खगोल विज्ञान
khagol vijnan vijnan ka prachinatam vijnan hai, jisaka adhyayan soory, aur chandr aur drishy grahoan ke sath shuroo hua. adhunik khagolavetta abhi bhi khagoliy vastuoan ki sthiti, chamak, agati tatha any paryavekshan yogy visheshataoan ke adhyayan tatha khagoliy mekaniks ke niyamoan ke adhar par unaki gati ke bare mean bhavishyavani karane mean lage haian. khagol bhautiki shastriy khagol vijnan se 19vian-20vian sadi mean utpann huee hai jo kvaantam mekaniks, sapekshata ka siddhaant aur anu, paramanu, nabhikiy aur aranbhik kaniy bhautiki ke upayog dvara paryavekshit khagoliy ghatanaoan ki vyakhya karata hai. khagol bhautikavetta brahmaand ke sanghatakoan ko tapaman, dab, ghanatv aur rasayanik banavat ke roop mean charitr chitrit karate haian.
paribhasha
yadyapi khagol vetta shabd abhi bhi upayog hota hai kintu vastavikata mean sabhi khagolavettaoan ka prashikshan khagol bhautiki mean hota hai. adhunik khagol vijnan ka vrihadh lakshy ek sammilit samagr siddhaant ka vikas karana hai jo brahmaand ki utpatti, vikas aur sanbhavit ghanatv ki vyakhya kar sake. doosare shabdoan mean, prayas ka aisa kshetr jise kasmol aauji ya brahmaandiki ke nam se jana jae.
khagoliki ka vishay
khagoliki brahmaand mean avasthit akashiy piandoan ki jyoti, rachana aur unake vyavahar ka adhyayan khagoliki ka vishay hai. ab tak brahmaand ke jitane bhag ka pata chala hai usamean lagabhag 19 arab akash gangaean hone ka anuman hai aur pratyek akash ganga mean lagabhag 10 arab tare haian. akash ganga ka vyas lagabhag ek lakh prakashavarsh hai. hamari prithvi par adim jiv 2 arab sal pahale paida hua, aur adami ka dharati par avatan 10-20 lakh sal pahale hua.
brahmaand ki utpatti
vaijnanikoan ke anusar is brahmaand ki utpatti ek mahapiand ke visphot se huee hai. soory ek ausat tara hai jisake nau mukhy grah haian, unamean se prithvi bhi ek hai. is brahmaand mean har ek tara soory sadrish hai. bahut-se tare to aise haian jinake samane apana soory renu (kan) ke barabar bhi nahian thaharata hai. jaise soory ke grah haian aur un sabako milakar ham sauraparivar ke nam se pukarate haian, usi prakar harek tare ka apana apana parivar hai. bahut se log samajhate haian ki soory sthir hai, lekin sanpoorn saur parivar bhi sthaniy nakshatr pranali ke aantargat prati sekeand 13 mil ki gati se ghoom raha hai. sthaniy nakshatr pranali akash ganga ke aantargat prati sekeand 200 mil ki gati se chal rahi hai aur sanpoorn akash ganga doorasth bahy jyortimalaoan ke aantargat prati sekeand 100 mil ki gati se vibhinn dishaoan mean ghoom rahi hai.
chandrama aur prithvi
chandrama prithvi ka ek upagrah hai jis par manav ke qadam pahuanch chuke haian. is brahmaand mean jo sabase vismayakari drishy hai. vah hai akash ganga (galaiksi) ka drishy. ratri ke khule (jab chandrama n dikhaee de) akash mean pratyek manushy inhean nangi aankhoan se dekh sakata hai. dekhane mean yah halake saphed dhuean jaisi dikhaee deti hai, jisamean asankhy taroan ka bahuly hai. yah akash ganga tedhi-medhi hokar bahi hai. isaka pravah uttar se dakshin ki or hai. par prat:kal hone se tho da pahale isaka pravah parvottar se pashchim aur dakshin ki or hota hai. dekhane mean akash ganga ke tare paraspar sate se lagate haian, par yah drishti bhram hai. paraspar sate hue taroan ke bich ki doori araboan mil ho sakati hai. jab sate hue taroan ka yah hal hai to door door sthit taroan ke bich ki doori aisi gananatit hai jise kah pana mushkil hai. atev taraoan ke bich tatha any lanbi dooriyaan prakashavarsh mean mapi jati haian. ek prakashavarsh vah doori hai jo doori prakash ek lakh chhiyasi hazar mil prati sekeand ki gati se ek varsh mean tay karata hai. udaharan ke liye soory aur prithvi ke bich ki doori sava nau karo d mil hai, prakash yah doori sava ath minat mean tay karata hai. at: prithvi se soory ki doori sava ath prakash minat huee. jin taroan se prakash ath hazar varshoan mean ata hai, unaki doori hamane paune saiantalis padm mil aanki hai. lekin tare to itani itani doori par haian ki unase prakash ke ane mean lakhoan, karo doan, araboan varsh lag jata hai. is sthiti mean hamean in dooriyoan ko miloan mean vyakt karana sanbhav nahian hoga, aur n kuchh samajh mean hi aega. atev prakashavarsh ki ikaee ka vaijnanikoan ne prayog kiya hai.
man lijie, brahmaand ke kisi aur nakshatroan adi ke bad bahut door door tak kuchh nahian hai- lekin yah bat aantim nahian ho sakati hai- aur man lijie usake bad kuchh hai to turant yah prashn samane a jata hai ki vah kuchh kahaan tak hai aur usake bad kya hai? isilie hamane is brahmaand ko anadi aur anant mana. isake atirikt any shabdoan mean brahmaand ki vishalata, vyapakata vyakt karana sanbhav nahian hai.
aantariksh mean kuchh sthanoan par dooradarshi se gol guchchhe dikhaee dete haian. inhean star klastar ya glitryoolar star arthath tara guchchh kahate haian. isamean bahut se tare hote haian jo bich mean ghane rahate haian aur kinare viral hote haian. dooradarshi se akash mean dekhane par kahian kahian kuchh dhabbe dikhaee dete haian. ye badal ke saman b de saphed dhabbe se dikhaee dete haian. in dhabboan ko hi niharika kahate haian. is brahmaand mean asankhy niharikaean haian. unamean se kuchh hi ham dekh pate haian.
is aparimit brahmaand ka ati kshudr aansh ham dekh pate haian. adhunik ghoshanaoan ke karan jaise jaise doorabin ki kshamata badhati jati hai, vaise vaise brahmaand ke is drishyaman kshetr ki sima badhati jati hai, par yah nirvivad saty hai ki brahmaand ki poori thah manav kshamata ki kalpana ke bhi pare hai.
khagol bhautiki
khagol bhautiki ka adhunik yug jarman bhautikavidh kirachak se aranbh hua. soory ke vatavaran mean sodiyam, lauh, maigneshiyam, kailshiyam tatha anek any tatvoan ka unhoanne pata lagaya. hamare desh mean svargiy prophesar meghanad saha ne soory aur taroan ke bhautik tatvoan ke adhyayan mean mahattvapoorn kary kiya hai. unhoanne varnakramoan ke adhyayan se khagoliy piandoan ke vatavaran mean atyant mahattvapoorn khojean ki haian. vartaman mean bharat ke do prakhyat vaijnanik d aau. es. chandrashekhar aur d aau. jayant vishnu naralikar bhi brahmaand ke rahasyoan ko sulajhane mean ulajhe hue haian.
bahut pahale nikolas k aauparanikas, taiko brahe aur mukhyat: kaiplar ne khagol vidya mean mahatvaparnoo kary kiya tha. kaiplar ne grahoan ke gati ke sanbandh mean jin tin niyamoan ka pratipadan kiya hai ve hi khagol bhautiki ki adharashila bane hue haian. khagol vidya mean nyootan ka kary b da mahattvapoorn aur shanadar raha hai.
brahmaand vidya ke kshetr mean pichhale kuchh varshoan ghoshanaoan ke phalasvaroop mahattvapoorn batean samane aee haian. vikhyat vaijnanik haval ne apane nirikshanoan se brahmaandavidya ki ek nee prakriya ka pata lagaya. habal ne sudoor sthit akash gangaoan se ane vale prakash ka parikshan kiya aur bataya ki prithvi tak ane mean prakash tarangoan ka kanpan badh jata hai. yadi is prakash ka varnapat prapt karean to varnapat ka jhukav lal rang ki or adhik hota hai. is prakriya ko dopalar prabhav kahate haian. dhvani sanbandhi dopalar prabhav se bahut log parichit hoange. jab ham prakash ke sandarbh mean dopalar prabhav ko dekhate haian to door se ane vale prakash ka jhukav nile rang ki or hota hai aur door jane vale prakash srot ke prakash ka jhukav lal rang ki or hota hai. is prakar habal ke nirikshanoan se yah maloom hua ki akash gangaean hamase door ja rahi haian. habal ne yah bhi bataya ki unaki prithvi se door hatane ki gati, prithvi se unaki doori ke anupat mean hai. mauant polomar vedhashala mean sthit 200 ianch vyas vale leans ki doorabin se khagol shastriyoan ne akash gangaoan ke door hatane ki prakriya ko dekha hai.
doorabin se brahmaand ko dekhane par hamean aisa pratit hota hai ki ham is brahmaand ke keandrabiandu haian aur baki chizean hamase door bhagati ja rahi haian. yadi any akash gangaoan mean prekshak bheje jaean to ve bhi yahi payeange ki is brahmaand ke keandr biandu haian, baki akash gangaean hamase door bhagati ja rahi haian. ab jo sahi chitr hamare samane ata hai, vah yah hai ki brahmaand ka saman gati se vistar ho raha hai. aur is vishal praroop ka koee bhi biandu any vastuoan se door hatata ja raha hai.
habal ke anusandhan ke bad brahmaand ke siddhaantoan ka pratipadan avashyak ho gaya tha. yah vah samay tha jab ki ainsatin ka sapekshavad ka siddhaant apani shaishavavastha mean tha. lekin phir bhi ainsatin ke siddhaant ko sauramandal sanbandhi nirikshanoan par adharit nishkarshoan ki vyakhya karane mean nyootan ke siddhaantoan se adhik saphalata prapt huee thi. nyootan ke anusar do piandoan ke bich ki guru tvakarshan shakti ek doosare par tatkal prabhav dalati hai lekin ainsatin ne yah sabit kar diya ki parasparik guru tvakarshan ki shakti ki gati prakash ki gati ke saman tivr nahian ho sakati hai. akhir yahaan par ainsatin ne nyootan ke patr ko galat pramanit kiya. logoan ko ainsatin ka hi siddhaant pasand aya. brahmaand ki utpatti ki tin dharanaean prastut haian-
- sthir avastha ka siddhaant
- visphot siddhaant (big bang siddhaant)
- dolan siddhaant.
in dharanaoan mean doosari dharana ki mahatta adhik hai. is dharana ke anusar brahmaand ki utpatti ek mahapiand ke visphot se huee hai aur isi karan akash gangaean hamase door bhagati ja rahi hai. is brahmaand ka ulata chitr ap apane samane rakhie tab apako brahmaand prasarit n dikhaee dekar sakuanchit hota hua dikhaee dega aur akash gangaean bhagati huee n dikhaee dekar ati huee pratit hogi. at: kahane ka tatpary yah hai ki kisi samay koee mahapiand raha hoga aur usi ke visphot hone ke karan akash gangaean bhagati huee hamase door ja rahi haian. kvasar aur palsar namak ne taroan ki khoj se bhi visphot siddhaant ki pushti ho rahi hai.[1]
khagoliy yaantriki
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khagoliy yaantriki mean akashiy piandoan ki gatiyoan ke ganitiy siddhaantoan ka vivechan kiya jata hai. nyootan dvara priansipiya mean upasthapit gurutvakarshan niyam tatha tin gatiniyam khagoliy yaantriki ke mool adhar haian. is prakar isamean vicharaniy samasya dvitiy varn ke samany avakal samikaranoan ke ek varg ke hal karane tak simit ho jati hai.
17vian shatabdi ke praranbh mean johain keplar ne grahagati ke tin prasiddh anubhootimoolak niyamoan ka nirman kiya, jinake sath usaka nam ju da hai. ye niyam nyootan ke guru tvakarshan tatha gati ke tin adharabhoot niyamoan ke do kayoan par prayog ke upaphal haian tatha is prakar ye nyootan ki prakhkalpana (hypothesis) ko pusht karate haian. nyootan ke tin gatiniyam sada ek j data pranali ke sandarbh mean haian, jisaka pray: paryapt sookshmata ke sath akashaganga ke sapeksh sthir pranali se ekatm sthapit kiya ja sakata hai. do kayoan ke prashnoan ko tin kayoan ke prashnoan tak tatha vyapak roop mean ‘n’ (n) kayoan ke prashnoan tak vistrit karane mean bahut kathinaee upasthit hoti hai. do kayoan ke prashnoan ke viparit ‘n’ kayoan ke prashn, yadi n do se adhik ho to, hal nahian hote. saur parivar, jisamean soory tatha navagrah haian, aur adhikaansh grah upagrahoanvale haian, ek bahukayik prashn prastut karata hai. isi prakar soory, prithvi tatha chandrama ki sanhati tin kayoan ke prashn ka udaharan hai.[2]
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ khagol vijnan (hindi) (pi.ech.pi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 2 janavari, 2012.
- ↑ khagoliy yaantriki (hindi) (pi.ech.pi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 2 janavari, 2012.
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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