वैदिक काल
siandhu sabhyata ke patan ke bad jo navin sanskriti prakash mean ayi usake vishay mean hamean sampoorn janakari vedoan se milati hai. isalie is kal ko ham 'vaidik kal' athava vaidik sabhyata ke nam se janate haian. chooanki is sanskriti ke pravartak ary log the isalie kabhi-kabhi ary sabhyata ka nam bhi diya jata hai. yahaan ary shabd ka arth- shreshth, udatt, abhijaty, kulin, utkrisht, svatantr adi haian. yah kal 1500 ee.poo. se 600 ee.poo. tak astitv mean raha.
rrigvaidik kal 1500-1000 ee.poo.
srot- rrigvaidik kal ke adhyayan ke lie do prakar ke sakshy upalabdh haian-
- puratatvik sakshy
- sahityik sakshy
(1) puratatvik sakshy- isake aantargat nimnalikhit sakshy upalabdh prapt hue haian-
- chitrit dhoosar mridabhand
- khudaee mean hariyana ke pas bhagavan pura mean mile 13 kamaroan vala makan tatha panjab mean bhi prapt tin aise sthal jinaka sambandh rrigvaidik kal se jo da jata hai.
- bogaj-koee abhilekh / mitalpi abhilekh (1400 ee.poo- is lekh mean hitti raja shubviluliyum aur mittanni raja mattiuaja ke madhy huee sandhi ke sakshi ke roop mean vaidik devata indr, mitr, varun aur nasaty ka ullekh hai.
(2) sahityik sakshy- rrigved mean 10 mandal evan 1028 mandal sookt hai. pahala evan dasavaan mandal bad mean jo da gaya hai jabaki doosara se 7 vaan mandal purana hai.
aryo ka agaman kal
aryo ke agaman ke vishay mean viddhanoan mean matabhed hai viktaranitj ne aryo ke agaman ki tithi ke 2500 ee. nirdharit ki hai jabaki balagangadhar tilak ne isaki tithi 6000 ee.poo. nirdharit ki hai. maiksamoolar ke anusar inake agaman ki tithi 1500 ee.poo. hai. vartaman samay mean maiksoomoolan ne mat svikary haian.
aryo ka mool sthan
| adi (mool sthan) | mat |
|---|---|
| saptasaiandhav kshetr | d aau. avinash chandr, d aau. sampoornanand |
| brahmarshi desh | pan ganganath |
| madhy desh | d aau. rajabali pandey |
| kashmir | el.di. kalla |
| devika pradesh (multan) | di.es. trivedi |
| uttari dhuhrav pradesh | bal gangadhar tilak |
| hangari (yoorop) (denyoob nadi ki ghati) | pi gails |
| dakshini roos | nehariang gardan chailds |
| jarmani | penka |
| yoorop | philippo sesseti, sar viliyam jons |
| pamir evan baiktriya | edavard meyar evan olden varg je.ji. rod |
| madhy eshiya | maiksamoolar |
| tibbat | dayanand sarasvati |
| himalay (manas) | ke.ke. sharma |
- d aau. avinash chandr dras ne apani pustak 'Rigvedic India' (rrigvaidik iandiya) mean bharat mean sapt saiandhav pradesh ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
- mahamopadhyay pan. ganganath jha ne bharat mean braharshi desh ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana haian.
- d aau.rajabali pandey ne bharat mean madhy desh ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
- el.di. kalla ne bharat mean kashmir athava himalay pradesh aryoan ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
- shri di.es. trivedi ne multan pradesh mean devika nadi ke as pas ke kshetr ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
- svami dayanand sarasvati ne tibbat ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai. yah varnan inaki pustak 'satyarth prakash' evan 'indiyan historikal tredishan' mean milata hai.
- maiks moolar ne madhy eshiya ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan bataya. maiks moolan ne isaka ullekh lekchars an d saians aph laigyuejej mean kiya hai.
- je.ji.rod aryo ka adi desh baiktriya manate hai.
- bal gangadhar tilak ne uttari dhruv ko aryo ka mool nivas mana hai. yah varnan inaki pustak 'The Arctic HOme of the Aryans' mean milata hai.
- pi. gails ne yoorop mean denyoob nadi ki ghati evan hangari ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan mana hai.
- penka ne jarmani ko aryo ka mool nivas sthan bataya hai.
- edavard meyar, oldenavarg, kith ne madhy eshiya ke pamir kshetr. ko aryo ka mool sthan mana hai.
- nehariang evan gardan chails ne dakshini roos ko aryo ka mool sthan mana hai.
aryo ke mool nivas ke sandarbh mean sarvadhik pramanik mat alpas parv ke poorvi bhag mean sthit yooreshiya ka hai.
rajanitik vistar
d aau. jaikobi ke anusar aryo ne bharat mean kee bar akraman kiya aur unaki ek se adhik shakhaean bharat mean ayi. sabase mahatvapoorn kabila bharat tha. isake shasak varg ka nam tritsu tha. sanbhavatah srijan aur krivi kabile bhi unase sambaddh the. rrigved mean aryo ke jin paanch kabiloan ka ullekh hai unamean- puru, yadu, turvash, anu, druhm pramukh the. ye panchayan ke nam se jane jate the. chadu aur turvas ko das kaha jata tha. yadu aur turvash ke vishay mean aisa mana jata tha ki indr unhe bad mean lae the. yah jnat hota hai ki sarasvati drishadvati evan apaya nadi ke kinare bharat kabile ne agni ki pooja ki.
aryo ka bhaugolik kshetr
bharat mean aryo ka agaman 1500 ee.poo. se kuchh pahale hua. bharat mean unhoanne sarvapratham sapt saindhav pradesh mean basana prarambh kiya. is pradesh mean bahane vali sat nadiyoan ka jikr hamean rrigved se milata hai. ye haian siandhu, sarasvati, shatudri (sataluj) vipasha (vyas), parushni (ravi), vitasta (jhelam), askini (chinab) adi.
kuchh aphaganistan ki nadiyoan ka jikr bhi hamean rrigved se milata hai. ye haian- kubha (kabul nadi), krubhu (kurram), gomati (gomal) evan suvastu (svat) adi. isase yah pata chalata hai ki aphaganistan bhi us samay bharat ka hi ek aang tha. himalay parvat ka spasht ullekh hua hai. himalay ki ek choti ko moojadant kaha gaya hai jo som ke lie prasidv thi. is prakar ary himalay se parichat the. aryoan ne agale p dav ke roop mean kurookshetr ke nikat ke pradeshoan par kabja kar us kshetr ka nam 'brahmavart' (aryavart) rakha. brahmavart se age badhakar aryo ne ganga-yamuna ke doab kshetr evan usake najadik ke kshetroan par kabja kar us kshetr ka nam brahmarshi desh rakha. isake bad himalay evan vindhyaanchal parvatoan ke bich ke kshetr par kabja kar us kshetr ka nam 'madhy pradesh' rakha. ant mean bangal evan bihar ke dakshin evan poorvi bhagoan par kabja kar samooche uttar bharat par adhikar kar liya, kalantar mean is kshetr ka nam 'aryavat' rakha gaya.
manusmriti mean sarasvati aur drishadvati nadiyoan ke bich ke pradesh ko brahmavart pukara gaya.
rrigved mean nadiyoan ka ullekh
rrigved me 25 nadiyoan ka ullekh hai, jisamean sabase mahatvapoorn nadi sindhu nadi hai, jisaka varnan kee bar aya hai. yah sapt saindhav kshetr ki pashchimi sima thi. krumu (kurram),gomati (gomal), kubha (kabul) aur suvastu (svat) namak nadiyaan pashchim kinare mean sindhu ki sahayak nadi thian. poorvi kinare par sindhu ki sahayak nadiyoan mean vitasta (jhelam) askini (chenab), parushni (ravi), shatudr (satalaj), vipasa (vyas) pramukh thi. vipas (vyas) nadi ke tat par hi indr ne usha ko parajit kiya aur usake rath ko tuk de-tuk de kar diya. sindhu nadi ko usake arthik mahatv ke karan hiranyani kaha gaya hai. sindhu nadi dvar ooni vastroan ke vyavasay hone ka karan ise suvasa aur oorpavarti bhi kaha gaya hai. rrigved mean sindhu nadi ki charcha sarvadhik bar huyi hai.
sarasvati - rrigved mean sarasvati nadi ko nadiyoan ki agravati, nadiyoan ki mata, vani, prarthana evan kavita ki devi, buddhi ko tivr karane vali aur sangit preranadayi kaha gaya hai. sarasvati rrigved ki sabase pavitr nadi mani jati thi. ise naditama (nadiyoan ki mata) kaha gaya. sarasvati jo ab rajasthan ki registan mean vilin ho gee hai. isaki jagah ab ghagghar nadi bahati hai.
drishadvati- (adhunik chitang athava ghaghghar) yah sindhu samool ki nadi nahi thi.
apaya- yah drishadvati evan sarasvati nadi ke bich mean bahati thi.
sarayoo - yah ganga ki sahayak nadi thi. rrigved ke anusar sanbhavatah yadu evan turvas ke dvara chitrarath aur arn sarayoo nadi ke kinare hi parajit kie ge the.
yamuna- rrigved mean yamuna ki charcha tin bar ki gayi haian.
ganga - ganga ka ullekh rrigved mean ek hi bar hua hai. nadi sookt ki antim nadi gomati hai.
samudr- rrigved mean samudr ki charcha huee hai aur bhujy ki nauka durghatana vali kahani mean jalayatra par prakash p data hai. vaidik taul ki eekaee man evan vebilon ki ikaee man mean samanata se bhi samudr yatra par p data hai. rrigved ke do mantroan (9vean or 10vean mandal ke) mean char samudroan ka ullekh hai.
parvat - rrigvaidik ary himalay paha d se parichit the. parantu vindhy ya satapu da se parichit nahian thean. kuchh mahatvapoorn chotiyoan ki charcha hai, yatha jaise himavant, manjadant, sharpanavanh, arjik tatha sushom.
marusthal- rrigved mean marusthal ke lie dhanv shabd aya hai. aryo ko sambhavatah marusthal ka jnat tha, kyoanki is bat ki charcha ki jati hai ki parjany ne marusthal ko par karane yogy banaya.
kshetr- prarambhik vaidik sahity mean keval ek kshetr 'gaandhari' ki charcha hai. isaki pahachan adhunik peshavar evan ravalapindi ziloan se ki gee hai.
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