayalay ne aropoan ko aanshik roop se sahi thaharaya. iandira gaandhi ne istipha dene se inakar karate hue phaisale ko uchchatam nyayalay mean chunauti di. suprim kort ke nyayadhish jastis krishna ayyar ne 24 joon, 1975 ke apane aantarim adesh mean iandira gaandhi ko bina shart rahat nahian di. poorv drishtaantoan ke adhar par iandira gaandhi ko pradhanamantri bane rahane, sansadiy karravaee mean bhag lene ki anumati di par sansad mean vot karane ki anumati nahian di. vipaksh ki pradhanamantri se istiphe ki maang tej ho gee.[1]
apatakal ki ghoshana
25 joon, 1975 ki madhyaratri ko mantrimandal ki anushansa par rashtrapati fakharuddin ali ahamad ne desh mean apatakal ki ghoshana kar di. yadyapi hakikat yah hai ki apatakal ki ghoshana rediyo par pahale kar di gee tatha bad mean subah mantrimandal ki baithak ke bad us par rashtrapati ne hastakshar kie. yadyapi sanvaidhanik pravadhan yah hai ki mantrimandal ki baithak ke bad usaki anushansa par jab rashtrapati hastakshar kar dete haian, tab apatakal ki ghoshana ki ja sakati hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 apatakal ke 40 sal (hiandi) patrika.com. abhigaman tithi: 07 aktoobar, 2016.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh