भू-भौतिकी

bhoo-bhautiki (aangrezi: Geophysics) shuddh aur anuprayukt prithvi ki bhautiki hai. isake aantargat prithvi ki sanbandhi sari samasyaoan ki chhanabin hoti hai. sath hi yah ek prayukt vijnan bhi hai, kyoanki isamean bhoomi samasyaoan aur prakritik roopoan mean upalabdh padarthoan ke vyavahar ki vyakhya mool vijnanoan ki sahayata se ki jati hai. isaka vikas bhautiki aur bhaumiki se hua hai. bhoovijnaniyoan ki avashyakata ke phalasvaroop ne sadhanoan ke roop mean isaka janm hua.

vijnan ki shakhaoan ya upavibhagoan ke roop mean bhautiki, rasayan, bhoovijnan aur jivavijnan ko manyata mile ek arasa bit chuka hai. jyoan-jyoan vijnan ka vikas hua, usaki shakhaoan ke madhyavarti kshetr utpann hote ge, jinamean se ek bhoobhautiki hai. uparyukt vijnanoan ko chatushphalak ke shirsh par niroopit karane par yah bat spasht ho jati hai. chatushphalak ki bhujaean ne vijnanoan ko niroopit karati hai.

bhoo-bhautiki ke upavibhag

prayog aur siddhaant ki nee pravidhiyoan aur auzaroan ki prayukti bhoo-samasyaoan par karane ke sath sath anveshan ke ne ne kshetr prapt hote ge, jinaka samavesh bhoobhautiki mean kar liya gaya. ab bhoobhautiki ke nimnalikhit lagabhag das upavibhag hai : (grah vijnan), vayuvijnan, mausam vijnan, jalavijnan, samudr vijnan, bhookanp vijnan, jvalamukhi vijnan, bhoochuanbakatv, bhooganit aur vivartanik bhautiki (Tectonic physics).

anuprayukt bhoo-bhautiki ke aantargat dharati ki satah par bhautik mapanoan se adhastal (subsurface) ki bhaumik soochanaean prapt hoti haian. ise bhoobhautik poorvekshan bhi kahate haian aur isaka uddeshy upayukt upakaranoan se ghanatv vaishamy, pratyasthi gunadharm, chuanbakatv vidyutsanvahakata aur rediyoektivata adi mapakar petroliyam pani, khanij aur rediyoaiktiv tatha khandaniy padarthoan ka sthan nirdharan karana hai.

bhoo-bhautik anusandhanoan aur prekshanoan ka samanvay karane ke liye 'itaraneshanal yooniyan aauv jim aaudisi aiand jiophijiks' namak sanstha ka sangathan kiya gaya hai. ise sansar ke sabhi rashtroan ke rashtriy bhoobhautik sansthanoan ka sakriy sahayog prapt hai. is sanstha ki bhoobhautik mapanoan ke karyakram ki sakriyata kabhi kabhi ek do varshoan ke liye kafi tej ho jati hai, jaise atit mean do bar aantararashtriy bhoobhautik varsh sanh‌ 1957-1958 mean aisa kiya gaya.

bhoo-bhautiki mean sabhi bhautik prakramoan aur prithvi ke keandr se vayumandal ke shirshasth tak ke sab padarthoan ke gunoan ka adhyayan tatha any grahoan ke sanbandh mean isi prakar ka adhyayan hota hai. isaki sabhi shakhaoan ke vishayakshetr ka sankshipt vivechan prastut hai-

grah vijnan

yah vijnan chandrama, budh, shukr, mangal, brihaspati adi grahoan ke prishth aur paryavaran ke adhyayan ki vaijnanik vidhiyoan se sanbandhit hai. isase jo janakari milati hai, vah manushy ki jnanarashi ki abhivriddhi karati hi hai, sath hi usaki bhavi aantarikshayatra mean bhi sahayak hoti hai. mapan ke liye bhoo-sthit spektrami prakashalekhi rediyo aur rediyomapi vidhiyoan ka prayog kiya jata hai. reda aur rediyo avrittiyoan ke vistrit paras (range) ka upayog karake grahoan ki prishthiy rukshata, gaharaee, bhautik gun, dhool parat aur vayumandal ka nirdharan sanbhav hota hai. grahoan ke gurutv, chuanbaki kshetr, dab, tap, prishthiy bhoovijnan aur vayumandal ki vidyut avastha jnat karane ki vidhiyoan ka avishkar kiya ja chuka hai. kritrim upagrah tatha upagrah par sthit upakaranoan se any grahoan par jivan ya vanaspati ki upasthiti, ya inake anukool paristhiti, ki chhanabin ki ja rahi hai. nikat bhavishy mean rediyo tara upagoohan (occultation) aur dvisthaitik redar (bistatic radar) ke prayogoan se saur kirit, ayanamandal tatha grahiy vayumandal ke bare mean bahut si batean maloom ho jaeangi.

vayu vijnan

vijnan ki yah shakha sau kilomitar se adhik ooanchaee ke prithvi ke vayumandal ki ghatanaoan se sanbandhit hai. itani ooanchaee par hava atyadhik ayanit hoti hai, paramanu aur ilektr aaunoan ke ausat muktapath dirgh hote haian aur vahaan padarthoan ka bhautik vyavahar jitana ghanatv aur any sanhati gunoan par nirbhar karata hai utana ya usase adhik vidyut gunoan par nirbhar karata hai. prithvi ke vayumandal ki bahy sima ko bhi spasht prishth nahian hai, balki aantargrahiy avakash mean sapeksh rikti ki or isaka kramash: sankraman hai. is sankraman ke katibandhoan mean prithvi ke vayu mandaliy padarthoan aur bahar se ane vale vikiranoan aur kanoan mean nirantar paraspar kriya hoti hai. vayuvijnan in ghatanaoan aur bhoo-paristhiyoan par inake mahatv se sanbandhit hai. lagabhag 300 kilomitar ooanchaeean par vayumandal ka tap lagabhag 1500° seantigreand hai. at: prithvi ke vayumandal ke nichale phailav ke oopar uddayan mean suraksha ke liye ooanchaiyoan par vayumandal ke gunoan ka adhyayan bahut avashyak hai.

mausam vijnan

yah vayumandal aur bhooprishth ke nikatavarti vayumandal ki vibhinn ghatanaoan se sanbandhit hava aur mausam ka vijnan hai. mausam vijnani tap, dab, pavan, megh, varshan adi vayumandal ke lakshanoan ko prekshit karake, bahy prabhavoan aur bhautiki ke maulik niyamoan ke adhar par, vayumandal ki prekshit sanrachana aur udbhav ki vyakhya karane ka prayatn karata hai. pavan aur mausam ke jaise prekshit charoan (variables) ke pratimanoan (patterns) ke anubhavik sanbandhoan ko khoj aur vyakhya karane yogy samasya ke roop mean ubharakar, vijnan ki prayukti ke liye avashyak batoan ki vyavastha karane ka prayatn kiya jata hai. kisi bhi sthan ke tatha kisi bhi samay ke vayumandal ki dasha ki janakari ke liye hava ki bhautiki aur sanghatan ka jnan avashyak hai. varsh bhar ki mausami avasthaoan ke mishr samanyakaran se jalavayu ka svaroop sanghatit hota hai. sankshipt mausam vijnan ke aantargat, vyapak kshetr mean ek hi samay mean kie ge prekshanoan ke adhar par, vayumandaliy lakshanoan ka vivechan hota hai. mausam vijnaniy khojoan mean ooshmagatik aur dravagatik siddhaantoan ka prayog sahakari roop mean drut gati se kiya ja raha hai. adhunik kal mean mausam poorvanuman aur bhautik jalavayu vijnan, in donoan ka adhar vayumandal mean prakritik roop se utpann gatiyoan ka adhyayan hai. gatij mausam vijnan ke aantargat vayumandal mean sahaj roop se utpann gati tatha usase sanbanddh tap, dab, ghanatv aur ardrata ke vitaranoan ka adhyayan hota hai. yah mausam ke poorvanuman aur jalavayu vijnan ka adhar hai.

jal vijnan

yah pani, usake gun, vitaran aur sthal par parisancharan ka vijnan hai. yah vijnan bhuprishthasth pani, mitti mean sthit pani, adh:sth shailajal, vayumandal mean jal sanbandhi paksh aur jo batean bhooprishth par vashpikaran tatha varshan ko prabhavit karati haian, unase sanbandhit hai. isamean himani vijnan, arthath‌ him (snow) aur barph (ice) ke roop mean bhoojal ka adhyayan, samavisht hai. chooanki adhunik jal vijnan mean jal sanbandhi matrik adhyayan kiya jata hai at: yah ek mahattvapoorn vishay hai. jalavijnaniy chakr, jisake anusar jal samudr se vayumandal mean aur vayumandal se sthal par ata hai aur aant mean samudr mean pahuanch jata hai, jal vijnan ka adhar hai. varshan ke bad jal ki avasthaoan ka adhyayan jal vijnan mean hota hai. himanadi ki pragati aur pratyavartan ki dar se bhi yah vijnan sanbanddh hai. jal vijnan mean jal ki prapti, gati aur kary sanbandhi siddhaant hai. jal vijnan mean jal ki prapti, gati aur kary sanbandhi siddhaant aur niyamoan ko pratipadit karane vale mool aank doan ka adhyayan samavisht hai.

samudr vijnan

isamean samudr ka vaijnanik adhyayan hota hai tatha samudr ki droni ki akriti aur banavat, samudri pani ke bhautik aur rasayanik gun, samudridhara, tarang tatha jvar ka adhyayan samavisht hai. isamean prithvi ki thos tatha gais avasthaoan ke sath samudr ke sare prakramoan ki vyakhya karane ki koshish ki jati hai. adhunik samudr vijnan prayogashaliy adhyayan ke sath hi upayukt jalayanoan ki sahayata se samudr vijnaniy sarvekshan ka vishay hai. samudri pani, talachhat aur jaiv namoonoan ko ekatr karane tatha parakhane ke upakaranoan se sajjit, anusandhan pot samudr ke anant vistar ki chhanabin karate hi rahate haian. samudri dharaoan ka gativijnan or ooshmagatiki, b de paimane par bahane vali samudri aur vayuvahit dharaoan ke siddhaant tatha gahare jal ka parisancharan, in sabaki samasyaean vayumandal ki sangat samasyaoan se milati julati hai. samudr aur vayumandal mean vashpikaran tatha ooshma vinimayan prakramoan ka mausam vijnan mean bahut mahatv hai. samudri pani ke adhikaansh gun tap, kharapan aur dab par nirbhar karate haian. jinhean upakaranoan ki sahayata se pratyaksh roop se jnat kiya ja sakata hai. manushy ke liye machhaliyaan aur khanij arthik mahatv ke hai. rediyoaiktiv vidhiyoan se mahasagariy talachhatoan ka kal nirdharit kiya jata hai.

bhookanp vijnan

yah bhookanpoan tatha bhookanp tarangoan se udghatit prithvi ki aantarang avastha ka vijnan hai. yah ek nootan vijnan hai, jisase prithvi ke aantarang ke bare mean kafi mahattvapoorn janakari prapt huee hai, bhookanp vijnan ki mahattvapoorn pragati ka aranbh lagabhag 1880 ee. mean bhookanpalekhi upakaran ke avishkar ke sath hua. bhookanp, ya visphot, un bhookanpatarangoan ke srotoan ko prastut karata hai jo prithvi ke aantarang mean prasarit hoti haian aur jinaka nirgat bhookanpalekhi dvara aankit hota hai. tarangavishleshan se adhastal (subsurface) ki banavat aur kabhi-kabhi srot ki kriyavidhi bhi jnat ho jati hai visphotoan or bhookanpoan se utpann bhookanpatarange bhoogati utpann karati hai. laghutam aur brihattam bhoogati mean 108 guna ka vichalan ho sakata hai. isaliye anek prakar ke bhookanpalekhiyoan ki abhikalpana huee hai, jaise lolak aur vikriti bhukanpalekhi. lolak bhookanpalekhi shlath yugmit, j datviy dravyaman (loosely coupled inertial mass) aur bhoomi ke madhy ki sapeksh gati ko mapata hai. kuchh upakaranoan mean prakashiy avardhan (optical magnification) ka upayog kiya jata hai aur kuchh mean vidyutachuanbakiy traansadayoosar (electromagnetic transducer), dharamapi, ilektr aaunik pravardhak (amplifier) aur prakash vidyut sel ke upayog se uchchatar avardhan prapt kiya jata hai. raikhik vikriti (linear strain) bhookanpalekhiyoan mean adhar shail par 100 phut ke aantar par do stanbh sthir kie jate haian. ek stanbh se sangalit sphatik ki dridh nali sanbanddh hoti hai. anudairdhy disha mean nali ki svatantray sankhya ek hoti hai aur khali jagah mean sthit ek sookshmagrahi traansadayoosar, nali ke kanpanoan ka sansoochan karata hai. bhookanpakeandr se oorja tin prakar ki tarangoan ke roop mean chalati hai, jinhean p (P) ya anudairdhy tarang, s (S) ya anuprasth tarang or prishth tarang kahate haian. s tarang taral padarth mean yatra nahian kar sakati. tarangaveg madhyam ke pratyasth sthiraank aur ghanatv par nirbhar karata hai. bhookanpalekhi ke aankanoan se anurdardhy aur anuprasth tarangoan ko pahachana ja sakata hai. veg-gaharaee vakr ke vishleshan se prithvi ke aantarang ke anek upavibhagoan ka namakaran sanbhav hai. in pravidhiyoan se hi ham janate haian ki prithvi ke keandr mean loh nikal krod hai, jisaka ardhavyas prithvi ke ardhavyas ke adhe se adhik hai.

jvalamukhi vijnan

yah jvalamukhi aur usase sanbandhit ghatanaoan ka vijnan hai, jo maigma (magma) aur sanbaddh gaisoan ke prishthiy udbhedan tatha usase utpann sanrachanaoan, nikshepoan aur any prabhavoan se sanbaddh hai. prithvi ke prishth par jo prabhav dekhane mean ate haian, ve gaharaee ki ghatanaoan ke parinamasvaroop hote haian. at: jvalamukhi vijnan mean adhikaansh vitaliy, maigmaj bhoovijnan sammilit rahata hai.

parvat aur any patal-viroopani (diastrophic) baloan se bhooprishth mean utpann dararean ve vahikaean haian, jinase maigma prishth ki or uthata hai. dararoan ki chau daee lagabhag 1 phut se lekar 10 phut se adhik tak ho sakati hai. udbhedi taral, gais ya lava shankvakar parvat ki rachana karate haian. is kro d ke keandr ya bagal se pun: udbhedan ho sakata hai. udbhedi maigma taral shail ka bana hota hai, jisamean gaisean ghuli hoti haian. lava ka tap aur usaki shyanata (viscosity) vishisht upakaranoan se mapi jati hai. jvalamukhi udbhedan ka svaroop mukhyat: taral maigma se nirdharit hota hai. udabhedan kee prakar ke hote haian, jinaka namakaran jvalamukhi ke nam par, ya jis kshetr mean jvalamukhi hota hai usake nam par, karate haian mapane se pata chala hai ki parvat ke niche ek prakar ke agar mean maigma ke aant:kshepan se pahale sara jvalamukhi parvat phool jata hai. udbhedan ke samay, ya thik bad hi, jvalamukhi parvat siku date haian. jvalamukhiy udbhedan se pahale anek bhookanp hote haian. in udbhedanoan se vayumandal mean aghat tarangean utpann hoti haian. kabhi kabhi pani ke aandar jvalamukhiy visphot hone par, bhimakay bhookanpi sidhutarangean (tsunamis) utpann hoti haian.

bhoochuanbakatv ya prithvi ke chubankattv ka vivechan karane vali vijnan ki shakha hai. prithvi ek vishal chuanbak hai, jisaka aksh lagabhag prithvi ke ghoornan aksh par p data hai. prithvi ke bhoochanbakiy kshetr ka svaroop pradhanat: dvidhruvi hai aur yah prithvi ke gahare aantarang mean utpann hota hai. krod ke aksh dhruv par chuanbakiy tivrata 5 gaus hai. nirbadh vilambit chuanbakiy suee se dikpat, arthath chuanbakiy balarekha aur kshitij ke bich ka kon, jnat hota hai. vishv ki anek chuanbakiy vedhashalaoan mean niyamit roop se chuanbakiy avayavoan ka mapan nirantar kiya jata hai. ye avayav haian, dikpat, di (D), nati, n (I), tatha parthiv chuanbakiy kshetr ki sanpoorn tivrata b (F), jisake ghatak, ksh (H), k (X), kh (Y) tatha g (Z) haian. in avayavoan ka dirghakalin parivartan, shatabdiyoan bad hua karata hai. kyoori (Curie) biandu se nimn tap par shital hua jvalamukhi lava, jamati huee talachhat aur prachin eeant, prerit chuanbakatv ka adhyayan pailiyomaignetijm (Palaeomagnetism) kahalata hai aur shatabdiyoan, sahastrabdiyoan, ya yugoan poorv ke bhoochuanbakiy parivartanoan ki janakari pradan karata hai.

prithvi ke chuanbakiy kshetr mean hone vale b de vikshobhoan ko chuanbakiy toophan kahate haian. chuanbakiy toophanoan ki tivrata dhruviy prakash ke kshetroan mean sarvadhik hoti hai. aisa pratit hota hai ki soory se nishkasit, ayanit gaisoan ki dharaoan ya badaloan se, jo prithvi tak pahuanch jate haian, chuanbakiy toophanoan ki utpati hoti hai. asamany soory dhabboan ki sakriyata ke avasaroan par aniyamit ya kshanik chuanbakiy parivartan hua karate haian. map ke liye anek prakar ke chuanbakatvamapi haian. nirapeksh chuanbakatv kisi kuandali mean pravahit vidyutadhara ke jnat kshetr aur bhoochubankiy kshetr ki tulana par adharit hote haian. parivarti prerakatv (variometers) gaun yantr hai aur sapeksh mapan karate haian. phlaks get (flux gate) chuanbakatvamapi aur prot aaun chuanbakatvamapi adhik sookshmagrahi haian.

bhooganit

yah prithvi ke akar, vistar aur gurutviy kshetr ka vijnan hai. isake aantargat gurutviy apakeandri kshetroan ke mapanoan se nirdharit prithvi ke prishth ke oopar jahaan tak gurutviy kshetr ke prabhav ki pahachan sanbhav hai vahaan tak usake vitaran ka adhyayan bhi isake aantargat hota hai. bhoobhautiki ki any shakhaoan ki sahayata se bhooganit dvara bhoopatal ki banavat aur sanlagn adh:star (substrata) ki banavat ka adhyayan kiya jata hai samyakh‌ bhoomapan (mapping) aur chart nirman ke liye avashyak mapan aur parikalan karana bhooganit ka vyavaharik uddeshy hai. prithvi ke b de vritt ke ek chap a (a) ko bhooganitiy vidhi se mapakar aur vakratakeandr par is chap dvara banae kon a ko khagoliy vidhi se mapakar prithvi ka akar aur vistar nirdharit kiya jata hai. a (a) aur a ke atyant yatharth man prapt karane ki adhunik takanikiyoan mean tribhuja (triangulation), shoran (Shoran), hiran (Hiran) aur any vaidyut evan any khagoliy vidhiyaan sammilit haian, jinamean kritrim upagrah aur atyant parishkrit khagoliy doorabinoan aur sankramanoan ka upayog hota hai. tribhujan vidhi ka adhar yah hai ki kisi bhi tribhuj ka adhar aur do kon jnat hoan, to tribhuj poornat: nishchit ho jata hai. is tribhuj ki ek bhuja ko adhar banakar uttarottar tribhujoan se sare kshetr ko pat dete haian. prithvi ka aantaraansh dridh nahian hai, at: soory aur chandr ke avarti jvariy bal se bhoopatal nirast ho jata hai is jvariy prabhav ko gurutvamapi se mapa jata hai.

vivartanik bhautik

yah bhoovaijnanik rachanaoan ke nirman mean sanlagn bhautik prakriyaoan ka vijnan hai. isamean prithvi ke vistrit rachanatmak lakshanoan aur unake karanoan, jaise parvat rachana, shailayaantriki evan shail ka samarthy tatha usase sanbaddh bhautik gunoan, ka mapan tatha adhyayan kiya jata hai bhoovaijnanik samasyaoan mean bhautiki ke anuprayog se vivartanik bhautikividh ko prithvi ke sanbandh mean anek goodh janakariyaan prapt karane ka suyog mila hai.

ab bhoopatal aur uchch pravar (upper mantle) ke adh:star evan sthal satah ke anek upavibhag karana sanbhav ho gaya hai. madhy mahasagariy evan mahadvipi vibhang (fracture) paddhati ke bhoovaijnanik aur bhoobhautik lakshanoan se prakat hai ki yah do prakar ke avayavoan se jinhean prathamik aur gaun chap kahate haian, bana hai aur vikas ki bhinn bhinn avasthaoan mean inaki anek punaravrittiyaan ho chuki haian. bhoopatal aur oopari pravar mean bhoovaijnanik yutijanak bal aur unake paitarni mahadvipiy chyuti aur dhruviy paribhraman ke liye apratyaksh roop se uttaradayi ho sakate haian. bhrashan aur valan ki gatiki aur prithvi ke padarthoan ke yaantrik vyavahar par m aaudaloan ki sahayata se anek mahattvapoorn prayog kie ge haian. vivartinak vikriti ki dar pratibaloan aur unaki avadhi par nirbhar karati hai. e. ee. shaidegar (A.E. Scheidegger) ne pratibaloan ko chhoti, b di aur madhy avadhi ke adhar par vargikrit kiya hai. chhoti avadhi lagabhag char ghante ki, madhy avadhi char ghante se 15000 varshoan tak ki aur lanbi avadhi 15000 varshoan se karo doan varshoan tak ki hoti hai.

anuprayukt bhoobhautiki

anuprayukt bhoobhautiki, ya bhoobhautik poorvekshan mean prithvi ke prishth par bhautik mapoan ke dvara adhasthal bhoovaijnanik janakariyoan ka sangrah kiya jata hai. isaka uddeshy khanij, petroliyam, jal, ghatvik nikshep, vikhandaniy padartho ka sthan-nirdharan aur baandh, relamarg, havaee addoan, sainik aur krishi prayojanaoan ke nirmanarth satah ke nikatasth star ke bhoovaijnanik lakshanoan se aank doan ka sangrah hai. bhoovaijnanik anveshan ki pravidhiyaan moolat: is tathy par nirbhar karati hai ki khanij nikshep aur bhoovaijnanik star ke ghanatv, chuanbakatv, pratyasthata, vidyuchchalakata aur rediyoaiktivata jaise bhautik gun bhinn hote haian, ve prithvi ke gurutv kshetr ya chuanbakatv kshetr mean asangati utpann karate haian aur unaka sthan nirdharan gurutvamapi, ya chuanbakiy vidhiyoan, se kiya ja sakata hai. kuchh lakshanoan ka adhyayan alp pratyaksh vidhi se, jaise petroliyam poorvekshan mean apanati (anticlines) lavan guanbad ya bhransh traip (fault trap) jaisi simit sanrachanaoan ke gun mapakar, karate haian. gurutv vaidyut aur chuanbakiy kshetr jaisi prakritik ghatanaoan, ya ayojit jaise prerit prabhavoan se utpann bhookanpatarangoan ko mapane ki vidhiyaan upalabdh hai. samanyata mapan kary prithvi par, vimanoan mean, aantardeshiy ya tatiy jalaprishth par upalabdh, athava vishesh roop se nirmit or chhidroan (bore holes) se kiya jata hai. bhoobhautik poorvekshan ki pratyek takanik ka sankshipt vivaran nimnalikhit hai-

gurutv anveshan

dhruvoan ke chipatepan aur vishuvath‌ ke ubhar ke karan prithvi ka gurutv dhruvoan se vishuvat ki or hrasonmukh hota hai. prekshan biandu ki oochaee aur paryavaran ki sthalakriti ke anusar gurutv badalata hai. in evan anyany prabhavoan ke liye prekshit gurutvamanoan ka samayojan kiya jata hai. man liya jata hai ki avashisht man pratyakshat: sthaniy bhaumiki se sanbanddh hai. gurutv anveshan ka adhar yahi hai. petroliyam aur khanijoan ke sthan nirdharan mean yah anveshan upayogi hai. dhatvik ayask piand pray: samany akar ke hote haian aur saman ayatan ki prativeshi chattanoan se inake ghanatv ka aantar bhi kam hone ke karan, ayask piandoan ke gurutv prabhav sthaniy aur kshin hote haian; phalat: gurutv sarvekshan ka vyapak hona avashyak hai. prabhavi gurutv asangati utpann karane ke liye ayask piand ki gaharaee jitani adhik hogi, ayask akar mean utana hi b da hota hai. petroliyam ke sandarbh mean ghanatv aantar alp hone par bhi piandoan ke akar ki vishalata or sanhati ki nyoonata ya adhikata ke karan pariman mahattvapoorn nikalate haian.

lagabhag sabhi gurutv prekshan hote haian. prekshanabianduoan ke bich ke aantar nirdharit kar lie jate haian, par unake charam man ajnat rah jate haian. adharabiandu ko aichchhik manakar nirdisht kiya jata hai aur any sabhi man isake apekshik hote haian. prekshan sthaloan ke bich ki doori ghanatv ki doori ghanatv viparyasoan (contrasts) vali sanrachana ki gaharaee ki adhi se adhik n honi chahie.

jis gurutvamapi upakaran ka upayog hota hai usake anek roop hote haian. upakaran ke saralatam roop mean kamani se ek dravyaman nilanbit hota hai. gurutv mean vriddhi hone se dravyaman ka bhar badhata hai aur tadanuroop kamani ka vistar hota hai. nilanbit dravyaman mean jnat bhar jo dane se utpann hue vikshep ka prekshan kar, ya nirdharit gurutv aantar ke do prekshan sthaloan par gurutv mapakar, gurutvamapiyoan ko aanshaankit kiya jata hai. gurutv anveshan ke praranbhik kal mean atavash (Eotvos) maro datula ko mapati hai. gurutvamapi ke avishkar ke sath hi maro datula do karanoan se lupt ho gee. pahala yah ki yah upakaran sthaniy aniyamitataoan ke prati atyadhik sugrahi hota tha aur doosara yah ki isake dvara prekshan karane mean kee ghantoan ka samay lag jata tha. poorvekshan ki madhyamalin sthiti mean gurutvadolak ka prayog hota tha or inaka prayog gurutvamapiyoan ke avishkar se uth gaya, kyoanki ve inase bahut shreshth siddh hue.

gurutv

manachitroan (gravity maps) mean gurutv uchch aair nimn hote haian. kuchh sau varg miloan ke uchch tatha nimn gurutv kshetriy aur kuchh varg miloan, ya isase kam ke, uchch tatha nimn gurutv aanshakshetriy (subregional) kahalate haian. prakritik sanpadaoan aur khanij anveshanoan ke liye in sthaniy visangatiyoan ka hi pratyaksh mahatv hai. in sthaniy visangatayoan ki prakriti sanhat visangati ki gaharaee aur vistar par nirbhar karati hai, jisase ve sanbaddh hote haian.

kalpit sanrachana aur ghanatv vitaran ki tadanuroopi gurutv asangati ke parikalan ke liye shadhri parikalaniy ritiyaan upalabdh haian. parikalit asangati ki tulana ab prekshit asangati se ki ja sakati hai. anek prayatnoan ke bad kalpit dravyaman asangatike dvara prekshit gurutv asangati ka karan nirupit karana sanbhav hota hai. sahi nirnay par pahuanchane ke liye us kshetr ki bhaumiki ka jnan b da sahayak hota hai. srot ki gaharaee, ghanatv aur vimaean (dimensions) anekavidh sanyog se saparoop gurutv asangatiyaan utapann kar sakati haian, parantu gurutv aank doan ki sahayata se us kshetr ki bhaumiki ya any prakar se srot ki gaharaee evan prakriti ke sanbandh mean kuchh tathy nikale ja sakate haian.

chuanbakiy anveshan

chuanbakiy takanikiyoan ka adhar yah hai ki satah aur usake nikat chattanoan ke chuanbakan se jyamitiy kshetr mean sthaniy parivartan hote haian. kuchh paristhitiyoan mean yah parivartan mahattvapoorn ho sakata hai. agney aur avasadi (sedimentary) chattanoan mean sarvadhik vyapak khanij maignetait, lo3o4 (F O) hai. puanjibhoot roop mean maignetait ka prabhav prasamany chuanbakiy kshetr se adhik hone ke udaharan jnat hai. pray: agney bhoobhag mean, prasamany tivrata ki 10% asangati rahati hai.

agney shail us samay sthayi roop se chuanbakit ho jate haian, jab ve tatkalin bhoochuanbakiy kshetr par nirbhar disha aur tivrata mean kyoori biandu se shitalit hote haian. shailoan ka chuanbakan preran dvara bhi hota hai. jisaki disha aur tivrata mool sthiti aur vartaman bhoochuanbakiy kshetr ke aantar par nibhar karati hai. bhoochuanbakiy kshetr mean parivartan dhire dhire hota hai. parvatan gati (orogenic movements) ke karan chattanoan ki sthiti aur prerit chuanbakanoan ki disha ek ho. avasadi shailoan ki chuanbakiy pravritti (susceptibility) pariman mean agney shailoan ki apeksha anek guni kam hoti hai. at: avasadi besin kshetroan ki chuanbakiy asangatiyaan satah par, ya agney adharoan ke aandar, sthalakritik ya chuanbakan prabhavoan se utpann hoti hai.

kabhi-kabhi anusandhey ayask aur chuanbakatv ka sahachary apratyaksh hota hai. plesar nikshepoan (placer depostits) ki pranal dharaoan mean maignetait ke sath sona pray: saandrit rahata hai, aur chuanbakiy saandran ka jnan sone ka karan ban sakata hai.

pavaralain, vaidyut abhisthapan aur chuanbakiy vicharanoan ke dainik vakr chuanbakiy mapanoan mean truti utpann karate haian. chuanbakiy avayavoan ke akasmik alpakalik parivartan chuanbakiy toofan kahalate haian, jo chuanbakiy prekshan aur sarvekshan ki shuddhata mean badhak hote haian, parantu upayukt sudharoan ke dvara trutiyoan ko nirast karana sadaiv sanbhav hota hai.

phild yantroan ko oordhvadhar evan shraitij bal vicharanamapi (variometer) kahate haian. oordhvadhar bal chuanbakatvamapi kshaitij aksh ki ek chuanbakiy paddhati ka bana hota hai, jisamean chuanbakatv kshetr se utpann vartan aghoorn (turning moment) keandr se pare sthit bhar ke gurutv aghoorn se kshatipoorit hota hai. kshatipooran karane vale chuanbakoan ka upayog kshetr ki tivrata ke aanshat: kshatipooran karane mean hota hai, jisase yantr ke mapan paras ka vistar hota hai. upayukt kshatipooran ka vikalp nilanbit chuanbakiy tantr ke ghere mean sthapit helmaholts (Helmholtz) kuandali mean dhara parivartit kar kshatipooran karana hai. parthik chuanbakiy kshetr ki kshetij tivrata mapane ke liye isi prakar ka kshaitij bal chuanbakatvamapi upalabdh hai.

vayuvahit chuanbakatvamapi ka kshetr sookshmagrahi tatv dhatu, ya any uchch chuanbakashilata (permeability) vale padarth, ka chh d jaisa samuchchay hota hai, jisapar upayukt kuandali lipati hoti hai aur yah paraspar lanb jianbaloan (gimbals) par chadha hota hai. sarvo yantr kriyavidhi (servo mechanism) dhatu aksh ko poorn chuanbakiy tivrata ki disha mean svat: anurakshit karati hai. sanpoorn tivrata ke vicharan ek kagaz ke gole par aankit hote haian, jo ek saman samay dar se aankanakari kalam ke sath age badhata hai. shoran (Shoran), ya sthan nirdharan ki kisi rediyo yukti, se kh di nichaee ki dharati ka photograph lekar sangat sthiti ki soochanaean prapt karate haian. chuanbakiy aur sthaliy aank doan mean sahayak sadhanoan dvara samanvay sthapit kiya jata hai. niyojit doori ke aantar aur nishchit bairomitari ooanchaee par samaantar rekhaoan par sarvekshan viman u data hai. vayu chuanbakiy (aeromagnetic) sarvekshan dvara b de kshetroan mean kam lagat par sarvekshan kiya ja sakata hai.

hal hi mean ek navin chuanbakatvamapi ka avishkar hua hai, jisaka nam prot aaun ayan chuanbakatvamapi (proton precession magnetometer) hai. mapaniy kshetr ki apeksha b de aur anuprasth kshetr ke prayog se mapan ka aranbh hota hai. is kshetr ko sahasa hata lene par prot aaun dhoorn chuanbak ne vitaranoan mean ayan (precession) karate haian, jo mapan kie ja rahe kshetr ka abhilakshak hota hai. ayan avriti is kshetr ki tivrata ka raikhik phalan (linear function) hoti hai. ayan kshanik ghatana hoti hai, at: yah mapan ek ya do sekand ke bhitar ho jana chahie. avritti nirdharan ke liye ilektr aauniki giar ka upayog kiya jata hai. is upakaran ka sabase b da labh mapan ki parishuddhata hai.

siddhaant roop se chuanbakiy aank doan ka parikalan gurutv aank doan ke parikalan ke saman hai. aantar itana hi hai ki chuanbakiy piand mean do viparit dhruv aur avashisht chuanbakan hote haian, jinake karan chuanbakiy asangati srot ke ayamoan se sadaiv sidhi sahacharit nahian hoti.

vaidyut anveshan

yah dhatvik khanijoan ke anveshan mean upayogi hai. kuchh khanij nikshep apane nikatatam paryavaran mean svat: pravartit bhoodharaean utpann karate haian, jinake anuvarti vaidyut vibhavoan ko svavibhav kahate haian. kisi kshetr ki samavibhav rekhaoan ke nakshe banakar, svavibhav ke srot ko pray: jnat kar sakate haian. vistrit kshetroan ko prabhavit karane vali sthal mandaliy (telluric) dharaean bhi hoti haian, jinhean vayumandal ke dhara parisancharanoan se sanbanddh mana jata hai. ye vayu mandaliy dharaean prakritik vaidyut vibhavoan ke sthaniy vivaran mean bhi yogadan karati hai.

sarvadhik upayog mean ane vali vidhiyaan chalan (conduction), ya preran (induction) dvara prithvi mean kritrim dharaean utpann karati haian. prayukt upaskar se dharati mean paryapt vaidyut ya vidyutachuanbakiy vikshobh utpann hota hai. dhara ke pravesh ki gaharaee upakaran ki sthiti ki jyamiti, prayukt avriti aur prishth se niche ki or ki chalakata par nirbhar karati hai. ek hi upakaran vyavastha dvara anek avrittiyoan par mapan kie jate haian.

khanan udyog mean mukhyat: vidyutachuanbakiy vidhiyoan ka prayog kiya jata hai. inamean ek pareshan kuandali, jise upayukt avritti par uttejit kiya jata hai aur ek grahi kuandali hoti hai, jo vidyutachuanbakiy kshetroan ke ek ya adhik avayavoan ko kee prekshan bianduoan par mapati hai. grahi kuandali pray: is prakar abhivinyast hoti hai ki pareshak ke sath usaka sidha yugman nyoonatam ho aur tab avashisht prabhav prithvi mean prerit dharaoan ke karan hote ho. chalakata asangatiyaan ayask piandoan ki upasthiti ka pata deti hai.

vaidyut vidhiyaan vayuvahit ho gee haian. pareshak aur grahi kuandaliyaan evan sabhi sahacharit giar aise vayuyanoan mean le jae jate haian, jo samanyataya dharati ke nikat hi u date haian.

bhaum jal ke anveshan mean vaidyut vidhiyoan ka saphal upayog hua hai. koop abhilekhi prakriyaoan ke roop mean tel anveshan mean inaka atishay apayog hai. g di huee paip lainoan ki sthiti evan desh ke bhitari bhagoan mean bichhi huee surangoan ka pata lagane aur any sainik parichalanoan mean inaka upayog hota hai.

bhookanp anveshan

is vidhi mean visphot dvara prithvi mean tarangean utpann kar, unaki pahachan bhoophonoan (geophones, traansadyoosaroan ya bhookanpamapiyoan) se karate haian, jo unhean vidyut spandoan mean badalakar ek dolanalekhi (oscillograph) ke ekasaman gati vale phite par abhilikhit karate haian. tarang praranbh ya visphot kshan ko tar ya rediyo sanket dvara abhilekhak giar ko pareshit karate haian. har bhoophon mean ek phite par ho raha anurekhan (tracing), un tarangoan aur tarangamalaoan ka shoonyakal pradarshit karata hai, jo tarang ke prakar aur path par nirbhar kal mean bhoophon tak pahuanchate rahate haian. kee bhoophonoan ko trikonadi kisi samakriti mean vyavasthit kar tarangamalaoan ka unake prakar aur path se sahachary saral kiya ja sakata hai. bhoophon mukhyat: bhoogati ke oordhvadhar ghatak ki anukriya karate haian. tarangamalaoan ko abhilekhoan par paravartit, apavartit anudairdhy tarangoan aur anudairdhy evan anuprasth donoan ghatakoan se nirmit aantaraprishth (interface) tarangoan ke roop mean pahachana ja sakata hai. aantaraprishth tarangoan mean prishthatarang bhi sammilit haian.

visphotabiandu se bhookanpamapi tak kisi tarangamala ka yatrakal sekand ke hajaravean bhag tak parishuddh roop mean abhilekhoan se nirdharit kiya ja sakata hai. samany siddhaant aur jyamiti ke upayog se dal, prishthiy asataty adi ki pahachan ki ja sakati hai. bhookanpi vidhi ko samanyat: do vargoan mean vibhajit karate haian-

1. apavartan pravidhiyaan
2. paravartan pravidhiyaan

apavartan pravidhiyaan

apavartan vidhi mean ek visphotabiandu aur chhah ya adhik bhoophon ek saral rekha mean saman aantar par rakhe jate haian. visphot ko phayar kar abhilikhit kar liya jata hai. pratyek anurekhan, visphotabiandu se bhoophon tak sarvapratham ane vali tarang ke yatrakal ko batata hai. graph par samay ki doori aankit ki jati hai.

apavartan visphot paryapt gaharaee mean uchch veg staroan ke liye prabhavakari haian. bhookanpamapi raikhik vyooh (linear array) ke sath sath vrittakar, ya pankhe jaise, vyooh bhi kam mean ata hai. pankh visphot se lavan guanbadoan ki khoj huee hai, kyoanki lavan guanbad mean tarangaveg guanbad ko gherane vale avasadoan ki apeksha adhik hota hai.

paravartan pravidhi

yah mukhyat: pratidhvani se gaharaee ka papan (echo sounding) hai. pratyek asataty par jab pratyasthata, dhanatv ya donoan ke parivartan ke parinamasvaroop veg mean parivartan hota hai, tab oorja paravartit hoti hai. visphotabiandu ke samip hi 1000 se 2000 phut ki doori par bhookanpamapi rakha jata hai. bhookanpamapi aur visphot biandu ke bich doori ke badhane ke sath niche pararavartan prishth tak tarang ke jane aur vahaan se pratidhvani ke roop mean lautane ka sanpoorn samay aantaral badhata hai. paravartan abhilekhoan se paravartan kshitij ki gaharaee aur pravanata jnat hoti hai. prekshit samay ko doori mean parivartit karane ke liye veg jnat hona chahie or vibhinn paravartan ke staroan mean veg ka akalan karane mean anubhav kafi sahayak hota hai.

bhoo-rasayani anveshan

is vidhi ka adhar yah hai ki kisi g di huee prakritik sanpanikshep ki prishthamrida aur jalaparyavaran mean nikshep se vyutpann (derived) rasayanik yaigik, anek prakritik prakram haian. strot ke nikat ki sankedran uchchatam hona chahie. petroliyam ke anveshan mean mrida aur gaisoan ka rasayanik vishleshan sahayak raha hai. dhatvik tatvoan, ya in tatvargoan ki upasthiti pariparshv ke jal, mrida aur vanaspati tak mean 1/10 lakh saandran mean rahane par bhi pahachani ja sakati hai.

