उद्यान विज्ञान

udyan vijnan (hartikalchar) mean phal, sabji tatha phool, sabhi ka ugana sammilit hai. in padapoan ke ugane ki kala ke aantargat bahut si kriyaean a jati haian, jinake sanbandh mean nimnalikhit shirshakoan ke aantargat prakash dala jaega :

prajanan - udyan vijnan mean sabase mahatv ka kary hai adhik se adhik sankhya mean manachahi jatiyoan ke padap ugana. ugane ki do vidhiyaan haian-laiangik (seksual) aur alaiangik (aseksual).

laiangik - bij dvara phool tatha tarakari ka utpadan sabase sadharan vidhi hai. yah laiangik utpadan ka udaharan hai. phaloan ke pe doan mean is vidhi se ugae paudhoan mean apane pita ki tulana mean bahudha kuchh n kuchh parivartan dekhane mean ata hai. isalie padapoan ki navin samunnat jatiyoan ka utpadan (kuchh gaun vidhiyoan ko chho dakar) laiangik vidhi dvara hi sanbhav hai.

padapoan ke aankurit hone par nimnalikhit ka prabhav p data hai : bij, pani, upalabdh aksijan, tap aur bij ki ayu tatha paripakvata.

aankuran ke sahayak - adhikaansh bij uchit riti se bone par b di saralata se aankurit hote haian, kiantu kuchh aisi jati ke bij hote haian jo bahut samay mean ugate haian. prayogoan mean dekha gaya hai ki enazaimoan ke gholoan mean bijoan ko kee ghantoan bhigoan rakhane par adhik pratishat bij aankurit hote haian. kabhi-kabhi bij ke oopar ke kathor asthivath‌ chhilakoan ko naram karane tatha unake tvakchhedan ke lie rasayanik padarthoan (kshin aml ya kshar) ka bhi prayog kiya jata hai. jh dabari (blaikaberi) ya raispaberi adi ke bijoan ke lie siraka bahut labh pahuanchata hai. salfyoorik aml, 50 pratishat athava saandr, kabhi-kabhi amarood ke lie prayog kiya jata hai. do tin se lekar bis minat tak bij aml mean bhigo diya jata hai. svit pi ke bij ko, jo shighr nahian jamata, ardhasaandr salfyoorik aml mean 30 minat tak rakh sakate haian. yah upachar bij ke oopar ke kathor chhilake ko naram karane ke lie ya phatane mean sayahayata pahuanchane ke lie kiya jata he. parantu pratyek dasha mean upachar ke bad bij ko pani se bhali bh aauti dho dalana avashyak hai. jin bijoan ke chhilake itane kathor hote haian ki sadharan ritiyoan ka unapar koee prabhav nahian p data unake lie yaantrik sahayata leni chahie. bahudha retane, mutarane ya chhed karane ka bhi prayog (jaise baijanti=kaina mean) kiya jata hai. boe jane par bij santoshaprad riti se ugean, is uddeshy ki poorti ke lie yah janana avashyak hai ki kis bij ko kis samay bona chahie. kuchh bijoan ke ugane mean bahut samay ki avashyakata hoti hai ya ve vishesh rritu mean ugate haian aur isase pahale ki ve ugana praranbh karean, log bahudha unhean nikamma samajh baithate haian. isase bachane ke lie hi bat nahian, apitu tho da-tho da karake kistoan mean bij bona chahie.

alaiangik ya vanaspatik prajananh - paudha bechanevali (narvarivaloan) tatha phaloan ki kheti karanevaloan ke lie vanaspatik vidhiyoan se prajanan bahut upayogi siddh hota hai, mukhy roop se isalie ki in vidhiyoan se vriksh sada vaanchhit koti ke hi upalabdh hote haian. in vidhiyoan ko tin vargoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai.

kartan- padap ke hi kisi bhag se, jese j d, gaanth (rizom), kand, pattiyoan ya tane se, aankhue ke sath ya bina aankhue ke hi, ne padap ugana kartan (katiang) lagana kahalata hai. ropane par in khandoan mean se hi j dean nikal ati haian aur ne padap utpann ho jate haian. adhik se adhik padapoan ko ugane ki pray: yahi sabase sasti, shighr aur saral vidhi hai. tahani ke kartan lagane ko mali log 'khanti ga dana' kahate haian. kuchh log ise 'kalam lagana' bhi kahate haian, parantu kalam shabd ka prayog usi sanbandh mean uchit hai jisamean ek padap ka aang doosare ki j d par chadhaya jata hai.

daba (leyarej) mean ne padap tabhi j d pheankate haian jab ve apane mool vriksh se sanbaddh rahate haian. is vidhi dvara padap prajanan ke tin prakar haian : (1) shirsh dab (tip leyariang)-is prakar mean kisi tahari ka shirsh svayan niche ki or jhuk jata hai aur bhoomi tak pahuanchane par usamean se j dean nikal ati haian. isake sabase suandar udaharan respaberi aur loganaberi haian. (2) saral dab-isake lie tahani ko jhukakar usapar avashyakatanusar mitti dal dete haian. is prakar se anek jati ke padap b di saralata se ugae ja sakate haian. kabhi-kabhi daloan ko bina bhoomi tak jhukae hi unapar kisi jagah ek adh ser mitti chhip di jati hai aur use tat adi se lapetakar rassi se baandh diya jata hai. isako 'gutti baandhana' kahate haian. mitti ko prati din siancha jata hai. (3) mishr dab (kanpauand leyariang) mean padap ki pradhan dali ko jhukakar kee sthanoan par mitti dal dete haian, bich-bich mean tho da-tho da bhag khula chho d dete haian. aangoor ki tarah ki lataoan ke prajanan ke lie log isi dhang ko pray: apanate haian.

uparopan (graiftej) - isamean chadh kalam (graiftiang), bhed kalam (inachiang) aur chashma (badiang) tinoan sammilit haian. mali log chadh kalam aur bhet kalam donoan ko sata kahate haian. in logoan mean chashma ke lie chashma shabd pharasi chashm se nika hai, jisaka arth aankh hai. in tinoan ritiyoan mean ek paudhe ka koee aang doosare paudhe ki j d par ugata hai. pahale ko uparopika (sayan) kahate haian; doosare ko mool vriant (root stak). uparopan mean prayukt donoan paudhoan ko svasth hona chahie. kalam ki vidhi keval aise padapoan ke lie upayukt hoti hai jinamean oopari chhilakevali part aur bhitari kath ke bich ek spasht edhastar (kaianbiam leyar) hota hai, kyoanki yah vidhi uparopika aur mool vriant ke edhastaroan ke abhinn hai. kalam lagane ka kary vaise to kisi mahine mean kiya ja sakata hai, phir bhi yadi rritu anukool ho aur sath hi any avashyak paristhitiyaan bhi anukool hoan, to adhik saphalata milane ki sanbhavana rahati hai. yah avashyak hai ki ju danevale aang chipakakar baithean. uparopika ka edhastar mool vriant ke edhastar ko poorn roop se sparsh kare. vasant rritu ke praranbh mean yah star adhikatam sakriy ho jata hai, is rritu mean usake aankhue badhane lagate haian aur kishalay (ne patte) prasphutit hote haian. jin deshoan mean garmi ke bad pavas (manasoon) se pani barasata hai vahaan garmi ki shushk rritu ke bad barasat ate hi kriyashilata ka dvitiy kal ata hai. in donoan rrituoan mean kshat sarvadhik shighr poorata hai tatha mool vriant evan uparopika ka sanyog sarvadhik nishchit hota hai. patajh d vale padapoan mean kalam us samay lagaee jati hai jab ve suptavastha mean hote hai.

kalam lagane ki vidhiyaan

1. shirobandhan (splais ya hvip graiftiang) - yah kalam lagane ki sabase saral vidhi hai. is vidhi mean uparopika tatha moolavriant ke lie ek hi vyas ke tane chune jate haian (pray: 1/4ianch se 1/2ianch tak ke). phir donoan ko ek hi prakar se tirachha kat diya jata hai (chitr dekhean). katan ki lanbaee lagabhag 1.5 ianch rahati hai. phir donoan ko dridhata se baandhakar oopar se mom chadha diya jata hai. baandhane ke lie mali log kele ke pe d ke tane se chhilake se 1/8 ianch chau di patti chirakar kam mean late haian, parantu kachche (bina bate) soot se bhi kam chal sakata hai.

chitr : uparopan aur akshibandhan

1. shirobandhan, 2. shir tatha jihvabandhan; 3. paivand; 4. aangoothinuma chashma;

5. uparopika bandhan; 6. kathi kalam; 7. sadharan chashma.

chhantairh (prooniang)-isake aantargat lata tatha tahaniyoan ko ashray dene ki riti aur unaki kat-chhaant donoan hi ati haian. pahali bat ke sahare padapoan ko ichchhanusar roop diya ja sakata hai. alankarik padapoan ke lie chhantaee karanevale ki ichchha ke anusar shankvakar (gavadum), chhatrakar (chhatarinuma) adi roop diya ja sakata hai aur kabhi-kabhi to unhean hathi, gho de adi ka roop bhi de diya jata hai, parantu phaloan ke vrikshoan ko sadharanat: kalash ya pushpapatr ka roop diya jata hai aur keandriy bhag ko ghana nahian hone diya jata. chhantaee ka uddeshy yah hota hai ki padap ke pray: anavashyak bhag nikal die jaean jisase bacha hua bhag adhik utpadan kar sake ya adhik suandar, pusht aur svasth ho jae. kuchh phooloan mean, jaise gulab mean, j d aur tahaniyoan ki chhantaee isalie ki jati hai ki adhik phool lagean. kuchh mean purani lak di isalie chhaant di jati hai ki aisi nee tahaniyaan jinapar phool lagate haian. chhantaee mean durbal, rogagrast aur ghani tahaniyoan ko chhaantakar nikal diya jata hai.

karshan - karshan (kaltiveshan) shabd ka prayog yahaan par do bhinn karmoan ke lie kiya gaya hai : ek to us chhichhali aur bar-bar ki janevali go daee ya khurapiyane ke lie jo ghas pat marane ke uddeshy se ki jati hai, aur doosare us gahari jotaee ke lie jo prati varsh isalie ki jati hai ki bhoomi ke niche ghas pat tatha j dean adi dab jaean. tarakari aur phool ki kheti mean sadharanat: jotaee ki b di avashyakata rahati hai. bharat ki adhikaansh jagahoan mean phaloan ke udyan mean bhoomi par ghas ugana vaanchhaniy nahian hai aur isalie tho di bahut go daee avashyak ho jati hai. isamean koee sandeh nahian ki go daee ya khurapiyane ka pradhan uddeshy avaanchhit ghas pat ka nirmoolan hai, isalie yah tabhi karana chahie jab ve chhote hoan aur unhoanne apani j dean gahari n jama li hoan. yah karshan chhichhala hona chahie taki tarakari, phool ya phaloan ki j doan ko hani n pahuanche. shushk rritu mean pratyek sianchaee ke bad ek bar halka karshan aur nirana (vidiang) achchha hai. isake sath hi phaloan ki udyanabhoomi ko, kam-se-kam garmi mean aur phir ek bar barasat mean, palatanevale hal se avashy jot dena chahie. jotaee kis samay ki jae, yah bhi kuchh mahatvapoorn hai. yadi adhik gili bhoomi par jotaee ki jae to avashy hi isase bhoomi ko hani pahuanch sakati hai. halki (balukamay) mitti ki apeksha bhari (chikani) mitti mean aisi hani adhik hoti hai. sadharanat: jotaee vahi achchhi hoti hai jo paryapt sookhi bhoomi par ki jae, parantu bhoomi itani sookhi bhi n rahe ki b de-b de chipp d ukh dane lagean. phaloan ke udyan aur tarakari ke khetoan mean bina jote hi vishesh rasayanik padarthoan ke chhi dakav se ghas pat mar dalana bhi upayogi siddh hua hai.

aantarkrishi -yadi padapoan ki paraspar doori thik hai to phaloan ke ne udyan mean bahut si bhoomi aisi p di rahegi jo varshoan tak phalavale vrikshoan ke kam mean n aegi. is bhoomi mean shighr utpann honevale phal, jaise papita, ya koee tarakari paida ki ja sakati hai.

sianchaee - bhinn-bhinn prakar ke padapoan ko itani vibhinn matraoan mean pani ki avashyakata hoti hai ki inake lie koee vyapak niyam nahian banaya ja sakata. kitana pani diya jae aur kab diya jae, yah is par nirbhar hai ki kaun-sa paudha hai aur rritu kya hai. gamale mean lage paudhoan ko sookhi rritu mean prati din pani dena avashyak hai. sabhi padapoan ke lie bhoomi ko nirantar nam rahana chahie jisase unaki badh n ruke. phaloan ke bhi samuchit vikas ke lie nirantar pani ki avashyakata rahati hai. yah smaran rakhana chahie ki bhoomi mean nami matra itani kam kabhi n ho ki paudhe murajha jaean aur phir panap n sakean. achchhi sianchaee vahi hai jisamean pani kam se kam matra mean kharab jae. yah kharabi kee karanoan se ho sakati hai : oopari satah par se pani ke bah jane se, anavashyak gaharaee tak ghus jane se, oopari satah se bhap banakar u d jane se tatha ghas-pat dvara avashyak pani khich jane se. panktiyoan mean lagi huee tarakariyoan ki bagal ko bagal ki naliyoan dvara sianchana saral hai. chhote vriksh thala banakar sianche ja sakate haian. thale is prakar ayojit hoan ki padapoan ke mool tak ki bhoomi sianch jae. jaise-jaise vriksh badhate jaean thaloan ke vritt ko badhate jana chahie. b de se b de vrikshoan ki sianchaee ke lie naliyoan ki paddhati hi kuchh parivartit roop mean upayogi hoti hai.

buddhimattapoorn sianchaee ke lie vrikshoan tatha bhoomi ki sthiti par dhyan rakhana param avashyak hai. vishesh yantroan se, jaise prasaramapi (teansiomitar) tatha jipsam parichalak ishtikaoan (jipsam kandaktaians bl aauk) ko bhoomi ke bhitar rakhakar, bhoomi ki ardrata napi ja sakati hai. bhoomi ki nami janane ke lie peanchadar barma (aaugar) ka bhi upayog ho sakata he. yadi khet mean ghas pat ug rahe hoan to unaki dasha se bhi bhoomi ki nami ka anuman kiya ja sakata hai.

khad - padapoan ko uchit ahar milana sabase mahatv ki bat hai. phal aur tarakari any phasaloan ki apeksha bhoomi se adhik matra mean ahar grahan karate haian. phalavale vriksh tatha tarakari ke padapoan ko any padapoan ke sadrish hi apani vriddhi ke lie kee prakar ke ahar avayavoan ki avashyakata hoti hai jo sadharanat: paryapt matra mean upasthit rahate haian. parantu koee avayav padap ko kitana mil sakega yah kee batoan par nirbhar hai, jaise vah avayav mitti mean kis khanij ke roop mean vidyaman hai, mitti ka kitana aansh kalil (kalayad) ke roop mean hai, mitti mean ardrata kitani hai aur usaki amlata (pi ech) kitani hai. adhikaansh phasaloan ke lie bhoomi mean naitrojan, fasforas tatha potaisiyam dalana upayogi paya gaya hai, kyoanki ye tatv vibhinn phasaloan dvara nyoonadhik matra mean nikal jate haian. isalie yah dekhana avashyak hai ki bhoomi ke in tatvoan ka santulan paudhoan ki avashyakata ke anusar hi rahe. kisi ek tatv ke bahut adhik matra mean dalane se doosare tatvoan mean kami ya asantulan utpann ho sakata hai, jisase upaj mean kami a sakati hai.

naitrojan - bharatiy bhoomi ke lie khad ke sabase mahatvapoorn aang naitrojan tatha vanaspatik padarth haian. yah smaran rahe ki bhoomi-bhoomi mean aantar hota hai; isalie is sanbandh mean koee ek vyapak nuskha nahian bataya ja sakata jisaka prayog sarvatr kiya ja sake. naitrojan denevali kuchh vastuean ye haian :-(k) jivajanik (aaurgainik) srot : gobar, lid, mootr, koo da karkat adi ki khad; khali tatha hari phasalean jo khad ke roop mean kam mean a sakati haian, jaise sanee, tinapatiya (klovar) mooang, dheancha adi. (kh) ajivajanit srot : yooriya, jisamean 40 pratishat naitrojan hota hai, amoniyam salphet (20 pratishat naitrojan), amoniyam naitret (35 pratishat naitrojan), kailsiyam naitret (15 pratishat naitrojan) tatha sodiyam naitret (16 pratishat naitrojan). sadharan: bhoomi mean prati ek d 50 se 12 pauand tak naitrojan santoshajanak hone ki asha ki ja sakati hai.

fasforas - yah sanbhav hai ki fasforas bhoomi mean paryapt matra mean rahe, parantu padapoan ko keval dhire-dhire prapt ho. dekha gaya hai ki kabhi-kabhi jahaan any phasalean bahut hi nikammi hoti thian, vahaan phaloan ka udyan bhoomi mean bina oopar se fasforas padarth dale, bahut achchhi tarah phoolata phalata hai, sanbhavat: isalie ki phal ke vrikshoan ko fasforas ki avashyakata dhire-dhire hi p dati hai. khadoan mean tatha sabhi prakar ke jivajanit padarthoan mean kuchh-n-kuchh fasforas rahata hai. parantu fasforasaprad vishesh vastuean ye haian-asthiyoan ka choorn (jisamean 20 se 25 pratishat fasforas peantaksaid, rahata hai), besik slaig (15 se 20 pratishat fasforas peantaksaid) aur supar fasphet jisaka prayog bahutayat se hota hai. isamean 16 se 40 pratishat fasforas peantaksaid rahata hai. un mittayoan mean, jo fasforas ko sthir (fiks) kar leti haian, pahali bar itana fasforasamay padarth dalana chahie ki sthir karane par bhi paudhoan ke lie kuchh fasforas bacha rahe, parantu jo mittayaan fasforas ko sthir nahian karatian unamean adhik matra mean fasforasamay padarth nahian dalana chahie, anyatha santulan big d jaega aur any avayav kam p d jaeange.

potaishiyam - jis bhoomi mean sulabh potaishiyam ki matra bahut hi kam hoti hai usamean potaishiyam dene par darshaniy aantar p data hai, jo upaj ki vriddhi se spasht ho jata he. potaishiam salphet tatha potaishiyam kloraid hi sadharanat: khad ke lie prayukt hote haian. inamean se pratyek mean lagabhag 50 pratishat potaishiyam aksaid hota hai. potaishiyam naitret mean 44 pratishat potaishiyam aksaid hota hai; sath mean 13 pratishat naitrojan bhi rahata hai. jivajanit khadoan mean bhi 50 pratishat ya adhik potaishiyam aauksaid ho sakata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh