ऋतु विज्ञान

rrituvijnan rrituvijnan vayumandal ka vijnan hai. adhunik rrituvijnan mean vayumandal mean honevali bhautik ghatanaoan ka tatha unase sanbaddh upalagole (lithosfiyar) aur jalagole (haidrosfiyar) ki ghatanaoan ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. rrituvijnan ke vishay ka varnan, jahaan tak usaka sanbandh nichale vayumandal ki mausami ghatanaoan se haian, adhikatam suvidhapoorvak nimnalikhit char bhagoan mean kiya ja sakata hai:

(1) yaantrik rrituvijnan (fijikal aur dainaimikal mitiar aauloji) jisaka sanbandh un prekshanayantroan tatha prekshanavidhiyoan se hai jinake dvara vayumandal ki rrituprabhavak avasthaoan ki soochana prapt ki jati hai.

(2) bhautik tatha gatik rrituvijnan (fijikal aur dainaimikal mitiar aauloji) jisamean prekshit rritu sanbandhi ghatanaoan ka gunatmak tatha parimanik (kvaantitetiv) vivechan kiya jata hai.

(3) sankshipt rrituvijnan (sin aaushtik mitiar aauloji) jo mukhyat: rritu ke poorvanuman ke lie sankshipt artav (rritu sanbandhi) manachitroan dvara sankshipt artav prekshanoan ke adhyayan se sanbandh rakhata hai.

(4) jalavayu-tatv (klaimait aauloji) jisamean sansar ke sab bhagoan ke artav prekshanoan ka saankhyikiy (staitistikal) adhyayan hota hai aur usake dvara un prasamany tatha madhyaman (ausat) paristhitiyoan ka thik-thik pata lagaya jata hai jisake dvara jalavayu ka varnan kiya ja sakata hai.

rrituvaijnanik tatv (elimeants)-rritu sanbandhi prekshanoan mean, jinase vayumandal ki dasha ka jnan milata hai, nimnalikhit batean dekhi jati haian :

tap -vayu ka tap tapamapi (tharamamitar) dvara napa jata hai. is tharamamitar ko saur vikiranoan se aprabhavit rakha jata hai. vayu ki ardrata jnat karane ke lie gile tapamapi (vet balb tharamamitar) ka upayog kiya jata hai. is tharamamitar ke balb par gile malamal ke kap de ki ikahari tah lipati rahati hai. ardrata ki matra sookhe tharamamitar tatha gile tharamamitar ke pathayaankoan se nikali jati hai.

vayudab -yah vayudabamapi (bairomitar) dvara mapa jata hai aur isase prithvi par vayu ka bhar (prati ikaee kshetraphal) vidit hota hai.

pavan -pavan ki disha tatha veg ka prekshan kiya jata hai. disha vah li jati hai jis or se pavan ata hai aur diksoochak ke 16 athava 32 bianduoan mean aankit ki jati hai. veg pavan-vegamapi (ainimomitar) dvara mapa jata hai aur mil prati ghanta ya kilomitar prati ghanta ya mitar prati sekand mean vyakt kiya jata hai.

ardrata -ardrata se vayumandal mean jalavashp ki matra ka jnan hota hai aur, jaisa pahale kaha ja chuka hai, yah sookhe tatha gile tharamamitaroan dvara napi jati hai.

sanghanan ke roop (kandeanseshan pharms)-isamean vayumandaliy sanghanan ke sab prakar ke drav evan thos utpadan sanmilit haian. badaloan ki matra tatha unake prakar, kuhara tatha varsha, him (barph), ola adi, ka prekshan kiya jata hai. pratyek prakar ka badal akash ke jitane bhag mean vyapt ho utane ko poore akash ke dashaanshoan mean vyakt kiya jata hai. jo sanghanan kan kaphi b de hote haian ve varsha ke roop mean prithvi par girate haian.

drishyata-drishyata (vizibiliti) us kshaitij doori ko kahate haian jahaan tak ki b di aur spasht vastuean dikhaee de sakati hoan.

chhadan-chhadan (siliang) oordhvadhar drishyata (vartikal vizibiliti) se sanbandh rakhati hai aur meghatal ki ooanchaee se mapi jati hai.

aitihasik -prachin kal se hi manushy rritu tatha jalavayu ki anek ghatanaoan se prabhavit hota raha hai. vayuvijnan ke prachinatam granth airist aautal (384-322 ee.poo.) rachit 'mitiarol aaujika' tatha unake shishyoan ki pavan tatha rritu sanbandhi rachanaean haian. airist aautal ke pashchath‌ agale do hajar varsho mean rrituvijnan ki adhik pragati nahian huee. 17vian tatha 18vian shatabdi mean mukhyat: yantraprayog tatha gais adi ke niyam sthapit hue. isi kal mean tapamapi ka avishkar sanh‌ 1607 mean gaililiyoan gelili ne kiya aur eveanjilista t aauriseli ne sanh‌ 1643 mean vayu dabamapi yantr ka avishkar kiya. in avishkaroan ke pashchath‌ sanh‌ 1659 mean vayal ke niyam ka avishkar hua. sanh‌ 1735 mean jarj haidale ne vyaparik vayu (traid viand) ki vyakhya prastut ki tatha usamean haidale ne vyaparik vayu (tred viand) ki vyakhya prastut ki tatha usamean sabase pahale vayumandaliy pavanoan par prithvi ke chakkar ke prabhav ko sammilit kiya. jab sanh‌ 1783 mean aiantoni levosie ne vayuanmadal ki vastavik prakriti ka jnan prapt kar liya aur sanh‌ 1800 mean j aaun d aaultan ne vayumandal mean jalavashp ke parivartanoan par aur vayu ke prasar tatha vayumandaliy sanghanan ke sanbandh par prakash dala tabhi adhunik rrituvijnan ka adhar sthapit ho gaya. 19vian shatabdi mean vikas adhikatar sankshipt rrituvijnan ke kshetr mean hua. anek deshoan ne rrituvaijnanik sansthaean sthapit ki aur rritu vedhashalaean kholian. is kal mean rritu poorvanuman ki disha mean bhi paryapt vikas hua. 20 vian shatabdi ke poorvardh mean 20 kilomitar ki ooanchaee tak vayu ke veg tatha disha adi ke prekshanoan ke badh jane ke karan jo soochanaean rrituvisheshajnoan ko prapt hone lagian unase rrituvijnan ki adhik unnati huee. oopari vayu ke aise prekshanoan se rrituvijnan ki anek samasyaoan ko samajhane mean bahut adhik sahayata mili.

pratham vishvayuddh kal mean vayumandaliy sthitiyoan ke adhik aur shighratam prekshanoan ki avashyakata huee jisaki poorti ke lie vayuyan dvara rritulekhi yantr (mitiarograf) oopar le jane ki vyavastha ki gee. any mahatvapoorn pragatiyaan jo pratham vishvayuddh kal mean huee ve n aaurve desh ke rrituvisheshajn vi.barakaniz ech. solavarg tatha je. barakaniz dvara dhraviy agrasiddhaant (polar phrant thyori) ke tatha chakravatoan ki utpatti ke tarang siddhaant ke parinam haian.

dvitiy vishvayuddh kal mean mukhyat: adhik ooanchaee par u danevale vayuyanoan ke upayog ke lie rritu sanbandhi soochanaoan ki maang aur badh gee aur is maang ki poorti ke nirmitt vibhinn ooanchaiyoan par vayu ke veg tatha disha adi ke jnan ke lie radar pravidhi (radar tekanik) ka vikas hua.

vayumandal ki rachana tatha oordhvadhar vibhajan-nichale vayumandal ki sookhi vayu mean anek gaisoan ka mishran hota hai jinamean mukhyat: naitrojan 78 pratishat, aksijan 21 pratishat, aragan 0.93 pratishat aur karban daiaksaid 0.03 pratishat hoti haian. in gaisoan ke atirikt kuchh any gaisean bhi hoti haian, jaise haidrojan tatha ozon. pavanoan dvara nichale vayumandal ke lagatar mishran se tatha oordhvadhar sanvahan (kanavekshan) se sookhi hava ka mishran itana aparivarti rahata hai ki kam se kam 20 kilomitar ki ooanchaee tak to sookhi hava ka anubhar 28.96 par sthir rahata hai; arthath‌ vayu ka ghanatv 1.276 (10)3 gram prati ghan sean. hota hai, jab vayu dab 1,000 milibar ho aur tap 0° seantigred ho.

vayumandal mean ozon ki upasthiti faular tatha strat ne varnakramadarshi yantr (spektr aauskop) dvara pramanit ki thi. d aaubasan ke prekshanoan se bhi yah bat siddh ho gee hai tatha yah jnan bhi prapt hua hai ki ozon bhootal se lagabhag 30 se 40 kilomitar ki ooanchaee par ek simit star mean paee jati hai. in ooanchaee par ozon ki upasthiti mausami paristhitiyoan ke lie kuchh mahatvapoorn hai. d aaubasan ki khoj se pata laga hai ki 10 kilomitar ooanchaee par ki vayudab mean aur ozon ki matra mean ghanishth sanbandh hai.

vayumandal mean jalavashp -vayumandal mean keval jalavashp hi aisa avayav hai jisaki bhautik avastha ka parivartan samany vayumandaliy paristhitiyoan mean hota rahata hai. at: vayumandal mean jalavashp ki pratishat ayatan matra bahut ghatati badhati rahati hai. vayumandal mean jalavashp ka ghatana badhana rrituvijnan ke lie atyant mahatvapoorn hai. jal ka vashpikaran tatha sanghanan isalie mahatvapoorn hai ki n keval inase ek sthan se doosare sthan ko jal ka parivahan hota hai, varanh‌ isalie bhi ki jal ke vashpikaran ke lie gupt ushma ke avashoshan ki avashyakata hoti hai. yah aant mean pun: prakat hokar vayu ko tab ushn karane ke kam mean ati hai jab jalavashp ka phir se jalabiandu tatha him mean sanghanan hota hai.

yadyapi naitrojan gais amoniya, naitrik aml tatha naitretoan ka mukhy avayav hai aur ye padarth barood adi mean bahut mahatv rakhate haian, tathapi vayumandal mean yah gais bilakul nishkriy rahati hai. yah to vayumandal ke adhik mahatvapoorn avayav aksijan gais ko, jo vayumandal ka lagabhag paanchavaan bhag hoti hai, keval tanu kar deti hai.

vayumandaliy dab ka ooanchaee ke sath ghatana badhana-kisi bhi sthan ki vayudab vahaan ke oopar ki vayu ke bhar se utpann hoti hai, isalie do vibhinn ooanchaiyoan ki vayudaboan ka aantar in donoan ooanchaiyoan ke bich ki hava ke ekaank anuprasth kat (kr aaus sekshan) ke bhar ke barabar hota hai. yadi yah dab ka aantar bich ki hava ke bhar se yatharth roop mean santulit n ho to us vayustar ko oopar ki or ya niche ki or tvaran (aikselareshan) prapt hota hai. jis paristhiti mean dab ka aantar aur vayu ka bhar santulit ho, athava yoan kahie ki gurutvajanit tvaran ke atirikt koee any oordhvadhar tvaran vidyaman n ho, vah dravasthaitik santulan (haidrostaitik eekvilibriyam) ki paristhiti kahalati hai. yah paristhiti kisi bhi star par ooanchaee ke sath dabaparivartan ki dar ka parichay deti hai. yadi do dabastaroan ke bich ka dab aantar tada (dp) ho aur donoan staroan ke bich oordhvadhar doori tal (dz) ho, ghanatv gh (p) ho aur gurutvajanit tvaran gu (g) ho, to

arthath‌

is samikaran ko dravasthaitik samikaran kahate haian.

dab ooanchaee sootr -gurutvajanit tvaran vibhinn akshaansh (laititayood) tatha ooanchaee ke karan tho da sa hi ghatata badhata hai, kiantu dab, tap tatha nami ke karan vayu ka ghanatv adhik matra mean ghatata badhata hai. isalie vayumandal mean oordhvadhar dabapravanata (vartikal preshar grediyant) atyant parivartanashil hoti hai. do dabastaroan ke bich ki ooanchaee ka aantar oo (h)mitar nimnalikhit sootr se jnat kiya ja sakata hai :

jahaan oo (h)=ooanchaee ka aantar (mitaroan mean), da0 (p0) niche ke star ki vayudab, da (p)=oopar ke star ki vayudab, goo (G)=prasamany gurutv, gu (g)=gurutvatvaran,p (t)=tap, va (w)=vashpadab anupat hai aur avalagn akshar au (m) ke dvara donoan staroan ke bich ka ausat man vyakt hota hai.

vashpadab anupat = vashpadab

sarv vayumandaliy dab.

ooanchaee mapane ki vidhi -ooanchaee mapane ki pramanik vidhi yah hai ki oopar die hue sootr dvara dab tatha tap mapakar ooanchaee ka aantar prapt kiya jae aur yadi yatharthata ki avashyakata ho to ardrata ki matra ko bhi kam mean laya jae. pramanik tuangatamapi (altimitar) isi sootr par adharit hai.

tap ka dainik parivartan-din ke samay soory se garami milane aur rat mean vikiran dvara prithvi ke thandi hone se vayu ke tap mean dainik parivartan utpann hota hai. nyoonatam tap sooryoday se kuchh pahale hota hai aur adhikatam tap tisare pahar mean hota hai. vayu ke tap ka yah dainik parivartan bhootal ke oopar se mukt vayumandal mean shighrata se ghatata hai. prithvi ke adhikatar bhagoan mean 5,000 phut se adhik ki ooanchaiyoan par tatha registani pradeshoan mean 10,000 phut ki ooanchaee par tap ka dainik paras (reanj) 2° ya 3° seantigred se adhik nahian paya gaya hai.

vayumandal ka ushmasantulan-bhootal tatha vayumandal ko garami lagabhag poornataya sooryavikiran se hi milati hai. any akashiy piandoan se garami bahut hi kam matra mean milati hai. saur oorja ki mapean smithasoniyan sanstha ki tara-bhautiki-vedhashala mean tatha any kee parvatashikharoan par sthit vedhashalaoan mean niyamit roop se ki jati hai aur in mapoan ki yatharthata ek pratishat se utkrisht hoti hai. prithvi aur soory ki madhyamanasaur doori par yah saur atapan oorja vayumandal mean pravisht hokar aanshat: avasheshit hone ke pahale lagabhag 1.94 gram kalari prati minat varg seantimitar hoti hai; yahaan pratibandh yah hai ki soory ki kiranean us varg seantimitar par abhilanbat: p dean. is matra ko saur niyataank (solar k aaunstaiant) kahate haian. saur niyataank ke man mean paee gee aniyamit ghat badh ek pratishat se bhi kam rahati haian; ye prekshanatrutiyoan ke karan ho sakati haian. in aniyamit uchchavachanoan ke atirikt ek vastavik aur b da uchchavachan bhi paya gaya hai jo gyarah varshiy soory-kalank-chakr mean lagabhag pratishat tak ka dirghakalik uchchavachan aur bhi ho sakata hai. parantu ye sab uchchavachan itane laghu haian ki vayumandaliy ushm santulan ke sanbandh mean yah man liya ja sakata hai ki prithvi par saur oorja 1.94 gram kalari prati varg seantimitar prati minat p dati hai. anuman kiya gaya hai ki saur oorja ka 43 pratishat bhag paravartit tatha prakirnit tatha prakirnan karane ki sammilit shakti ko ailabedo kahate haian. yah 43 pratishat hai. shesh 57 pratishat oorja, jo prabhavakari atapan hai, bhootal tatha vayumandal ko ausatan 57 ushma ikaiyaan pradan karata hai. in 57 ushma ikaiyoan mean se keval ek laghu bhag ka (adhik se adhik 14 ikaiyoan ka) vayumandal, mukhyat: nichale staroan mean jalavashp dvara aur kuchh kam pariman mean oopari samatap mandal (straitosfiyar) mean ozon dvara, avashoshan kar leta hai.

vayumandal mean vashpan tatha sanghanan -vayumandal mean vashpan tatha sanghanan ka karan hai vayu ki jalavashp grahan karane ki shakti mean kami beshi, arthath‌ ardr vayu ka garam ya shital hona. sadharanat: vayumandal mean jalavashp-matra santript matra se kam hoti hai, visheshakar bhootal ke samip jahaan vayumandal ka prabhavakari atapan adhikatam hota hai.

vashpan -vayu mean nami ka adhik bhag, jo vayumandal mean jalavashpachakr ko chalata rahata hai, vashpan se prapt hota hai. jaise-jaise jal vashpit hota hai, taise taise vah vayumandal mean visarit hota rahata hai. vayumandal mean vashpan dvara honevali mausami kriyaean apekshakrit mahatvapoorn nahian hotian. drishy bhap ki uttapati bhi vashpan dvara honevali mausami kriya hai. garam jal ki satah se shighratapoorvak vashpan hone ke karan bahut thandi athava apekshakrit thandi ardr vayu ekadam ati santript ho jati hai. isaka parinam yah hota hai ki drishy bhap ke roop mean nami ka turant sanghanan ho jata hai jisake karan sthir hava mean ghana kohara ban jata hai.

vayumandaliy sanghanan -sanghanan kisi khuli satah par us samay hota hai jab us satah ka tap asapas ki vayu ke osaank (dayoo p aauiant) ke tap se kam hota hai. is prakar ke sanghanan ke udaharan garam mausam mean pae jate haian. jaise, yadyapi vayu ki apekshik ardrata sau pratishat se paryapt kam rahane par bhi barph ke pani se bhare gilas ke bahar vayu ka vashp sanghanit ho jata hai usi prakar svachchh prashaant ratri mean os ka sanghanan un bhootalasthit vastuoan par ho jata hai jo apani ooshma ke vikiran ke karan asapas ki vayu ke osaank se nimn tap tak thandi ho jati haian, pala un satahoan par jamata hai jo hianmak se bhi adhik thandi ho jati haian, chahe mukt vayu ka tap himaank se kaphi ooancha ki kyoan n ho.

jab vayumandal ke bhitar chhote chhot jalabianduoan ke roop mean sanghanan hota hai to prashn yah uthata hai ki yah prakram kis prakar praranbh hota hai. prayog se siddh hua hai ki poornat: ashuddhihin vayu mean sanghanan jalabiandu ke roop mean nahian hota, chahe usamean vashpadab santripti dab se das guni hi kyoan n ho. pratit hota hai ki jalavashp ka sanghanan praranbh karane ke lie kisi prakar ke kanoan ki avashyakata hoti hai jo shuddh vayu mean upasthit nahian hote. is prakar ke kan ko sanghanan nabhik kahate haian. parikshan se jnat hua hai ki vayu mean jalakarshi padarthoan ke nanhean kan, jaise samudri namak ke kan, sanghanan nabhikoan ka kary karate haian. jin sthanoan mean karakhanoan ka dhuaan vayumandal ko dooshit kar deta hai, vahaan dhuean ke gandhak, phasaphoras adi padartho ke aksaid ke nanhean kan sanghanan nabhik ban jate haian.

sadharanat: nichale kshobhamandal (tr aauposfiyar) ke kuhare aur badaloan mean prati ghan seantimitar sau se das hajar tak nanhean jalabiandu hote haian. badaloan mean vashabiandu athava doosare varshanakan kis prakar nirmit hote haian, yah vishay abhi sanshayayukt hai. kadachith‌ ye bahut se chhote-chhote meghakanoan ke sanyojan dvara banate haian. sanyojan vayu ki dharaoan ke milane aur vayu ke math uthane se hota hoga. b de b de bianduoanvali tivr varsha ke bare mean svikrit siddhaant yah hai ki ye biandu tab banate haian jab himamanibh badaloan ke oopari bhagoan mean pahuanch jate haian jahaan ati shit (sooparakoold) jalakaran vidyaman rahate haian. is siddhaant ka pratipadan ti vargaran ne kiya tha.

vayumandal ka samany sanchar -moolat: vayumandal ka samany sanchar bhoomadhyiy tatha dhraviy deshoan ke bich kshaitij tapapravanata (grediyant) ke karan utpann hota hai. ek prakar ke vayumandal ka samany sanchar vayumandal ki halachal ka tatha usaki kriyaoan ka ek vyapak vihangam chitr hai. yadi dirghakal ke dainik mausami nakshoan ka parikshan kiya jae to yah jnat hota hai ki unamean pravah ke roop do prakar ke hote haian :

(1) alpajivi shighragami pratichakravat (aiantisaiklon) tatha avadab (dipreshan). is prakar ke bhanvar praranbh hone ke bad ek din se lekar ek mas tak ke kal mean samapt hote haian aur phir nakshoan se bilkul adrishy ho jate haian. ye gaun sanchar nam se prasiddh haian.

(2) dirghajivi tatha dhire-dhire chalanevale bhanvar. ye bhi pratichakravarti athava chakravati prakar ke hote haian, parantu dirgh kal tak lagabhag nishchal rahate haian. ye prathamik sanchar kahalate haian. chitr 1 aur 2 mean janavari aur julaee ke mahinoan mean prithvi par ausat samudrastariy dabarekhaean di gee haian. yah spasht hai ki donoan chitroan mean dakshini golardh ki kuchh batean ek jaisi haian.

(k) donoan mahinoan mean prithvi ke samast bhoomadhyarekhiy pradesh mean ek apekshakrit alp, kiantu atyant ekasaman, dab ka akhand katibandh hai. janavari

manachitr

chitr 1 janavari mas mean ausat samudrastariy dabarekhaean chitr 2-julaee mas mean ausat samudrastariy dabarekhaean

shh

shh

shh

shh

shh

shh

shh

shh

shh

shh

shh

mas mean yah katibandh bhoomadhyarekha ke kuchh uttar ki or hai, parantu julaee mas mean ya to thik us rekha par hai ya tho da dakshin ki or. yah alp-dab-katibandh prashaant tatha ushn mausam ka katibandh hai jo samudr par doldram ke nam se prasiddh hai. is poore katibandh ko ham bhoomadhyarekhiy alp-dab-katibandh kah sakate haian.

(kh) uposhn (sab-tr aaupikal) deshoan mean (lagabhag 30° dakshin akshaansh ke nikat) ech chau da akhand adhik dab ka katibandh janavari aur julaee donoan hi masoan mean hota hai, parantu janavari mas mean astreliya tatha dakshin aphrika ke oopar yah chhote chhote alpadab kshetroan dvara tho da vichchhinn ho jata hai. yah chau da katibandh uposhnavalayik adhidab katibandh kahalata hai jo donoan golardho mean samany sanchar ka ek sthayi svaroop hai.

(g) uposhnavalayik adhidab katibandh ke dakshin mean vayudab dakshin ki or barabar girati jati hai aur aantarkatika mahadvip ke oopar nyoonatam ho jati hai.

uttari golardh mean nimnalikhit tin prathamik dabakshetroan ka parichay milata hai:

(1) bhoomadhyarekhiy alpadab katianbadh, jo donoan golardhoan mean saman roop se vidyaman rahata hai.

(2) uposhnavalayik adhi-dab-katibandh is golardh mean poornataya bhinn prakar ka hai. janavari mas mean yah samudroan par lagabhag 25°-35° uttar mean rahata hai. parantu mahadvipoan ke oopar ooanche akshaanshoan mean isaka sanbandh bahut adhik dab ki pranaliyoan se rahata hai. ye dabapranaliyaan lakshan mean ekadam bhinn hoti haian aur isalie uposhnavalayik adhi-dab-katibandh ko samudroan tak hi simit samajhana uchit hai.

(3) janavari mas ke nakshe par upottaradhruviy (sab-arkatik) alpadab-katibandh spashtataya dikhaee deta hai. is katibandh mean do b de alpadab kshetr aisalaiand tatha alooshiyan dvipoan par haian, jo kramanusar uttaratam atalaantik mahasagar par tatha uttaratam paisiphik mahasagar par vistrit haian. in donoan kshetroan ke bich mean dhruv par apekshataya adhik dab ka ek kshetr hai. grishm rritu mean ye alpadab bahut kshin hote haian. alooshiyan kshetr to gayab ho jata hai. dhruvoan par vayudab apekshakrit adhik rahati hai. uposhnavalayik adhidab katibandh tatha upadhruviy alpadab katibandh ki akhandata mean vichchhinnata navin tatha ajnat tatvoan ke karan hoti hai jinaka dakshini golardh mean abhav hai.

gaun sanchar -gaun sanchar chahe pratichakravati hoan ya chakravati, unaka lakshan yah hai ki ek ya adhik samadab rekhaean adhidab keandroan ya alpadab keandroan ko charoan or se gherakar band kar deti haian. is prakar adhidab kshetr tatha alpadab kshetr kramanusar vayumandal ke bhar ki adhikata athava nyoonata ke sthaniy kshetr hote haian. gaun sanchar do prakar ke hote haian : (1) pratyakshat: ushmiy (tharmali dairekt) aur (2) gatik (dainaimik) athava pranodit (forsd). pratyakshat: ushmiy adhidab tatha alpadab nichale vayumandal ke kisi sthanavishesh ke thanda ya garam hone se nirmit hote haian. gatik adhidab tatha alpadab donoan hi samany sanchar ki vayudharaoan ki parasparik yaantrik (mikainikal) kriyaoan ke karan nirmit hote haian. pratyakshat: ushmiy gaun sancharoan mean pavas (manasoon) tatha ushnavalayik prabhanjan (hariken) sanmmilit haian.

pavasasanchar -manasoon shabd rritusoochak arabi shabd se nikala hai aur aranbh mean arab samudr ke un pavanoan ke lie isaka vyavahar kiya jata tha jo lagabhag chhah mahine uttar-poorv se aur chhah mahine dakshin-pashchim se chalati haian. ab yah shabd kuchh any pavanoan ke lie bhi lagoo ho gaya hai jo varsh ki vibhinn dishaoan mean pratikool dishaoan se dirghakalik tatha niyamit roop se chalati haian. in pavanoan ke chalane ka prathamik karan thal tatha samudri kshetroan ke tapoan ka rritujanit aantar hai. ye pavan thalasamir tatha jalasamir ke sadrish hi hote haian parantu inaki avadhi ek din ke bajae ek varsh ki hoti hai aur ye simit kshetroan ke bajae bahut vistrit kshetroan par chalate haian. manasoon ko hiandi mean pavas kahate haian.

bhoomadhyarekha ke samip tap ke rritujanit parivartan samanyat: pavas ke vikas ke lie bahut chhote hote haian. ooanche akshaanshoan mean, jahaan pachhuva pavan chalata hai, aur dhruviy pradeshoan mean, thal aur samudr ke tap ki vibhinnata se bane vataghat (kaviand k aaumponeant) prithvivyapi pavanasancharoan ko keval tho da sa hi badalane mean samarth hote haian. aisi paristhiti mean pavas ke vikas ke lie sabase adhik anukool pradesh ushnavalay ke samip madhy akshaanshoan mean hote haian. sthal ki or chalanevale pavanoan mean vidyaman ardrata ki matra ka tatha sthal ki rooparekha ka pavasavarsha par atyant prabhav p data hai. vibhinn ghatanaoan ki uparyukt sangati ke karan pavas ka adhikatam vikas poorv tatha dakshin eshiya par hota hai aur in pradeshoan ke bahut se bhagoan mean dakshin-pashchim se chalanevale grishm rritu ke vrishtiman pavasapavan jalavayu ke mahatvapoorn aang haian. pavasaparisthiti uttar astreliya mean, pashchimi, dakshini tatha poorvi aphrika ke bhagoan mean aur uttari aphrika tatha chili ke bhagoan mean bhi utpann hoti hai, parantu bahut kam matra mean.

bharat mean pavas achanak tatha natakiy roop se ata hai. isaki utpatti dakshin bharatiy vyaparik pavanoan se hoti hai. ye joon mas ke aranbh mean bhoomadhyarekha ke arapar chalana aranbh kar dete haian, aur mukhyat: rekhaansh 80° poorv ke tatha lagabhag rekhaansh 5° uttar par bharat desh ki or mu d jate haian. joon mas ke madhy mean bharat ke pashchimi kinare par pahuanchakar pavas dakshin pradesh ko par kar leta hai aur phir bharatavarsh, barma tatha bangal ki kha di ke sab bhagoan mean pahuanch jata hai. dakshin pradesh ke dakshini bhagoan ke atirikt, jahaan pashchimi ghatoan ki paha diyoan ki a d ke karan ye pavan pahuanch nahian pate, manasoon kal mean bharat ke sab bhagoan mean bhari varsha hoti hai. yah varsha lagabhag poornataya sanvahaniy (kanavektiv) hoti hai. isaki pragati ke lie mukhyat: bhootal ki tapan tatha usaki ooanchaee se vashp ka jal mean roopaantarit hona niyantrit hota hai. bhoomital ki uthan ka prabhav pashchimi ghatoan mean, khasi ki paha diyoan mean, arakan ki chotiyoan mean tatha himalay parvat par bhali bhaanti dikhaee p data hai. in bhagoan mean atyadhik varsha hoti hai. kabhi kabhi gangaghati ki droni mean bahut der tak vistrit varsha hoti rahati hai. yah lagatar varsha pray: un uthale avadaboan ke karan hoti hai jo mukhy pavasi alpadab ki or pashchim disha mean mand gati se chalati haian. bharatiy pavas ki shakti bahut ghatati badhati rahati hai. jab pavas tivr hota hai to bharat ke adhikatam bhagoan mean varsha ausat se bahut adhik ho jati hai aur jab pavas halka hota hai to varsha nyoon hoti hai. pavas ka uttar ki or badhana himalay paha d ke karan simit ho jata hai, parantu pavas ka pravah barma, thailaiand, iandochin tatha dakshin chin mean bahut pravichchhinn rahata hai. is prayadvip ke aksh ke nikat sthit ooanchi paha diyaan (jo bharat-yoonan-vayumarg par koob d ke nam se kukhyat hai) ghane sanvahan badaloan se dhaki rahati haian aur yahaan bahudha varsha hoti rahati hai.

pavas ke aranbhakal mean varsha ki matra aur baranbarata mean bhari uttar chadhav hote rahate haian jo bharatiy krishak jivan ke lie atyant mahatvapoorn haian. isalie is desh mean saankhyikiy dirghaparas rritu poorvanuman (staitistikal l aaunareanj forakastiang) ke vikas ki or adhik dhyan diya gaya hai aur saankhyikiy ritiyoan ka bharatiy pavas ke alpakalik parivartanoan ke sanbandh mean upayog kiya ja raha hai. bharat mean is prakar se kie hue rritu vishayak poorvanuman hal ke varsho mean paryapt roop se thik siddh hue haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

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madhyamik

poornata

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