अंत:स्राव विद्या

aant:srav vidya'(eandokrain aauloji) ayurvijnan ki vah shakha hai jisamean sharir mean aantasrav ya haramons utpann karane vali granthiyoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. utpann hone vale haramon ka adhyayan bhi isi vidya ka ek aansh hai. haramon vishisht rasayanik vastuean haian jo sharir ki kee granthiyoan mean utpann hoti haian. ye haramon apani granthiyoan se nikalakar rakt mean ya any sharirik dravoan mean, jaise lasika adi mean, mil jate haian aur aangoan mean pahuanchakar unase vishisht kriyaean karavate haian. haramon shabd grik bhasha se liya gaya hai. sabase pahale sanh‌ 1902 mean belis aur starliang ne is shabd ka prayog kiya tha. sabhi aantasravi granthiyaan haramon utpann karati haian.

itihas

sabase pahale kuchh grik vidvanoan ne sharir ki kee granthiyoan ka varnan kiya tha. tabhi se is vidya ke vikas ka itihas praranbh hota hai. 16vian aur 17vian shatabdi mean itali ke shariravetta bejeliyas aur aksaphord ke tamas bejeliyas, tamas vhartan aur livar namak vidvanoan ne is vidya ki abhivriddhi ki. sookshmadarshi dvara in granthiyoan ki rachana ka jnan prapt hone se 19vian shatabdi mean is vidya ki asim unnati huee. ab bhi adhyayan jari hai aur anch kee vidhiyoan dvara anveshan ho rah haian. yakrit aur aand granthiyoan ka jnan prachinakal se tha. arastoo ne dianbagranthi ka varnan ¢ kapriyaka ¢ nam se kiya tha. avatuka (th aauirayad) ka pahale pahal varnan gailen ne kiya tha. t aaumas vhartan (1614-1645) ne isaka vistar kiya aur pratham bar ise th aauirayad nam diya. isaki sookshm rachana ka poorn jnan 19vian shatabdi mean ho saka. piyooshika (pityootairi) granthi ka varnan pahale gailen aur phir bejeliyas ne kiya. tatpashchath‌ vhartan aur tamas vili (1621-1675) ne isaka poora adhyayan kiya. isaki sookshm rachana hainovar ne 1814 mean jnat ki.adhivrikk granthiyoan ka varnan pahale pahal gailen ne aur phir sookshm roop se bartholiyas yoosteshiyas (1614-1664) ne kiya. suprarinal kaipsyool shabd ka prayog pratham bar ja riyolan (1580-1657) ne kiya. isaki sookshm rachana ka adhyayan aikar (1816-1884) aur arnald (1866) ne praranbh kiya.

piniyal granthi ka varnan gailen ne kiya aur tamas vhartan ne isaki rachana ka adhyayan kiya. thaimas granthi ka varnan pratham shatabdi mean roophas dvara milata hai. agnashay ke aantasravi bhag ka varnan laigarahaians ne 1868 mean kiya jo usi ke nam se laiangarahaians ki dvipikaean kahalati haian. viktar saiandast aaurm ne 1880 mean para-avatuka (pairathair aauyad) ka varnan kiya. ab usaki sookshm rachana aur kriyaoan ka adhyayan ho raha hai. yadyapi in granthiyoan ki sthiti aur rachana ka pata lag gaya tha, phir bhi inaki kriya ka jnan bahut pichhe hua. hippokretij aur arastoo aandagranthiyoan ka purushatv ke sath sanbandh samajhate the aur arastoo ne dianbagranthiyoan ke chhedan ke prabhav ka ullekh bhi kiya hai, kiantu poorvokt granthiyoan ki kriya ke svaroop ka yatharth jnan unhean nahian ho saka tha. is kriya ka kuchh anuman kar sakane vala pratham vyakti tamas vili tha. isi prakar piyooshika granthi ka srav sidhe rakt mean chale jane ki bat richard lovar ne sarvapratham kahi thi. avataka ke sanbandh mean isi prakar ka mat tamas rooyash ne pragat kiya.

is sanbandh mean jan hantar (1723-93) ke samay se naya yug aranbh hua. anveshan vidhi ka usane roop hi palat diya. granthi ki rachana, usaki kriya (phiziyol aauji), us par prayogoan se phal tatha usase sanbaddh rog lakshanoan ka samanvay karake vichar karane ke pashchath‌ parinam par pahuanchane ki vidhi ka usane anusaran kiya. shri hantar pratham anveshanakarta the jinhoanne prayog praranbh kie aur prajanan granthiyoan tatha yaun sanbandhi lakshanoan-purushoan mean chhati par bal ugana, dadhi mooanchh nikalana, svar ki mandrata adi-ka ghanishth sanbandh pradarshit kiya. sanh‌ 1827 mean aisle koopar ne pratham avatuka chhedan kiya. isake pashchath‌ aantasrav ke mat ko vidvanoan ne svikar kar liya, aur sanh‌ 1855 mean klodabard, t aaumas aidisan aur braun sikard ke prayogoan se aantasrav ka siddhaant sarvamany ho gaya. braun sikard ne jo prayog yakrit par kie the unake adhar par usane yah mat prakashit kiya ki sharir ki anek granthiyaan, jaise yakrit, pliha, lasika granthiyaan, piyooshika, thaimas, avatuka, adhivrikk, ye sab do prakar se srav banati haian,ek at:srav, jo sidha vahian se sharir mean shoshit ho jata hai, aur doosara bahisrav, jo granthi se ek nalika dvara bahar nikalata hai tatha sharir ki aantarik dashaoan aur kriyaoan ka niyantran karata hai. usane yah bhi samajh liya ki ye granthiyaan tantrikatantr (narvas sistam) ke adhin haian.ek varsh ke pashchath‌ usane pratham adhivrikkachhedan (aidrinelaiktomi) kiya. isi varsh tamas aidisan adhivrikkasanput ke rog namak lekh prakashit kiya jisase aantasrav ke siddhaant bhali-bhaanti pramanit ho ge.

yadyapi hippokretij ke samay se vidvanoan ne in granthiyoan ke vikaroan se utpann lakshanoan ka varnan kiya hai, tathapi aidisan ka rog pratham aantasravi rog tha jisaki khoj aur vivechana poornataya ki gee. avatuka ke rogoan ka varnan charls hiltan, fag, viliyam gal adi ne kiya. prayogashalaoan mean granthiyoan se unaka satv tatha haramon prithakh‌ kie ge aur unako muanh se khilakar tatha ianjekshan dvara dekar unaka prabhav dekha gaya. sanh‌ 1901 mean adhivrikk se aidrinailin prithakh‌ kiya gaya. kaiandal ne avatuka se thair aauksin aur baitiang tatha best ne pakvashay se iansyoolin prithakh‌ kiya. ailen ne eestrin aur k aauk ne testosteron prithak kie. in rasayanik prayogoan se in vastuoan ke rasayanik sanghatan ka bhi adhyayan kiya gaya, jisaka parinam yah hua ki rasayanajnoan ne in vastuoan ko prayogashalaoan mean taiyar kar liya. in kritrim prakar se banae hue padarthoan ko haramon aaued nam diya gaya hai. ajakal inhian ka bahut prayog hota hai. in aantasravi granthiyoan ko pahale ek-doosare se prithakh‌ samajha jata tha, kiantu ab jnat hua hai ki ye sab ek-doosare se sanbaddh haian aur piyooshika granthi tatha mastishk ka mailemas bhag unaka sanbandh sthapit karate haian. at mastishk hi aantasravi tantr ka keandr hai. sharir mean nimnalikhit mukhy aantasravi granthiyaan haian:
(1) piyooshika (pityootairi),
(2)adhivrikk (aidronal),
(3)avatuka (thair aauid),
(4)upavatuka (pairathair aauyad),
(5)aandagranthi (testij),
(6)dianbagranthi (ovairi),
(7)piniyal, laiangarahaians ki dvipikaean aur thaimas.

piyooshika

manushy ke sharir mean yah ek matar ke saman granthi mastishk ke agr bhag ke nal se ek vriant (danthal) sarikhe bhag dvara lagi aur niche ko latakati rahati hai. isamean tin bhag haian-agrim, madhy aur pashch khandikaean (lob). agrim khandika mean banane vale haramonoan ke nam ye haian:
(1) bij-putak-uttejak (eph.es.es.),
(2) lyootinakarak (el.es.),
(3) adhivrikk-praantastha-poshak (e.si.ti.ech.),
(4) avatukaposhak (ti.ech.),
(5) vardhak (shoth haramon).
madhyakhandika madhyani (iantar midil) haramon banati hai. pashchakhandika pityootarin haramon banati hai. isamean do haramon hote haian. ek garbhashay ka sankoch badhata hai aur doosare se raktavahiniyaan sankuchit hoti haian. yadi is granthi ki kriya badh jati hai to prajanan aangoan ki atyant vriddhi hoti hai aur yadi sharir ka vriddhikal samapt nahian ho chuka rahata hai to dirghakayata utpann ho jati hai jisamean sharir ki ativriddhi hoti hai. parantu yadi vriddhikal samapt ho chuka rahata hai yo piyooshika ki atishay kriyashilata ka parinam aikromegaili namak dasha hoti hai, jisamean mukh aanguliyoan, kanth adi mean soojan a jati hai. agrim khandika ke arbud (tyoomar) se kashiang ka rog utpann hota hai. piyooshika ke kriyhraas se maithuni asamarthata, shishuta (inaphaiantailijm), sharir mean vasa ki ativriddhi tatha mootrabahuly, ye sab dashaean utpann hoti haian. poorv khandika ki kriya ke atyant hhras se rogi krish ho jata hai aur maithun shakti nasht hai jati hai. ise saimand ka rog kahate haian.

adhivrikk (aidrinals)

ye do trikonakar granthiyaan haian jo udar ke bhitar dahini or ya baean vrikk ke oopari gol sire par murge ke kalagi ki bhaanti sthir rahati haian. granthi mean do bhag hote haian, ek bahar ka bhag, jo bahistha (k aaurteks) kahalata hai aur doosara isake bhitar ka aantastha (maidula). bahistha bhag jivan ke lie atyant avashyak hai. lagabhag do darjan rasayanik padarth (ravedar stiaraid), is bhag se prithakh‌ kie ja chuke haian. unamean se kuchh hi sharirik kriyaoan se sanbaddh pae ge haian. bahistha bhag ka vidyudvishleshyoan (ilektrolaits) ke chayapachay aur karabohaidret ke chayapachay se ghanishth sanbandh hai. vrikkoan ki kriya, sharirik vriddhi, sahan shakti, raktachap aur peshiyoan ka sankoch, ye sab bahut kuchh bahistha bhag par nirbhar haian. is bhag mean jo haramon banate haian unamean kartison, haidrokartison, predanison aur predanisolon ka prayog chikitsa mean bahut kiya jata hai. bahut se rogoan mean unaka adbhut prabhav paya gaya hai aur rogiyoan ki jivanaraksha huee hai. vishesh bat yah hai ki ye haramon aantasravi granthiyoan ke rogoan ke atirikt kee any rogoan mean bhi atyant upayogi pae ge haian. kaha jata hai ki yadi kshayajany mastishkavaranarti (tyoobarkyular meninjaitis) ki chikitsa mean any aushadhiyoan ke sath kartison ka bhi prayog kiya jae to labh ya rogamukti nishchit hai. madhyastha bhag jivan ke lie anivary nahian hai. usamean aidrinailin tatha naur aidrinailin namak haramon banate haian. bahistha ki atikriya se purushoan mean stritv ke se lakshan pragat ho jate haian. usaki kriya ke hhras ka parinam aidisan ka rog hota hai jisamean raktadab ka kam ho jana, durbalata, dast ana aur tvacha mean rang ke kanoan ka ekatr hona vishesh lakshan hote haian.

avatuka granthi (thair aauyad)

yah granthi gale mean shvasanal par taituve se niche gho de ki kathi ke saman sthit hai. isake donoan khand nal ke donoan aur rahate haian aur bich ka, un donoan ko jo danevala, bhag nal ke samane rahata hai. is granthi mean thairaanksin namak haramon banata hai. isako prayogashalaoan mean bhi taiyar kiya gaya hai. isaka strav piyooshika ke avatukaposhak haramon dvara niyantrit rahata hai. yah vastu maulik chayapachay gati (besal metabolik ret, bi.em.ar.), na digati tatha raktadab ko badhati hai.is grathian ki atikriya se maulik chayapachay gati tatha na di ki gati badh jati hai. hraday ki dh dakan bhi badh jati hai. netr bahar nikalate hue se dikhaee padate haian. grathian mean rakt ka sanchar adhik ho jata hai. granthi ki kriya ke kam hone se balakoan mean vamanata (kretinijm) ki aur adhik ayuvaloan mean miksodima ki dasha utpannaho jati hai. vamanata mean sharir ki vriddhi nahian hoti . 15-20 varsh ka vyakti sat ath varsh ka sa dikhaee p data hai. budidh ka vikas bhi nahian hota. pet age ko badha hua, mukh khula hua aur usase ral chooti huee tatha budidh mand rahati hai. miksodima mean hath tatha mukh par vasa (charbi ekatr ho jati hai, akriti bhari ya moti dikhaee deti hai. granthi ke satv (eksatraikt) khilane se ye dashaean door ho jati haian .

upavatuka (pairathairaanyad)

ye char chhoti-chhoti granthiyaan hoti haian. avatuka granthi ke pratyek khand ke prishth par oopar aur niche ke dhruvoan ke pas ek-ek granthi sthit rahati hai aur usase usaka nikat sanbandh rahata hai. in granthiyoan ka haramon kailsiyam ke chayapachay ka niyantran karata hai. kailsiyam ke svaangikaran ke lie yah haramon avashyak hai. isaki pratikriya se kailsiyam, phasphet ke roop mean, mootr dvara adhik matra mean nikalane lagata hai jisase asthiyaan vikrit ho jati haian aur austiaitis faibrosa namak rog ho jata hai. isaki kriya kam hone par tetaini rog hota hai.

prajanan granthiyaan

prajanan granthiyaan do haian,
(1)aandagranthi (testiz) yah pahali granthi purush mean hoti hai
(2)dianbagranthi (ovairi) yah doosari granthi stri mean hoti hai.

aandagranthi

aandakosh mean donoan or ek-ek granthi hoti hai. is granthi ki mukhy kriya shukranu utpann karana hai jisase santanotpatti ho aur vansh ki raksha ho. ye viry ke sath ek vahani nalika dvara granthi se bahar nikalakar aur stri ke dianb se milakar garbhotpatti karate haian. is granthi mean ek doosara aantasrav banata hai jo test aausteron kahalata hai. yah srav sidha sharir mean vyapt ho jata hai, bahar nahian ata. yah shukranuoan ki utpatti ke lie avashyak hai. purush mean purushatv ke lakshan yahi utpann karata hai. purush ki jananeandriyoan ki vriddhi isi par nirbhar rahati hai. piyooshika ke agrakhand mean ka srav is haramon ki utpatti ko badhata hai.

dianbagranthi

dianbagranthiyaan striyoan ke udar ke nichale bhag mean, jise shroni kahate haian, hoti haian. pratyek or ek granthi hoti hai. inaka mukhy kary dianb utpann karana hai. dianb aur shukranu ke sanyog se garbh ki sthapana hoti hai. isamean se jo aantasrav banata hai vah striyoan mean stritv ke lakshan utpann karata hai. striyoan ke rajodharm ka bhi yahi karan hota hai. kiantu yah kriya nishchit kalaantar se hoti hai; samay ane par granthi tatha any jananeandriyoan ke roop mean tatha unaki kriya mean bhi aantar a jata hai.

laiangarahaians ki dvipikaean

agnyashay granthi mean koshikaoan ke samooh kee sthanoan mean pae jate haian. in samoohoan ka varnan sabase pahale laiangarahaians ne kiya tha. isi karan ye samooh laiangarahaians ki dvipikaean kahalate haian. yadyapi inaki koshikaean agnyashay granthi mean sthit hoti haian to bhi svayan granthi ki koshikaoan se ye akar tatha rachana mean bhinn hoti haian. inake dvara utpann haramon iansyoolin kahalata hai jo karabohaidret ke chayapachay ka niyantran karata hai. is haramon ki kami se madhumeh rog (dayabitij) ho jata hai. isi prakar aand tatha agnyashay aur kuchh any granthiyoan mean bhi aant tatha bahi donoan prakar ke srav banate haian.

thaimas

yah granthi vaksh ke agr aantaral mean sthit hai. yuvavastha ke praranbh tak yah granthi badhati rahati hai. usake pashchath‌ isaka hras hone lagata hai. is granthi ki kriya abhi tak nahian jnat ho saki hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

san. gr.- 'dr. haramon'.