rediyoaiktiv vidhiyaan

in vidhiyoan mean yooreniyam, thoriyam jaise rediyoaiktiv tatvoan ke rediyoektiv vikiran aur unake vighatan utpadoan ko pahachana jata hai. kshetr mean bhoomi par pray: gaiger (Geiger) ganitr ya prasphur (Scintillation) ganitr ka upayog kiya jata hai. inaka upayog khode hue chhedoan aur nichaee par u dane vale vayuyanoan mean kiya ja sakata hai. in vidhiyoan ka adhikatar upayog yooreniyam ayask ki khoj mean kiya jata hai.

rediyoaiktiv padarthoan ke a, b aur g vikiranoan mean se keval g vikiranoan ki pahachan ho pati hai, kyoanki a aur b vikiranoan ki vedhan kshamata atyalp hone ke karan ye chand phut mote mrida avaran mean avashoshit ho jate haian aur hava mean shighr kshin ho jate haian.

koopoan mean rediyoektivata ki map se tail baloo ya rachana simaoan ka sanket prapt hota hai, jinase bhransh, rediyoaiktiv ayask aur rediyoaiktiv strotoan ki sthiti nirdharit ki jati hai. satah par rediyoektiv mapanoan se rediyoaiktiv khanij, ayask, tel aur bhoomigat banavat ka sthan nirdharan karane mean sahayata milati hai.

biddh chhidr dvara anveshan

bhautik shail ganoan ke nirdharan par bhoobhautik koop parikshan adharit hai. isaka uddeshy koopoan ka samanvayan aur vyaparik khanij (tel, gais aur koyala) ki pahachan hai. koop abhilekhi vidhi ke upavibhag ye haian.

1. vaidyut
2. ooshmiy
3. rediyoaiktiv
4. bhookanpi
5. vividh abhilekhan (logging), pravidhiyaan.

vaidyut abhilekhan vidhi

is vidhi ka upayog sarvadhik hota hai. samanyat: pratirodhakata aur svat: pravartit vibhav mapa jata hai. ye donoan vaidyutalakshan rachanaoan ke ashmavijnan (lithology) ke anusar kafi parivartanashil haian. do shakti vidyudagroan ke dvara dhara bheji jati hai. in vidyudagroan ke bich ka vibhavaantar biddh chhidr mean ek urdhvadhar rekha mean mapa jata hai. uchch pratirodhakata ka tatpary apekshakrit alp chalak taral se bhari aradhrian sanrachana, ya achalak taral ya gais se bhari saradhrian sanrachana hai. nimn pratirodhakata ka arth chalak taral se bhari saradhran rachana hai. uchch svat: vibhav se paragamy rachana ka sanket prapt hota hai. pratirodhakata aur svat: vibhav abhilekhan ke sanyog se kabhi kabhi anokhe parinam prapt hote haian.

ooshmiy abhilekhan

bhoo-ooshmiy pravanata (geothermal gradient) rachana ki chalakata par nirbhar karati hai. at: rachana ke abhilekhan mean koopoan ki vibhinn gaharaiyoan par sapeksh tap pravanataoan ke mapan ka upayog kiya jata hai. isase chhadan (casing) ke pichhe simeant ki oochaee, kuchh rachanaoan ki sthiti aur gais evan pani ke baloo ke sthan ka pata chalata hai. viddh chhidroan mean pravesh karane par, dab ke ghatane ke phalasvaroop gais thandi hoti hai aur ooshmiy abhilekhan mean tivr nyoonata utpann karati hai.

rediyoaiktiv abhilekhan

isaka upayog chhadit evan achhadit donoan prakar ke koopoan mean hota hai, kyoanki isase kuchh anokhi soochanaean prapt ho sakati haian. gama kiran abhilekhan se un avasadoan ki prakritik rediyoaiktivata ka abhilekhan us gama kiran sakriyata ka abhilekh pradan karata hai, jo chhidr mean utare hue strot se utsarjit nyootrॅanoan dvara rachanaoan mean kritrim roop se utpann hoti haian. isaka sarvadhik mahatv is tathy mean nihit hai ki nyootr aaunoan ke sath kiranan (irradiation) ki avadhi mean shail padarth ka gama kiran utpadan shailoan ke haidrojanaansh se ghanishth roop se sanbaddh hai. isaliye nyootr aaun abhilekh ki nyoonata se tel ya pani sanstar ki pahachan ki ja sakati hai. idhar hal hi mean kuchh any keandrakiy (nuclear) abhilekhan pravidhiyoan, jaise ghanatv, klorin, spektrami gama, bandi (captive) gama, dvara prerit (gated induced) gama, sakriyakaran (activation) tresar (tracer) aur keandrakiy chuanbakatv abhilekhan ka vikas hua hai.

bhookanpi abhilekhan

ye mapan koopoan mean nimnalikhit karyoan ke liye kie jate haian

1. oordhvadhar veg vitaran ki pahachan ke liye,
2. oordhvadhar aur parshv aparvatan anveshan ke paras ka vistar karane ke liye,
3. chhidroan ki vakrata ke nirdharan ke liye,
4. kuchh rachanaoan ki pahachan ke liye.

visphot satah par hota hai aur sansoochak (detectors) chhidr mean ya isake viparit sansoochak satah par rahata hai aur visphot chhidr hota hai. is vidhi ka anupayog un kshetroan tak simit haian jahaan kuean ke charoan or veg vitaran poornataya ekasaman hai.

vividh abhilekhan pravidhiyaan

isake aantargat chuanbakiy vidhiyaan hai, jinamean kuoan se prapt kro doan ka prayogashala mean parikshan aur kailipar abhilekhan jisake upayog se viddh chhidr ke parivarti vyas ka mapan hota hai aur phalat: rachanaoan ke shail vijnan aur nati mapanoan ke sanbandh mean kuchh sootr milate haian, sammilit haian. abhilekhan vidhiyaan b di hi sashakt haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh